Lithuania's new Criminal Code provides a separate small-possession tier
thresholds
Changelog 778a791
22 history entries added1718 history entries edited291 country profiles edited19 articles written1 article edited6 datasets updated66 files of code, design or docs +17,772 −5,200 lines
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Italy's Constitutional Court blocks a cannabis liberalisation referendum to free cannabis from the drug law
Judgment 30/1981 declared inadmissibleCampaigners had gathered more than 500,000 signatures for a proposed referendum that would removehave taken cannabis and THC from partsout of theItaly's 1975 drug-control framework and lift law, freeing its cannabis cultivation prohibition. The Court held that withdrawing controls over cultivation, trade, possession and use would breach. The Constitutional Court refused to let the vote go ahead. Italy's obligations under had ratified the 1961 Single Convention without reservations, and its amending protocol. It extended the constitutional referendum exclusion to provisions closely connected withcourt said repealing these rules would break that treaty implementation. The, a decision preserved existing controls by preventing this particular referendum from proceedingthe Constitution leaves to parliament rather than voters. It was decided on 12 February and depositedTreaty obligations were again among the following dayreasons a cannabis referendum was blocked in 2022.
italy-cannabis-referendum-validation-1980, italy-modest-quantity-1975, italy-referendum-blocked-2022
Gazzetta Ufficiale — Constitutional Court Judgment 30/1981, full original decision 1 unchanged
court, referendum, campaign
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Italy clarifies fibre-Italian hemp farmers seeking EU aid conditions andmust report their crop to the police notification
TheAn agriculture ministry's circular explained the revised European support systemnew EU subsidy for fibre hemp. Area payments requiredTo be paid, farmers had to sow certified seed of listed varieties with no more than 0.2 percent% THC and certified seed from the referenced EU list, withaccept THC testing under, and tell the prescribed method. Farmers seeking the support had to notify the nearest police or carabinieri station of their cannabisabout the crop so checksit could be carried outchecked. The circular replaced earlierguidance from 1997 and 1999 guidance. These were agricultural aid and control conditions, rather than a general recreational-cultivation permission. The date is the circular's issue date.
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Italy's Constitutional Court upholds penalties for cannabis beyondtop court keeps punishing users with more than a "modest quantity" like dealers
In judgment 170/1982Several Italian courts challenged the 1975 drug law, filed on 26 October after decision on 19 October,and the Constitutional Court rejected equality challenges to punishment for possessingthem all. Anyone holding more than a "modest quantity" still faced the same penalties as a dealer, even if the drugs were for personaltheir own use, including cannabis. It also upheldbecause the exclusion ofcourt said a stock could always be sold on. Importing even a small imports from the modest-quantity exceptionamount was still punished like a large import. A challengeThe court refused to treat cannabis more leniently than other drugs, pointing to the undefined quantity term was inadmissible because the referring courttreaties Italy had not specifiedsigned, and a challenge to the requested outcomevague term "modest quantity" failed on procedure, so how much counted stayed undefined. The judgment preserved the existing law rather than imposing a new ban.
Consulta OnLine — complete reproduction of Constitutional Court Judgment 170/1982 1 unchanged
court, thresholds
Italy's Constitutional Court again rejects extending the modest-quantity exceptionrefuses to personalspare small imports for personal use
In order 148/1988, filed on 2 February after decision on 27 January, the Constitutional Court rejected aA Milan court's challenge seeking to extend the modest-quantity asked again whether bringing a small amount of drugs into Italy for personal -use exception to drug importationcould be treated like holding a modest quantity, which was not punished. It relied on judgment 170/The Constitutional Court dismissed the question as clearly unfounded: it had already answered it in 1982 and later confirming orders, findingand the Milan court offered no new arguments. This left the import restriction in place rather than creatingImporting any amount stayed a new cannabis-specific offencecrime.
court, trade, thresholds
Italy's unitedhighest criminal sections reject a personal-use exceptioncourt rules that growing cannabis for home cultivationyourself is a crime
Judgment 28605/2008, decided on 24 April and filed on 10 July, resolved conflicting case law by treating unauthorised cultivation as criminal even when intendedA grower in Lombardy had been convicted for personal consumptionseven cannabis plants. TheLower courts disagreed on whether growing for your own use was a crime, and the Court of Cassation's united sections rejected a distinction between domesticsettled it: any unauthorised growing was, however small and commercial cultivationwhatever the purpose, and dismissed an appeal concerning seven cannabis plantsthe conviction stood. Judges still had to assess concrete harmfulness:Only plants unable to yield a substancethat could not produce anything with a detectable narcoticnoticeable drug effect could fallfell outside the offence. This records the 2008 interpretation, before later case lawLater rulings changed itthis, and in 2019 the court accepted minimal home growing.
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driving
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clubs
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trafficking, trade, sentencing
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traditional, science
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campaign, famous
va
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sentencing, amnesty, youth
va
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food, famous
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qld
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patients, driving
nsw
patients
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court, sentencing
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otherculture
traditional, religion
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retail
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trafficking
home-growing, retail, taxes
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and 1518 more
4522
4855
5637
4885
5337
6018
9532
19999
35802
52616
65703
80727
77397
82904
14.6
2008
8700
48933
52215
56883
61903
67365
74532
131348
286553
1015711
1898220
3493583
6938372
9448529
11513149
5.4
2006
510000
4707744
5504191
10188845
6626142
6468510
7776180
9035048
11290134
13169313
12045664
20130334
28284088
39068977
43844111
3.81
2015
920000
34575
31659
29765
31089
40909
45462
55621
64549
64531
63087
74929
85337
91864
94209
10.6
2005
7000
805974
881057
941221
995454
1100833
1247854
1649393
2181226
2735424
3277965
3166147
2928731
2871950
2349580
5.6
2014
87000
863227
946846
1038218
1137524
1246328
1382896
1863710
2475628
3107418
3552130
3125630
2931083
2890893
3086700
3.5
2003
72000
3101503
2906100
2838595
3255737
3752594
4551869
5231664
5852790
8133867
11626361
16194873
23294822
33451139
39040039
2.1
1999
430000
4685089
6748544
8818354
11726853
14078649
17018032
20386055
23878330
28011597
32755907
37213986
41288694
45191960
45851378
8.13
2017
2500000
5979176
6571587
6486069
6679644
6725734
6936455
7047274
7466320
7548407
7679627
8012929
8365087
8921402
9208163
6.3
2020
380000
8.7
14+
2022–2023
AIHW — National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023, data tables 9b (States and Territories), Table 9b.35 (recent use of cannabis)
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household-survey-2022-2023/data
3693331
4329018
5274343
6332771
6967916
8176751
10280815
12599414
14721345
17126304
19132472
22141583
25743787
27614411
11.6
2019
2100000
11
14+
2022–2023
AIHW — National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023, data tables 9b (States and Territories), Table 9b.35 (recent use of cannabis)
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household-survey-2022-2023/data
18.9
14+
2022–2023
AIHW — National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023, data tables 9b (States and Territories), Table 9b.35 (recent use of cannabis)
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household-survey-2022-2023/data
13
14+
2022–2023
AIHW — National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023, data tables 9b (States and Territories), Table 9b.35 (recent use of cannabis)
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household-survey-2022-2023/data
11.1
14+
2022–2023
AIHW — National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023, data tables 9b (States and Territories), Table 9b.35 (recent use of cannabis)
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household-survey-2022-2023/data
11.5
14+
2022–2023
AIHW — National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023, data tables 9b (States and Territories), Table 9b.35 (recent use of cannabis)
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household-survey-2022-2023/data
10.2
14+
2022–2023
AIHW — National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023, data tables 9b (States and Territories), Table 9b.35 (recent use of cannabis)
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household-survey-2022-2023/data
13.3
14+
2022–2023
AIHW — National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023, data tables 9b (States and Territories), Table 9b.35 (recent use of cannabis)
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household-survey-2022-2023/data
108000
4.98
true
3600
1938032
2147611
2371595
2598437
2846977
3131979
3982711
5183827
6284707
7231084
8174784
9146852
10181736
10246996
3.5
2004
250000
1764005
1974663
2134369
2300619
2479819
2690407
3281387
3773248
4148427
4448658
4159785
3811480
3299352
3140095
1.6
2011
32000
193451
172186
158593
173809
193407
209928
230901
249398
251533
258583
262071
275251
281706
282623
8.3
2006
15000
26849595
27913022
28623503
30077163
36071677
41206857
51828663
69058898
88016435
111633722
134544303
152201978
166298024
175686899
3.3
2004
3800000
6705987
7427418
7551028
8029570
8315772
8617442
9102172
9630508
9833093
9960968
10251719
10936619
11540102
11941781
7
2020
530000
2299307
2573061
2816241
3193275
3608646
4213152
4778626
5610307
6947900
9159358
11925548
16176503
21478691
24074580
2.9
2006
390000
3956269
4467209
5025707
5925817
6575077
7248509
7862935
8490822
8859539
8822366
8000519
7437594
6933656
6433302
2.4
2020
98000
77042
83407
117143
119805
119490
117275
165490
224817
358990
514799
669589
1213248
1483081
1600366
1.9
true
24000
1627830
1488732
1429644
1639735
1889974
2254942
2764265
3530431
4383713
5587051
6470196
9376448
12617041
14390003
3.1
true
240000
1187522
1306722
1429764
1650885
1902827
2250476
2517289
3065061
3925258
5281482
7221618
9797488
13070169
14814460
3.1
true
260000
64636
4.98
true
2100
16978
23145
26970
31492
42042
48316
88359
135157
186121
255307
326429
392340
447411
466330
0.02
1996
67
1813429
2017450
2354214
2647402
2955228
3089975
3702323
4590008
5758905
7130143
8606330
10182345
11816301
12581843
2.19
2018
180000
18058538
22361184
27593186
33813213
41568218
53408551
72388124
95375656
121207451
149143223
174018278
193701931
208660845
212812405
2.81
2012
4100000
58828
62021
60371
67687
77209
83505
116328
184995
232540
275954
323846
367482
395874
403033
3.1
2017
8800
269139
257966
258029
258029
251726
169991
224098
308536
433412
589295
596871
701638
770013
796682
4.2
2009
24000
165725
194195
227317
278852
340490
413708
516174
590338
937493
1305699
1677384
2033110
2365895
2562122
3.1
true
51000
4986216
5483965
6024473
6600712
7232068
7127595
8208003
9014901
9603173
10186258
9991310
9490752
9350943
9085991
1.1
2007
66000
37771
41386
46640
52902
60990
69085
91330
120746
145072
183090
240809
320256
390819
422924
12.7
2019
37000
Non-medical use.
29.1
16+
2024
990000
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use.
28.3
16+
2024
1198000
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
5414425
7002961
8571309
10191122
11453308
13741740
17898793
21440022
24533779
27789437
30891800
34196900
38171903
41651653
27
2022
7300000
Non-medical use.
26.9
16+
2024
289000
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use.
28.8
16+
2024
189000
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use.
29.6
16+
2024
129000
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use.
28.6
16+
2024
235000
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use; the survey publishes Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut as one figure.
34.2
16+
2024
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use; the survey publishes Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut as one figure.
34.2
16+
2024
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use.
27.6
16+
2024
3260000
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use.
28.6
16+
2024
37000
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use.
18.2
16+
2024
1278000
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use.
25.2
16+
2024
226000
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
Non-medical use; the survey publishes Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut as one figure.
34.2
16+
2024
Health Canada — Canadian Cannabis Survey 2024, results tables, Table 7 (past 12-month non-medical use by province/territory)
https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/health/2024/128-23-e/128-23-CCS-2024-Results-Tables_EN.csv
9451620
8599666
8182274
9220147
10442344
12294293
15264853
20137442
26711098
36684065
50507445
68563038
95990000
112832473
3.1
true
1800000
1043751
997088
966611
1087592
1229063
1438062
1702346
2097513
2450537
2871915
3833421
4493003
5026629
5513282
3.1
true
84000
607115
554548
529118
606145
698649
835269
1056738
1397640
1828991
2380562
3151349
4462304
5752792
6484437
3.1
true
110000
3297641
3708897
3870407
4042131
4233223
4692642
5327777
6180922
6319848
6713168
7184003
7825750
8640582
9092436
9.09
2016
530000
1505099
1588890
1707305
1969853
2270472
2735187
3673672
5411573
8220717
12189780
17699007
22488068
28915452
32711547
3.24
2017
600000
3144546
3569943
4044201
4638243
5492530
6628577
8153356
9845347
11508553
13437181
15503638
17181463
19370621
19859921
12.05
2020
1600000
3216679
2952166
2839117
3205602
3653142
4330088
5159059
6449795
8512217
11331827
14912632
19668063
26210566
29879337
3.1
true
520000
395929430
419058430
463330522
482831090
511303712
544044355
654802068
823308964
983163540
1153582725
1269581174
1351561505
1426106093
1406585000
0.04
2015
390000
4034733
4944811
6275946
7946343
9311615
11766991
15606209
20811790
26104503
32440064
39089939
44777325
50629997
53425635
2.68
2019
1000000
317246
391337
459026
546929
681697
926761
1327501
1838946
2390641
3121707
3937737
4555965
5034323
5152950
5.18
2015
180000
1719649
2275154
3069258
3923683
4707248
5924519
7238083
8824389
9804798
10631796
11109112
11297414
11176349
10937203
6.1
true
450000
151362
170646
158084
179789
217206
184986
210034
287895
323310
375437
453335
509793
514683
527326
2.4
2012
8600
156000
4.98
true
5000
236693
272882
309680
349917
444169
493883
586493
647443
683082
788355
947667
1127826
1302250
1370754
4
2020
38000
9334000
10036000
9978000
10648000
11160000
8916715
9541605
9801253
10275404
10301989
10236809
10464035
10550129
10886878
11.1
2020
770000
55775391
64056716
63273356
67246048
71740083
69847778
72811635
78205103
78315373
79707963
81797255
80830916
83628711
83491249
7.1
2020
3700000
42320
43547
44643
49022
53375
62349
86040
145188
325822
579544
747326
930252
1105193
1184076
3.1
true
24000
2565333
2886076
3241362
3545296
3844754
4268408
4579347
4928674
5123079
5141024
5339659
5547865
5831529
6009169
6.3
2020
240000
28518
32963
36060
41643
46479
50219
59386
68927
73102
69644
68527
68872
67588
65871
10.8
2006
4900
521386
694364
896843
1267768
1702095
2379896
3268341
4399294
5729043
7151165
8584196
9820180
11008298
11520487
0.68
2010
51000
4721802
5497750
5846192
6530132
7739370
9018423
11424930
13783722
18607175
25375815
30903894
36188237
44042094
47435312
0.52
2010
160000
1451333
1679429
1870163
2052817
2592696
3516791
4590893
6155392
8165882
10473674
12689215
15076697
17546058
18289896
0.67
2013
83000
873409
984932
1105673
1121590
1118777
1102046
1220464
1361872
1476465
1570309
1397001
1331450
1329675
1366475
6.6
2020
57000
9940289
11361079
12731391
14249967
16423191
21148168
26896480
34623990
43950413
58396625
73083287
89196073
109315118
118365995
5.31
2016
4000000
571858
578010
591172
650705
708488
814880
972558
1243457
1605800
2032749
2247036
2945184
3291277
3607003
3.1
true
65000
18592411
19859082
21275357
23440849
25747164
28077048
30404938
33812720
37537560
39084975
41019772
46840469
47679482
49355143
10.5
2020
3400000
17719308
17576370
17476313
17476313
17476313
17670418
21376688
27829135
34428515
47609760
67411496
90538518
118917670
135472051
2.6
1999
2000000
2641827
2919587
3134300
3439039
3695558
4008410
4429631
4606308
4779358
4986576
5176197
5363347
5529616
5646436
8.2
2020
280000
126498
147045
167453
210278
272546
309525
404901
531198
641985
773325
840913
910427
914971
933154
5.1
2004
32000
24543
25839
27177
28519
29927
32128
43081
58943
77421
100904
112067
107559
110930
113683
11.6
true
8200
54684
5.7
true
2000
40019136
40344819
38529587
40618294
40337546
41883122
46428136
50813071
53941061
56990239
59483716
63417366
65905273
68720337
11
2020
4600000
369735
336988
320664
360582
407486
472843
512324
595856
748395
983740
1275578
1719883
2322538
2593130
3.1
true
48000
41089602
44723743
46564792
45980369
48108804
50121020
52538548
55663801
56282102
57367867
59057333
63006482
67351860
69487000
7.1
2020
3100000
62362
66402
66457
78401
87959
77280
94074
98431
94554
99973
107466
111600
116353
117303
10.8
2005
8700
2219948
2430789
2662145
2916778
3195768
3497447
4053800
4804060
5165546
5448865
4328361
3895932
3795680
3935766
3.4
2015
85000
64421
5.7
true
2400
2717458
2945929
3173635
3664587
4223839
5080664
6961216
8925813
11941451
15394650
19637085
25475000
31887802
35064272
21.5
1998
4600000
39329
5.7
true
1500
56542
30
2018
11400
167051
180090
193150
222853
256862
306745
398071
524115
713921
1054703
1455095
1926634
2515744
2822093
3.1
true
50000
1533203
1673930
1845110
2168599
2502427
3013177
3556756
4277540
5047423
6434383
8428837
10396090
13371185
15099727
3.1
true
260000
135206
123323
117411
132027
151826
226570
269813
320815
288652
474289
703287
1189097
1716479
1938431
3.1
true
36000
4990133
5368127
5771532
6426998
7310983
7651080
8384484
8747778
9653419
10258494
10782638
11124666
10699370
10413962
2.8
2020
180000
1352626
1494871
1663732
1857837
2304571
3097199
4063659
5396972
6900215
9024775
11697592
14500118
17357331
18687881
3.48
2014
420000
153836
10.25
true
10300
295214
319975
344458
397429
458081
543632
577634
584409
829314
973678
1234747
1566352
2013259
2249515
3.1
true
41000
297513
296177
295538
303521
339001
418045
569156
702714
774372
749891
764836
749259
807486
835986
4.6
2016
25000
7498900
1.9
true
100000
530342
662011
785083
1022849
1246523
1558941
2062067
2750721
3727179
4980493
6577781
8365881
10119638
11005850
0.8
2005
57000
2493105
2725259
2977792
3250582
3548361
3864992
4200272
4462673
4643900
4835067
4326105
4301150
3953956
3876200
10.2
2020
250000
1616961
1883502
2215834
2530442
2873280
3265716
3858447
4635126
5614494
6854444
8303151
9803299
11243846
11906095
2.5
2018
190000
7106097
7604701
7942153
8610564
9216204
9337883
9983383
10315142
10695372
10381280
10190598
9979128
9749459
9514251
1.3
2020
80000
38179623
42820498
47304303
53422386
61843190
68799031
88296074
115657496
148950537
183501097
216077789
246305327
274814861
285721236
1.44
2019
2800000
2912656
2912656
2912656
2912656
2912656
2912656
2827691
2961402
3415240
3514015
3802589
4559084
4982602
5484367
7.1
2020
260000
359278
410239
455007
587972
878256
1289244
1891941
2864773
3721666
4544995
6111194
7336735
8800380
10122800
14
2020
850000
84523
5.7
true
3100
280714154
295496971
300639878
330163509
373766276
346278818
435990342
545864271
687354029
864972221
1057922731
1243481565
1402617694
1463865525
3.2
2020
32000000
2399016
2850254
3459608
3933814
4140032
5653357
7022057
9735611
13591996
17581208
24424060
31045367
42116602
47020774
1.9
true
540000
10122370
10967798
9455525
12691310
15178703
16510553
21470433
29145099
39842323
58380098
66418661
77420851
87723448
92417681
0.58
2015
370000
77854
87565
97534
108477
120892
142684
175572
204489
228147
254842
281293
318163
366626
392404
5.8
2017
15000
33332371
35939804
36967588
40159184
43602046
46391674
49514555
53390231
56412086
57031457
57272200
60164212
59912763
58915656
10.2
2020
3800000
104540
5.7
true
3900
727676
815621
873146
1024958
1226097
1407214
1650009
1878191
2145661
2379880
2607827
2748573
2830745
2837077
18
2016
370000
254431
273656
196295
233585
246075
438808
853471
1565172
2234192
3621915
5386945
7297046
10865232
11520684
2.1
2001
160000
44416502
49880362
56328237
64665549
73591941
86443278
96399755
106712370
118358761
123399767
127027794
128185273
126304533
123366734
0.1
2019
72000
3950614
3633121
3566429
4167035
4808498
5769190
7695310
11368806
16018465
22892655
30642893
41598570
52217327
57532493
1.2
2016
420000
1100576
1205653
1320825
1447162
1585583
1751141
2215517
3025143
3729372
4459545
5025150
5491763
6664143
7343064
6.4
2001
290000
2839483
3012110
2895102
2788985
3061261
4375252
5449964
6639187
5199874
7374754
12462343
14500730
16725484
17847982
3.5
2003
400000
28664
30579
32455
34058
35740
37871
47177
57530
61170
74872
88632
108717
126110
136488
11.6
true
9700
85742
105346
129010
139454
149571
161951
197710
244196
337728
444601
536084
654846
802172
882847
2.9
2002
15000
48203
45331
39746
38573
40766
47254
55834
44632
42866
40456
45272
46871
46896
46922
11.7
2006
3800
5432032
5724136
6800254
8019424
9457170
11116734
11722950
15172777
18236783
21112134
23665909
24987257
26136312
26571036
1.9
true
350000
9687522
9911592
11464533
13456220
15330291
19757319
26115388
32542203
38141109
44081425
46766660
48769329
51858481
51684564
0.3
2004
110000
98794
105366
114746
124871
135890
153973
311066
809118
1504789
1684833
1954713
2943374
4400146
4865298
3.1
2005
120000
88833
4.98
true
2900
4161983
4543093
4964613
5439477
5959762
6787149
9429982
12419056
15152953
17154060
15501108
16836808
19482116
20843754
2.4
2012
310000
1378713
1272193
1046704
876948
957965
1684556
2121517
2669703
3292575
4311960
5431213
6334198
7346534
7873046
0.9
2008
46000
501417
637099
769131
926073
1115039
1349351
1794411
2386119
2944765
3595175
4329345
5041290
5702400
5849421
1.9
2009
71000
53029
53545
57376
65923
76707
93009
92605
103184
119302
137874
158624
170921
178261
180149
8.87
2010
12000
10331
11121
12070
12176
12869
13786
16512
21170
25114
28912
33137
36021
38793
41024
8.6
2005
2300
4063376
4860106
5500957
5987713
6492745
7811051
9661384
12287113
14847972
16352460
19293056
20879092
22561808
21756000
1.9
2018
270000
490243
533090
575156
663604
764876
918912
1139519
1466677
1929260
2223667
2928117
4058897
5149470
5731206
7.52
2017
250000
249213
281353
320591
393273
480202
579554
736507
1019273
1406530
1809698
2003919
1996256
2235727
2363325
3.1
true
45000
2523151
2850870
2283303
2417070
2453223
2433000
2769099
3135874
3428417
3695016
3500410
3097721
2795766
2888774
2.7
2020
51000
235574
258721
269864
297712
300207
296580
313888
339337
363711
381707
436142
507418
630597
686970
5.4
2020
25000
2148646
2450389
1860798
1875135
1921871
1918725
2131169
2357559
2511756
2660131
2368320
2097834
1901119
1847785
3.9
2020
45000
514376
598690
679435
760476
876455
1131471
1492890
2082597
3424375
4445243
5305020
6497837
7045403
7458555
0.05
1998
2500
4681030
5437479
5772593
6447923
7641938
8935456
11624932
15129453
19459942
24375558
28423439
32467009
36584208
38430770
10.47
2017
2700000
21331
24028
23596
26270
25118
19689
21829
24252
27146
30382
32477
33188
38074
38341
10.47
2017
2000
1484973
1628124
1784707
1955414
2142449
2528365
3076172
3643522
4048713
4451150
4234969
3631990
3069135
2360527
0.7
2010
11000
442653
510756
484521
453378
424237
402519
471205
529679
584831
620507
634198
632088
607934
623129
4.6
2017
18000
2678373
2543231
2495724
2865906
3303271
3956077
5111033
6672004
9006039
12055649
16516336
22183343
28953560
32740678
14.2
2019
2700000
39597
50566
64282
75486
31529
13019
14728
22552
30793
44648
50721
52064
42728
36282
5.5
2007
1200
802202
878324
960798
1048814
1144894
1248682
1435060
1664214
1933043
2063690
2057254
2051510
1872021
1820909
6.6
2017
78000
2331296
2707812
3040300
3479504
3971134
4696914
5402550
6276476
7530522
9178826
11559291
15945201
21713837
25198821
7.8
1995
1000000
9411380
10934246
11923214
13231889
15124546
17737123
21730255
27193015
33227204
39817253
45290850
49024376
53016525
54850648
0.9
2005
340000
696737
719186
732268
745432
758832
781691
977602
1295275
1701341
2164578
2455182
2701739
3290786
3568978
1.9
true
43000
682070
1.9
true
9300
47329
10.25
true
3300
359492
388783
413307
476866
549640
657722
824307
1099815
1474046
1951881
2613450
3390968
4600136
5315065
3.1
true
90000
206234
215840
212759
227340
254503
294685
330832
326017
342882
367913
399905
422654
518212
579704
0.9
2020
3500
392834
395786
406448
424691
454310
525560
680332
827700
954221
1089033
1216632
1282710
1283231
1243741
1.08
2009
9600
64150
66898
65426
73027
78873
74461
91203
123240
164844
224772
282025
360802
502127
529676
2.55
2012
10000
2067047
1922933
1868175
2142711
2469709
2950299
3628136
4633949
6265529
9545860
11315947
14826466
19533885
22216120
3.1
true
390000
13261087
14503032
14579605
16689077
19982850
27587941
36724614
50814958
67300338
82820170
98625553
113623898
126799053
131946900
2.1
2016
1900000
2094024
2684056
3274070
4069257
5001715
6098285
7956201
10178802
12983365
17833179
22967817
28655772
33889554
35977838
1.6
2003
410000
4251279
3902611
3756127
4308103
4965561
5910234
6713698
8250504
11336220
13094535
18129652
22999234
30783685
35631653
3.1
true
590000
203718
240833
283647
347953
424866
514598
591473
757876
981440
1369309
1818650
2109815
2728760
3092816
3.9
2000
72000
1320431
1494234
1649641
1887949
2154703
2597818
3505056
4650272
6135968
8286066
11509634
16548833
23717615
27917831
3.1
true
440000
18664170
20655981
22927580
26735105
31085546
37283019
45053787
55893836
73764641
97120926
126382490
166642888
213996185
237527782
19.4
2019
26000000
553531
656534
769730
828973
1008702
1331445
1782371
2423065
3252404
4162566
5022636
5737451
6565267
7007502
1.1
2006
51000
5140189
5914229
6834137
7859443
8868956
10113759
11486909
13052082
14162686
15030886
16058757
16771232
17636732
18087633
10.1
2020
1200000
2232623
2399597
2642453
2820108
2994493
3265199
3581119
3875351
4085603
4241440
4490864
4889160
5379275
5610870
7
2024
260000
5116267
5384368
5360778
5343320
5500086
8396610
10123664
12436191
15553106
19524579
24546509
27341955
28966580
29618118
0.71
2019
140000
1921
1928
1986
2839
2931
3424
4625
6733
7670
9645
10187
10067
11665
12025
11.6
true
830
809099
1037814
1239349
1481347
1638415
1911265
2379482
2822184
3146325
3396981
3857576
4347766
5069895
5324700
15
2020
520000
379583
412514
421003
431196
441636
456997
530489
662691
1001248
1763957
2282139
2757450
4522502
5494691
0.1
1999
4000
257249
319341
460090
504023
670153
860855
1126004
1513071
1957543
2455588
3010376
3628537
4293258
4571189
0.77
2015
23000
3657023
4137540
4699402
5483224
6444987
7677414
10174128
13501237
17360955
22014772
26598328
29086021
32838577
34576665
1.62
2017
370000
278786
11.6
true
22000
841827
833850
554530
592614
953522
1543441
1995115
2505632
3131516
3896482
5537068
7633524
9815743
10762817
29.5
1995
2000000
6644021
7835476
9347641
11504117
14454975
18849532
27891900
37622203
48043744
62854668
79625401
96337127
112081270
116786962
1.64
2016
1300000
18263133
19230643
21780196
26064359
31284924
35849256
45709314
60166721
82291008
116155584
154879124
199239048
235001745
255219554
3.6
2012
5500000
24312686
25809505
23791651
27385667
28883551
24780169
29575967
32542639
35576518
38055448
38258077
38095356
38171005
36435861
3.8
2020
900000
3285874
4.98
true
105000
291751
337256
353234
463247
719218
944632
1073080
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340000
5745
6038
6344
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19206
18420
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24.2
2007
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564592
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898760
1138105
1504351
1883517
2388030
3053239
4035752
5100875
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18241
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1996
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2013
14000
On 22 January 1903 the
The Congo Free State prohibited growing, the private colony of King Leopold II of Belgiumselling, issued an ordinance-law headed "measures against the use oftransporting and holding
cannabis for smoking hemp"in 1903. A decree approved it on 1 March. It is seven articles longGrowers faced destruction of their crops, and it bans everything at once
village chiefs could be made liable for fines when they failed to report offences.
The law also offered a brief opportunity to surrender cannabis for compensation.
## The seven articles
| Article | What it says |
|---|---|
| 1 | Growingban reached the supply network
The ordinance targeted the activities that supplied cannabis to smokers.
Historian Chris Duvall describes its effect on informal African trade: farming,
selling, transportingcarrying and holding hemppossessing the plant all became offences. The prohibition
reached people along the chain from cultivation to consumption.
The distinction between the plant and its intended use mattered. The law named
cannabis for smoking are forbidden, and so is using it, by smoking ora locally traded product. Duvall places the restriction
within a wider colonial pattern in any other way |
| 2 | Forwhich authorities treated African cannabis
markets as having little economic value while seeking opportunities in the
European pharmaceutical trade.
## Growers had fifteen days, people may to declare their hempcrops
The law gave people fifteen days after it took effect to declare fields under
cannabis and hand in their hemp atpresent stocks to the nearest government post. In return, they
were to receive payment for the value of cannabis destroyed, whether already
harvested or still standing.
That offer gave growers and willholders a short route out of the prohibited trade.
Afterwards, authorities were to destroy unlawful plantations at the offenders'
expense. Confiscated cannabis was also to be paid its value once it is destroyed |
| 3 | Offences bring.
The scheme therefore combined compensation for declared supplies with financial
liability for crops the authorities removed as illegal plantations.
## Village chiefs were drawn into enforcement
Offenders faced a fine of 100 to 1,000 francs and penal servitude of, imprisonment for fifteen days
to one year, or oneeither punishment alone. Conviction also brought crop destruction
and confiscation of the two; crops are destroyed, hemp is confiscated, and so is any instrument used for smoking it |
| 4 | cannabis seized.
Village chiefs arewere jointly liable for the fines and court costs, unless they warned the authorities of thehad
reported offences committed in their village |
| 5 | The authorities destroy illegal plantations at the offender's expense |
| 6 | Confiscated hemp is destroyed as laid down in an order of 8 May 1899 |
| 7 | The ordinance takes effect immediately |
## What stands out
Two features of the text stand outvillages. The first is the buy-out: for two weeks the state offeredrule gave chiefs a financial
reason to pay growers and holders for what they surrendered. The second isinform the collective liability of chiefsauthorities about cultivation, which made a village chief answerable for offences he did not reportpossession and supply.
The ordinance also shows that 1903 was notEnforcement responsibilities therefore extended beyond the first measure. Article 6 relies on an orderperson directly
accused of 8 May 1899 that already dealt with destroying confiscated hemp, so some form of seizure existed four years earlier. That order has not been read for this index.
Cannabis was by then well established inbreaking the Congo basinprohibition. Explorers had described the Bena Riamba, a movement among the Bashilenge of Kasai built around smoking it, in 1881.
## Why the index moved
TheConsumption was added explicitly later
A [1903 ordinance1917 amendment](/history/belgian-congo-freeconsumption-stateoffence-hemp-ordinance-19031917/) isexpressly
extended the only scored stepprohibition to smoking cannabis and consuming it in the [Democratic Republicany other way.
It also required seizure and confiscation of equipment intended or used for
consumption.
Those additions connected the earlier controls on farmers and suppliers with
an explicit offence directed at users. The amended colonial text remained in
the legal collections of what became [DR Congo's](/country/cd/) history, fromlong after the unregulated state to
original prohibition.
It covered possession, cultivation, sale and use in a single text, which is why one step carries the whole fall. A 2021 measure authorised cannabis for medical and scientific purposes under licence without changing the position of people who use it. The country's present total is 9.
opusgpt-5.56
Ordinance-law of 22 January 1903, approved 1 March 1903, as amended in 1917
The African Roots of Marijuana
Leganet.cd — Ordonnance-loi du 22 janvier 1903, mesures contre l'usage de fumer le chanvre
README.md +1 @@ -54,4 +54,5 @@ Built with [Astro](https://astro.build). Pushing to `main` deploys to GitHub Pag | `src/` | The website: pages, components, styles | | `docs/DATA-MAINTENANCE.md` | How the country profiles and the history are checked and extended, and what is still open | +| `docs/WRITING.md` | How to write history titles, descriptions and articles so they read well | | `docs/CULTURE.md` | What belongs in each part of the cultural atlas and how to write an entry | | `docs/BOOKS.md`, `docs/books.yaml` | How the research books are read and cited, and the catalogue of what has been read; the books themselves sit in `books/`, which is not in Git |
astro.config.mjs +8 @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ import { defineConfig } from "astro/config"; +import { unified } from "@astrojs/markdown-remark"; import icon from "astro-icon"; @@ -58,5 +59,7 @@ export default defineConfig({ // inlines the SVG at build time, so only the icons a page uses end up in it. integrations: [icon()], - markdown: { remarkPlugins: [markdownFigures], rehypePlugins: [markdownLinks] }, + markdown: { + processor: unified({ remarkPlugins: [markdownFigures], rehypePlugins: [markdownLinks] }), + }, // pictures in Markdown get a set of widths, so a phone does not download the 1280-pixel file image: { layout: "constrained" }, @@ -64,4 +67,7 @@ export default defineConfig({ // running dev server has prepared (Fuse, nostr-tools), and its lazy imports would then fail // until it is restarted. - vite: { cacheDir: process.argv.includes("build") ? "node_modules/.vite-build" : "node_modules/.vite" }, + vite: { + cacheDir: process.argv.includes("build") ? "node_modules/.vite-build" : "node_modules/.vite", + server: { watch: { ignored: ["**/tmp/**"] } }, + }, });
datasets/datasets.yaml +340 @@ -0,0 +1,340 @@ +# Outside datasets: what each CSV file in this folder is and how to read it. The site reads the +# files as they are at build time (src/lib/datasets.js); nothing is copied into the country files. +# A dataset whose file is missing is left out of the site with a warning, so a definition can wait +# here for its file. +# +# file the CSV in this folder, published unchanged at /data/datasets/<file> +# origin how the file was made: downloaded as published, or transcribed, and when +# original optional: the publisher's own file, kept and published beside an extract made from it +# country which column names the country, and whether it holds our file names (`by: id`, +# "de", "us") or country names (`by: name`, matched to the `name:` of each country +# file, ignoring accents and punctuation); `aliases` maps names that differ +# year optional: a column with the year. Only the latest year is used, unless +# `keep: all`, which keeps every year as a series +# fields our name for each figure → the column it is read from, its decimals, `type: boolean` +# for a column that is "true" or empty or `text`, and `about`, what the site uses it +# for, and how it is written on a profile: `format` (number, percent, decimal, rank or +# text; `values` names the codes of a text field) +# credit optional: a short name for the publisher, for the profile's Datasets tab +# profile how the dataset reads in the profile's Datasets tab: a `headline` and a line of +# `details`, with {field} for a figure ({per} for the rate per `map.per` people). +# A part of the details whose figure is missing is left out. For a series, `years` +# picks the years listed in the details +# rail true for the few datasets also shown in the profile's side column ("Beyond the +# law"); every dataset is listed in the profile's Datasets tab +# map optional: how one field colours the world map, on a view of its own in `group` +# (Society by default): `steps` are where each of the five colours starts; `format` +# is percent, decimal or rate; `per` divides the field by the country's population +# and multiplies by it (100000: per 100,000 people) +# pages optional: the pages that show the dataset, for one with views of its own, and +# `also`, words after them +# Everything shown on the site is never part of the score. + +- id: cannabis_use + file: unodc-cannabis-use.csv + original: unodc-wdr2026-1.2-prevalence-national.xlsx + name: Cannabis use + publisher: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) + credit: UNODC + title: UNODC — World Drug Report 2026, statistical annex, table 1.2 Prevalence of drug use in the general population, national data + url: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2026-annex.html + data_url: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR_2026/Annex/1.2_prevalence_of_drug_use_in_the_general_population_national_data.xlsx + data_label: table 1.2, spreadsheet + when: national surveys from 1995 to 2024 + about: >- + The share of adults who used cannabis in the past year, from each country's most recent + national survey as reported to UNODC, and the number of people that share stands for today. + Most surveys ask people aged 15 to 64; where a survey used another age band, the band is + given with the figure. Every country and territory on the site has a row. + origin: >- + Rebuilt on 21 October 2026 by scripts/extract-unodc.py from UNODC's spreadsheet, which is + published here unchanged: sheet "Cannabis", the best estimate of the latest survey for each + country (a survey period such as 2022/23 counts as its last year). The United Kingdom is + represented by England and Wales. Where the table has no figure, `source` says what was used + instead: "earlier" keeps the figure this site had before, taken from Wikipedia's list of + older UNODC figures; "estimate" is the median of the measured countries in the same region. + `users` is the share applied to the population aged 15 to 64 from the World Bank + (SP.POP.1564.TO, fetched the same day), to two significant figures; places the World Bank + does not list keep the population used before. + profile: + headline: "{prevalence} of adults" + details: "{users} people · survey {period} · ages {ages} · {source}" + country: { column: country, by: id } + fields: + prevalence: { column: prevalence, format: percent, about: "Share of adults: map, rankings, profile" } + users: { column: users, about: "Number of users: map, rankings, profile" } + year: { column: year, about: "Survey year (the last year of a period), empty for estimates" } + period: { column: period, type: text, about: "Survey year or period as UNODC gives it" } + ages: { column: ages, type: text, about: "The survey's age band, shown with the figure" } + source: { column: source, type: text, about: "wdr2026, earlier or estimate", values: { wdr2026: "UNODC 2026", earlier: "earlier figure, not in UNODC 2026", estimate: "regional estimate, no survey" } } + estimate: { column: estimate, type: boolean, about: "Marks a regional estimate (shown with ~)" } + population_15_64: { column: population_15_64, about: "What users are worked out from" } + pages: + - { label: the map of users, path: map/users/ } + - { label: the map of the share of adults, path: map/share-of-adults/ } + - { label: the map of use against freedom, path: map/use-against-freedom/ } + - { label: the rankings, path: "#rankings" } + also: and every country profile + +- id: population + file: population.csv + name: Population + publisher: Our World in Data and the World Bank + credit: Our World in Data, World Bank + title: Our World in Data — Population (long-run estimates) + url: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources + data_url: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL + data_label: World Bank — Population, total + when: 1900 to 2025 + about: >- + How many people live in each country and territory: a figure every ten years from 1900 to + 2020 and the latest one. It weights the population-weighted world average, shown beside the + plain one, and sorts the rankings by population. + origin: >- + Compiled for this site on 4 October 2026 and moved into this file on 20 October 2026. For 196 + countries the figures from 1900 to 2020 are Our World in Data's long-run series and the latest + (mostly 2025) is the World Bank's. 23 dependencies and disputed territories have a single + recent figure only. Borders are today's. Not a copy of a published file. + profile: + headline: "{population} people in {year}" + years: [1900, 1950, 2000] + country: { column: country, by: id } + year: { column: year, keep: all } + fields: + population: { column: population, about: "People living there in that year" } + pages: + - { label: the world average by population, path: "" } + - { label: the population column of the rankings, path: "#rankings" } + - { label: research progress weighted by population, path: research/ } + +- id: pew_marijuana + file: pew-marijuana-morality-2026.csv + rail: true + origin: >- + Transcribed by hand on 20 October 2026 from the "Total" row of each country in the topline + PDF (question 17g, "Using marijuana"). The columns are the per cent of adults answering + morally acceptable, morally unacceptable, not a moral issue, depends on the situation + (volunteered) and don't know or refused, and the number of people asked. + name: Is using marijuana morally wrong? + publisher: Pew Research Center + title: Pew Research Center — In 25-country survey, Americans especially likely to view fellow citizens as morally bad (5 March 2026) + url: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2026/03/05/in-25-country-survey-americans-especially-likely-to-view-fellow-citizens-as-morally-bad/ + data_url: https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/03/pr_2026.03.05_international-morality_topline.pdf + data_label: topline, question 17g + when: surveyed January to May 2025 + about: >- + Adults were asked whether using marijuana is morally acceptable, morally unacceptable, or not + a moral issue. Nationally representative samples of about 1,000 people or more in each of 25 + countries. + notes: + us: In the United States the question said “morally wrong” instead of “morally unacceptable”. + profile: + headline: "{unacceptable} call it immoral" + details: "{acceptable} acceptable · {not_moral} not a moral issue · {sample} people asked" + country: { column: country, by: id } + fields: + unacceptable: { column: unacceptable, format: percent } + acceptable: { column: acceptable, format: percent } + not_moral: { column: not_moral, format: percent } + depends: { column: depends, format: percent } + unsure: { column: unsure, format: percent } + sample: { column: n } + map: + field: unacceptable + format: percent + slug: marijuana-morality + label: Says marijuana is immoral + missing: Not among the 25 countries Pew surveyed + steps: [[0, "Under 20%"], [20, "20–35%"], [35, "35–50%"], [50, "50–70%"], [70, "70% or more"]] + title: Is using marijuana morally wrong? Views in 25 countries + lede: >- + The share of adults who say using marijuana is morally unacceptable, from Pew Research + Center's 2025 survey of 25 countries. The stronger the blue, the more people disapprove. + sub: >- + The stronger the blue, the more adults say using marijuana is morally unacceptable. Only 25 + countries were surveyed; the rest are hatched. + note: >- + Pew Research Center, 2025 survey of 25 countries, published March 2026. Moral views are shown + for context and are not part of the score. + … 182 more lines
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docs/DATA-MAINTENANCE.md +101 @@ -300,5 +300,6 @@ How to decide: A law that changes seed or clone rules goes into `changes.yaml` as a context entry (category -`other`, or `easing` / `tightening` when it clearly is one), with no `before`. +`hemp`, or `easing` / `tightening` when it clearly changes what a cannabis user may do), with no +`before`, tagged `seeds`. `node scripts/data-status.cjs planting` shows which profiles have the section and lists the rest by @@ -313,9 +314,61 @@ The history also covers cannabis cultivation, food, fibre, medicine, trade, scie art and everyday culture. Do not limit research to bans and legal reform. Record a dated publication, excavation report or other event in `changes.yaml`, normally as -unscored `other`; recurring practices belong in the cultural atlas as described in +unscored `culture`; recurring practices belong in the cultural atlas as described in [CULTURE.md](CULTURE.md). Keep the date of a modern discovery separate from the age of the evidence it describes. Do not infer intoxication from every seed or textile, or present historical therapeutic claims as established efficacy. +## Outside datasets + +Figures from other organisations' datasets stay in their own files in `/datasets`, as CSV, +and are read at build time; nothing is copied into the country files. They are shown in the +profile's rail ("Beyond the law"), get a view of their own on the world map (the Society +group) and are never part of the score. + +- `datasets/datasets.yaml` defines each dataset: its file, source and citation, which column + names the country (by our file name or by country name, with aliases for names that + differ), an optional year column (only the latest year is used), the fields to read and + how one of them colours the map. The format is described at the top of that file and + checked by `src/content.config.ts`; the reading is done by `src/lib/datasets.js`. +- Every file and `datasets.yaml` itself are published unchanged at `/data/datasets/<file>` + and described on the sources page (`/sources/#datasets`): publisher, coverage, size, rows, + SHA-256, the columns used and `origin`, which must say honestly how the file was made + (downloaded as published, or transcribed, and on what date). These files keep their + publishers' terms, not the site's CC BY licence. +- A dataset whose file is missing is left out with a warning. Country names that match no + country file are listed in the build output: add an alias in `datasets.yaml`. +- To update a dataset, replace its CSV with the new edition (and the file name and + citation in `datasets.yaml` if they change). +- `unodc-cannabis-use.csv`: cannabis use for every country (share of adults, survey year or + period, age band, number of users). Rebuilt by `python3 scripts/extract-unodc.py use` from + the UNODC spreadsheet kept beside it (`unodc-wdr2026-1.2-prevalence-national.xlsx`, World + Drug Report 2026 annex, table 1.2), with the World Bank's population aged 15–64 fetched when + it runs. `source` says where each row comes from: `wdr2026`, `earlier` (a figure the table + lacks, kept from Wikipedia's list of older UNODC figures) or `estimate` (regional median). It + feeds the Use views of the map, the rankings and the profiles, so every country file needs a + row; the build stops if one is missing. A new country gets one when the script runs again. +- `unodc-cannabis-use-youth.csv`: past-year cannabis use among 15- and 16-year-olds, from + `python3 scripts/extract-unodc.py youth` and the UNODC spreadsheet beside it + (`unodc-wdr2026-1.4-prevalence-youth.xlsx`, table 1.4). Only that age group is kept, so that + countries compare; countries reporting other bands (Germany, France, Spain) are left out. +- `population.csv`: population by year for every country (`country,year,population`), a figure + every ten years from 1900 to 2020 and the latest one. It weights the population-weighted + average and is read by `scripts/article-backlog.cjs` and `scripts/data-status.cjs`; every + country needs at least one row. +- `unodc-drug-possession-police.csv`: people brought into contact with the police for drug use + or possession (all drugs), extracted by `python3 scripts/extract-unodc.py offences` from the + UNODC spreadsheet kept beside it (`unodc-wdr2026-10.1-drug-related-crimes.xlsx`, World Drug + Report 2026 annex, table 10.1). For a new edition, replace the spreadsheet, update `original`, + `title` and `data_url` in `datasets.yaml`, and run the script again. Shown per 100,000 + people (`map.per`), using the latest population. +- `pew-marijuana-morality-2026.csv`: Pew Research Center, "Using marijuana" (Q17g), the + "Total" rows of the 2026 international morality topline, transcribed by hand. +- `hfi-2025.csv`: Human Freedom Index 2025 (Cato and Fraser Institutes), the official CSV + as downloaded. Both sites block scripted downloads, so it has to be saved from a browser. + +To add a dataset: put its CSV in `/datasets` and add a definition to `datasets.yaml`; the map +view follows from that. The profile block is written for each dataset in +`src/components/CountryDatasets.astro`. + ## How a history entry works @@ -323,9 +376,11 @@ or present historical therapeutic claims as established efficacy. - id: tunisia-law-52-amended-2017 # also the page address; never reuse or rename lightly date: "2017-04-25" # YYYY-MM-DD, YYYY-MM or YYYY, as precise as the source - category: easing # ban tightening death easing legalisation medical debate international other + category: easing # see "Choosing the category" below + tags: [court] # optional; keys of CHANGE_TAGS in src/lib/segment-ids.js country: tn # omit for international entries + subunit: on # optional, in a federation: the state or province it is about title: Tunisia gives judges discretion in drug cases description: >- - One to three sentences. Only what the source states. + Two to four sentences. Only what the source states. How to write it: docs/WRITING.md. before: {possession: 0, cultivation: 0, enforcement: 0, sharing: 0, consumption: 1, access: 0} checked: true # only when the source was opened and read @@ -358,4 +413,45 @@ rather than dead links and have no Internet Archive copy. Price observations rem still require a URL. +### Choosing the category + +Every entry has exactly one `category`. Go down this list and take the **first** that fits: + +1. **`death`**: the death penalty for cannabis is introduced, used, limited or removed. +2. **`legalisation`**: possession, growing or sales become legal for adults. +3. **`ban`**: cannabis is restricted for the first time, or banned again after being legal. +4. **`medical`**: medical cannabis is allowed, widened, narrowed or refused, including + cannabis medicines such as Sativex or dronabinol. +5. **`tightening`** / **`easing`**: a law, decree or ruling makes things harsher or milder for + people who use, grow or sell cannabis (penalties, offences, thresholds, a ruling that + protects users). A court ruling goes here when it changes how the law is applied. +6. **`hemp`**: fibre and food hemp, CBD and low-THC products, and seeds: their rules and their + industry, when they do not change what a cannabis user may do. A hemp flower ban that closes + shops is `tightening`. Hemp in old texts and traditions is `culture`, tagged `hemp`. +7. **`international`**: treaties, a country joining or leaving one (tag `ratification`), and + decisions of UN or other international bodies. +8. **`debate`**: a bill, report, commission, campaign, referendum petition or vote, or a court + refusing to rule, that changed no rule by itself. +9. **`enforcement`**: raids, seizures, arrests, crackdowns, a single case or sentence, + statistics on arrests: how a law was applied, without a change in the law. +10. **`culture`**: traditions, trade, markets, fairs, books, research, discoveries, patents, + surveys of use, and organisations that are not campaigns. +11. **`other`**: a law or ruling that does not clearly make things harsher or milder: a new code + that keeps the same rules, a change of the responsible authority, or a mixed reform. + +Steps 1 to 6 are for rules that actually changed. A bill, plan, draft or promise about any of +them is `debate` until it is passed. + +`other` is the last resort, not the default. Topics that cut across categories (a court, a +referendum, home growing, religion, colonial rule) go in `tags`, not in the category. + +### States and provinces + +In the United States, Canada and Australia, set `subunit` when an entry is about one state, +province or territory: its own law, court ruling, ballot vote, regulator, programme or a case +tried there. Leave it out for federal law, national bodies and courts (a US Supreme Court ruling +on a case from one state is still federal), and for events that span several states. The entry +keeps its `country`, and a `before` on it is still about the national score. It is listed on the +country's History tab, labelled with its state, and on the state's own page. + - **`before`** is the six scores *before* the event. The scores after it are the `before` of the same country's next scored entry, or the country's current scores. So the chain must be @@ -755,5 +851,5 @@ The story in Markdown: paragraphs, `## Subheadings`, `> quotes`, lists, links an ``` -Rules: write only what the listed sources say. Keep it compact: about 350 to 500 words, a short +Rules: write only what the listed sources say, in plain words for a reader who is not a lawyer (`docs/WRITING.md`). Keep it compact: about 350 to 500 words, a short opening, three to five short sections and at most one small table. Side events belong in their own `changes.yaml` entries, linked from the article, not narrated in it. A picture is optional and most articles should
docs/WRITING.md +140 @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +# Writing history entries and articles + +How to write the `title` and `description` of a `changes.yaml` entry and the text of an +article in `articles/`. The facts rules in `docs/DATA-MAINTENANCE.md` still apply: write only +what the sources say. This guide is about making that readable. + +The reader is someone curious about cannabis law, not a lawyer. After reading they should know +**what changed for people who use, grow or sell cannabis, and why it happened.** Law numbers, +filing dates and court procedure are there to let someone check the claim; they are not the story. + +## Common problems + +These turn up again and again, in GPT-written text most of all: + +- **The document comes first.** "In judgment 170/1982, filed on 26 October after decision on + 19 October, the Constitutional Court rejected…" The reader has to get past three facts before + learning what happened. +- **Procedure takes the place of meaning.** Referring courts, operative orders, admissibility, + amendment points, paragraph numbers. +- **Disclaimers.** "This is a rollout milestone, not a new adult-use law." "The result should not + be described as…" "The discussion establishes an implementation bottleneck, not…" Saying what + something is *not* is the model protecting itself. Say what it is. Caveats about the sources go + in `docs/research/`. +- **No people and no context.** Nothing about who was arrested, who could now buy, who campaigned, or what was going on in the country at the time. +- **No before and after.** The event stands alone, with no link to what led to it or what came next. + +## Context around the event + +An event makes sense only with what surrounded it, so mention the important context. It is +part of the story, not padding, and it belongs in descriptions as well as articles: + +- **What led to it:** the law or ruling it replaced, a court case or arrest that started it, a + campaign, a scandal, a change of government, pressure from a treaty or another country. +- **Who was behind it and who opposed it:** the minister, party, court, campaigners or patients + who pushed for it, and the arguments on each side. +- **What it meant in practice:** how many people were arrested, jailed, registered or served; + how strictly it was enforced; how it compared with neighbouring countries or the world at the + time. +- **What came next:** whether it was repealed, challenged, copied elsewhere or ignored. + +Take this context from the sources, the country's other entries or its profile, and link the +entries it refers to. Never fill it in from memory. If a source gives none, look for one that +does before writing the entry flat; if none turns up, say less rather than guess. + +## Titles + +- Say **what changed, for whom**, with a plain active verb: *bans*, *legalises*, *jails*, + *raises the penalty*, *lets patients*, *blocks*. +- Start with the country or place, as now. Under about 80 characters. +- **No law, judgment, article or section numbers**, and no official names in quotation marks + unless the name is itself famous (the Marihuana Tax Act, the Opium Law). +- Name the institution plainly: "Italy's top court", "parliament", "the government". +- Context entries that move no score still need a point. + +| Instead of | Write | +|---|---| +| Italy's Constitutional Court upholds penalties for cannabis beyond a modest quantity | Italy's top court keeps punishing users with more than a "modest quantity" like dealers | +| Nebraska's medical cannabis growers face an unfinished route to patient sales | Nebraska's licensed growers told to store their harvest for up to two years | + +## Descriptions (`changes.yaml`) + +Two to four sentences, in this order: + +1. **The change in everyday terms.** What a person could or could not do afterwards, or what + now happens to them. Give the penalty, the amount, the date it took effect. +2. **Why, or how it came about,** when the source says: a court case, a referendum, a scandal, + a treaty, pressure from abroad. +3. **The important context** (see above), in a sentence or two: what it replaced, what was + happening at the time, or what came next. This can come from the country's other entries or + its profile, which are already sourced; it must never come from memory. +4. **The formal name or number,** at most once, and at the end or in the source title. Often it + is not needed at all, because the source title already carries it. + +Leave out: filing dates next to decision dates (keep the one that matters, usually when the rule +took effect), procedural outcomes the reader cannot use, and every "not a / rather than" +sentence. If the reader could really mistake the event for something bigger, say what it is +precisely: "Kentucky has medical cannabis only; buying for adult use remains illegal" is a fact, +"this is not a new adult-use law" is a disclaimer. + +Before: + +> In judgment 170/1982, filed on 26 October after decision on 19 October, the Constitutional +> Court rejected equality challenges to punishment for possessing more than a modest quantity +> for personal use, including cannabis. It also upheld the exclusion of small imports from the +> modest-quantity exception. A challenge to the undefined quantity term was inadmissible because +> the referring court had not specified the requested outcome. The judgment preserved the +> existing law rather than imposing a new ban. + +After: + +> Italy's Constitutional Court rejected several challenges to the 1975 drug law. People found +> with more than a "modest quantity" could still be punished like dealers, even if the cannabis +> was only for themselves, because the court said a stock could always be sold on. It refused to +> treat cannabis more leniently than other drugs or to compare it with alcohol, leaving that to +> parliament. How much counted as "modest" stayed undefined. + +## Articles (`articles/`) + +Still 350 to 500 words, three to five short sections, at most one small table. A good order: + +1. **Opening paragraph (no heading):** what happened and what it meant for people, in two or + three sentences. Someone who reads only this should have the story. +2. **Background:** the situation before, and why this came up then: the politics, the people + and the debate around it (see "Context around the event"). Link the earlier entry. +3. **What the law or ruling did:** the substance in plain words. Explain each legal term the + first time, in a few words ("a referendum to repeal parts of the law", not "an abrogative + referendum"). One short quotation from the text can show its tone better than a paraphrase. +4. **Who was affected / how it was applied,** when the sources say: arrests, prosecutions, + sales, patients, reactions. +5. **What happened next:** link the later entries and the country profile (`/country/it/`). + +Section headings say something: "Holding a stock counted as dealing", not "Legal reasoning". + +Numbers belong in the article only when they mean something to the reader: a sentence length, +a gram limit, a count of arrests. Law and judgment numbers appear once, if at all. Several +procedural details (dates of filing, referral, publication) can go into the one small table, or +stay in the sources' `locator`. + +Do not end on a disclaimer ("These statements supply neither a modern assessment nor…"). End on +what came next, or on what the event meant. + +## Words to avoid + +| Avoid | Use | +|---|---| +| referring court, the referral | the court in Rome asked… | +| operative order, operative part | the ruling, the decision | +| declared inadmissible | refused to rule on, threw out | +| the instrument, the measure, the framework | the law, the decree, the rules | +| establishes, constitutes | shows, is | +| the provision | the rule, or say what it does | +| filed on … after decision on … | one date | +| subsequently, thereby, in respect of | then, so, about | +| not a …, rather than … (as a disclaimer) | say what it is | + +## Checking a draft + +Read the title and the first sentence alone. Do they say what changed for people? Then check +that every sentence is still backed by a source, because plainer words must not mean bolder +claims: "punished like dealers" is fine only if the source says the same penalty applies.
docs/research/cannabis-use-unodc-2026-10-21.md +167 @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +# Cannabis use rebuilt from UNODC World Drug Report 2026, table 1.2 (21 October 2026) + +`datasets/unodc-cannabis-use.csv` was rebuilt by `python3 scripts/extract-unodc.py use` from +`datasets/unodc-wdr2026-1.2-prevalence-national.xlsx`, replacing figures taken from Wikipedia's +list of annual cannabis use. Users are now the share applied to the World Bank's population +aged 15–64 (SP.POP.1564.TO, latest year). Below: every country whose share or survey year changed. + +- 124 countries now come from the UNODC table, 33 keep an earlier figure the table lacks, 62 are regional estimates (65 before). +- Where the table's latest survey is older than the year Wikipedia gave (Zambia, Madagascar, Belize), the table is followed: Wikipedia's years for these do not match any survey in the table. + +## Measured figures that changed (70) + +| Country | Before | Year | After | Survey | Age band | Users before | Users after | +|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| +| Nigeria | 19.4% | 2019 | 10.76% | 2017 | 15–64 | 26,000,000 | 14,000,000 | +| South Africa | 3.65% | 2011 | 11.22% | 2017 | 15–64 | 1,600,000 | 4,900,000 | +| Canada | 27% | 2022 | 32.4% | 2023 | 15+ | 7,300,000 | 8,700,000 | +| Zambia | 14.8% | 2019 | 9.5% | 2004 | 15–64 | 1,800,000 | 1,200,000 | +| Madagascar | 14.2% | 2019 | 9.1% | 2004 | 15–64 | 2,700,000 | 1,700,000 | +| United States | 21.9% | 2020 | 26.38% | 2023 | 15–64 | 48,000,000 | 58,000,000 | +| Bulgaria | 2.4% | 2020 | 6.7% | 2024 | 15–64 | 98,000 | 270,000 | +| Belize | 12.7% | 2019 | 8.45% | 2005 | 12–65 | 37,000 | 24,000 | +| Brazil | 2.81% | 2012 | 6% | 2023 | 14+ | 4,100,000 | 8,800,000 | +| Portugal | 5.1% | 2020 | 2.8% | 2022 | 15–64 | 340,000 | 190,000 | +| Uruguay | 14.6% | 2018 | 12.3% | 2024 | 15–64 | 330,000 | 270,000 | +| Argentina | 8.13% | 2017 | 10.3% | 2022 | 16–75 | 2,500,000 | 3,100,000 | +| Spain | 10.5% | 2020 | 12.6% | 2024 | 15–64 | 3,400,000 | 4,100,000 | +| Cyprus | 4% | 2020 | 6% | 2022 | 15–64 | 38,000 | 57,000 | +| Thailand | 1.33% | 2019 | 3.25% | 2024 | 12–65 | 660,000 | 1,600,000 | +| Poland | 3.8% | 2020 | 5.7% | 2023 | 15–64 | 900,000 | 1,300,000 | +| Germany | 7.1% | 2020 | 8.8% | 2021 | 18–64 | 3,700,000 | 4,600,000 | +| Czechia | 11.1% | 2020 | 9.4% | 2023 | 15–64 | 770,000 | 650,000 | +| Slovakia | 3.8% | 2020 | 5.4% | 2023 | 15–64 | 130,000 | 190,000 | +| Lithuania | 2.7% | 2020 | 4.3% | 2021 | 15–64 | 51,000 | 80,000 | +| Costa Rica | 5.18% | 2015 | 6.76% | 2022 | 15–64 | 180,000 | 240,000 | +| Switzerland | 9.09% | 2016 | 7.6% | 2022 | 15–64 | 530,000 | 450,000 | +| Chile | 12.05% | 2020 | 10.64% | 2024 | 15–64 | 1,600,000 | 1,500,000 | +| Egypt | 5.31% | 2016 | 3.9% | 2019 | 15–64 | 4,000,000 | 2,900,000 | +| Croatia | 10.2% | 2020 | 8.8% | 2023 | 15–64 | 250,000 | 210,000 | +| Hungary | 1.3% | 2020 | 2.6% | 2023 | 18–64 | 80,000 | 160,000 | +| Georgia | 3.4% | 2015 | 4.6% | 2022 | 18–64 | 85,000 | 120,000 | +| Jamaica | 18% | 2016 | 19.2% | 2023 | 15–64 | 370,000 | 400,000 | +| Netherlands | 10.1% | 2020 | 8.9% | 2024 | 15–64 | 1,200,000 | 1,000,000 | +| Romania | 3.5% | 2020 | 2.4% | 2024 | 15–64 | 430,000 | 290,000 | +| Bolivia | 2.19% | 2018 | 1.1% | 2023 | 12–65 | 180,000 | 90,000 | +| Estonia | 6.6% | 2020 | 5.6% | 2023 | 16–64 | 57,000 | 48,000 | +| New Zealand | 15% | 2020 | 14.1% | 2024/25 | 15+ | 520,000 | 480,000 | +| Kenya | 1.2% | 2016 | 2.1% | 2022 | 15–65 | 420,000 | 730,000 | +| Singapore | 0.004% | 2004 | 0.81% | 2021/22 | 15–65 | 180 | 37,000 | +| Finland | 8.2% | 2020 | 9% | 2022 | 15–64 | 280,000 | 310,000 | +| Italy | 10.2% | 2020 | 10.8% | 2022 | 18–64 | 3,800,000 | 4,000,000 | +| United Kingdom | 7.1% | 2020 | 6.5% | 2024 | 16–59 | 3,100,000 | 2,900,000 | +| Slovenia | 5.9% | 2020 | 5.4% | 2023 | 15–64 | 80,000 | 73,000 | +| Sweden | 3.8% | 2020 | 3.3% | 2024 | 16–64 | 250,000 | 220,000 | +| India | 3.2% | 2020 | 2.83% | 2018 | 10–75 | 32,000,000 | 28,000,000 | +| Ireland | 7.1% | 2020 | 7.4% | 2023 | 15–64 | 260,000 | 270,000 | +| Denmark | 6.3% | 2020 | 6.6% | 2023 | 16–64 | 240,000 | 250,000 | +| Malaysia | 1.6% | 2003 | 1.4% | 2020/21 | 15–64 | 410,000 | 360,000 | +| Serbia | 2% | 2018 | 2.2% | 2023 | 18–64 | 82,000 | 90,000 | +| Bangladesh | 3.3% | 2004 | 3.1% | 2018 | 7+ | 3,800,000 | 3,600,000 | +| France | 11% | 2020 | 10.8% | 2023 | 18–64 | 4,600,000 | 4,500,000 | +| Venezuela | 1.56% | 2011 | 1.41% | 2022 | 12–65 | 290,000 | 260,000 | +| Philippines | 1.64% | 2016 | 1.49% | 2019 | 15–64 | 1,300,000 | 1,200,000 | +| Japan | 0.1% | 2019 | 0.23% | 2023 | 15–64 | 72,000 | 170,000 | +| Lebanon | 1.9% | 2009 | 2% | 2009 | 15–64 | 71,000 | 75,000 | +| Australia | 11.6% | 2019 | 11.5% | 2022/23 | 14+ | 2,100,000 | 2,000,000 | +| Norway | 7% | 2024 | 6.9% | 2024 | 16–64 | 260,000 | 250,000 | +| Sri Lanka | 1.9% | 2018 | 1.98% | 2019 | 14+ | 270,000 | 280,000 | +| Algeria | 0.52% | 2010 | 0.59% | 2010 | 12+ | 160,000 | 180,000 | +| United Arab Emirates | 5.4% | 2006 | 5.35% | 2006 | 15–64 | 510,000 | 510,000 | +| Myanmar | 0.9% | 2005 | 0.94% | 2005 | 15–64 | 340,000 | 350,000 | +| Belarus | 1.1% | 2007 | 1.07% | 2007 | 15–64 | 66,000 | 64,000 | +| Nicaragua | 1.1% | 2006 | 1.07% | 2006 | 12–65 | 51,000 | 49,000 | +| Honduras | 0.8% | 2005 | 0.83% | 2005 | 12–65 | 57,000 | 60,000 | +| Laos | 0.9% | 2008 | 0.88% | 2008 | 15–64 | 46,000 | 45,000 | +| Fiji | 5.1% | 2004 | 5.08% | 2004 | 15–64 | 32,000 | 32,000 | +| Afghanistan | 3.81% | 2015 | 3.8% | 2015 | 15+ | 920,000 | 920,000 | +| South Korea | 0.3% | 2004 | 0.29% | 2004 | 15–64 | 110,000 | 100,000 | +| Türkiye | 1.1% | 2020 | 1.11% | 2018 | 15–64 | 650,000 | 650,000 | +| Russia | 3.5% | 2007 | 3.49% | 2007 | 15–64 | 3,300,000 | 3,300,000 | +| Belgium | 7% | 2020 | 7% | 2018 | 15–64 | 530,000 | 530,000 | +| Greece | 2.8% | 2020 | 2.8% | 2015 | 18–64 | 180,000 | 180,000 | +| Luxembourg | 5.4% | 2020 | 5.4% | 2019 | 15–64 | 25,000 | 25,000 | +| Malta | 0.9% | 2020 | 0.9% | 2013 | 15–64 | 3,500 | 3,500 | + +## Estimates replaced by a survey (3) + +| Country | Estimate before | After | Survey | Age band | +|---|---|---|---|---| +| Bermuda | 4.98% | 10.9% | 2009 | 16–65 | +| Macau | 1.9% | 0.26% | 2019-2021 | 12–92 | +| Puerto Rico | 4.98% | 4.88% | 2005 | 15–64 | + +## Regional estimates that moved (62) + +The medians are now taken over the new measured figures. + +| Country | Before | After | +|---|---|---| +| Abkhazia | 1.9% | 2% | +| Aruba | 4.98% | 7.1% | +| Bahrain | 1.9% | 2% | +| Benin | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Botswana | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| British Virgin Islands | 4.98% | 7.1% | +| Burundi | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Cameroon | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Cayman Islands | 4.98% | 7.1% | +| Central African Republic | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Congo | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Cuba | 6.1% | 7.1% | +| Curaçao | 4.98% | 7.1% | +| DR Congo | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Djibouti | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Equatorial Guinea | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Eritrea | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Eswatini | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Faroe Islands | 5.7% | 5.75% | +| French Polynesia | 11.6% | 11.5% | +| Gabon | 3.1% | 3.07% | +| Gambia | 3.1% | 3.07% | … 47 more lines
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