Cannabis Freedom Index

Changelog 23e18ff

video build and lot of another changes

71 history entries added232 history entries edited1 score changed8 country profiles edited39 articles written2 articles edited13 datasets updated54 files of code, design or docs +76,881 −1,622 lines

Score changes 1 place

  1. Burkina Faso36+3cultivation 0 → 1

History changes.yaml

Added 71

Edited 232

Guinea sets a separate penalty for small personal possession and growing

date

2016-10-26

tags

home-growing, sentencing, treatment

title

Guinea's new Penal Code sets one to three yearsa separate penalty for small personal usepossession and growing

description

The 2016 Penal Code brought the drug offences into Articles 812 to 845. Under Article 832,Small personal buying, holding orpossession and growing a small amount of a drug plant forcarried one's own use carries one to three years in prison and, a fine ofequal to three times the value of the drugs seized, or both under the new Penal Code. The 1998 code had punished personal possession and use with six months to two years, a fine, or both, while ordinary cultivation carried ten to twenty years, a fine, or both. The replacement code took effect on promulgation and also allowed compulsory treatment, with two to five years for refusal.

sources

Guinea — Penal Code promulgated on 26 October 2016, signed text held by UNODC Guinea — Penal Code of 31 December 1998, text held by UNODC Nouveau Code pénal de la République de Guinée, février 2016 (Police and Human Rights Resources copy)

before

possession 1 · cultivation 0 · enforcement 1 · sharing 1 · consumption 1 · access 0

Tanzania sets at least thirty years for growing cannabis

tags

thresholds, sentencing, trafficking, eradication

title

Tanzania's Drug Control and Enforcement Act takes effect sets at least thirty years for growing cannabis

description

The Act sets life imprisonment for trafficking andMainland Tanzania made unauthorised cultivation of prohibited plants, including cannabis, punishable by at least thirty years in prison and set life imprisonment for growing a prohibited planttrafficking. Small amounts, up to 50 g of cannabis, bringIts separate small-personal-use tier provided a fine of at least 500, up to000 shillings, a three years in-year prison term, or both. A dedicated enforcement authority began work for drugs outside the specially listed group, with the minister to define quantities in regulations. The law replaced the 1995 drug act; a 2017 amendment later split trafficking penalties by weight and rewrote the treatment alternative.

sources

Tanzania — Drug Control and Enforcement Act, Act 5 of 2015, original text 1 unchanged

related

tanzania-illicit-traffic-act-1995, tanzania-trafficking-thresholds-2017

Ethiopia's new criminal code separates personal use from trafficking

title

Ethiopia's new Criminal Code takes effectcriminal code separates personal use from trafficking

description

The 2004 Criminal Code replaced the Penal Code of 1957. Its Article 525 covers producingEthiopia's new criminal code punished unauthorised drug possession, traffickinggrowing or supply for private use with up to seven years in prison and using narcotic substances and appliesa fine of up to cannabis50, including in Shashamane000 birr. Trafficking carried at least five years, the town Haile Selassie grantedrising to Rastafari settlersat least ten for organised or professional dealing, repeat offences and other aggravated cases. It replaced the 1957 code while preserving the application of special criminal laws.

sources

Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation 414/2004 Wikipedia — Ethiopian Criminal Code

tags

sentencing, trafficking, youth

Mali replaces long drug sentences with a lighter personal-use tier

category

tighteningeasing

title

Mali passes itsreplaces long drug control lawsentences with a lighter personal-use tier

description

Law 01Mali's replacement drug law set three months to one year, a fine, or both for a small personal supply of a high-078 onrisk plant or substance, including cannabis oil; cannabis derivatives other than oil carried two to six months, a fine, or both. The lighter tier covered possession, purchase and cultivation, replacing the control of drugsearlier law's long forced-labour punishments. Ordinary high-risk drug cultivation and precursors criminalises growinginternational trafficking still carried five to ten years and a fine, possessing and sellinglandholders had to destroy cannabis plants growing on their land. It was amended by ordinance in 2013.

unscored

Its penalties for users are not established from accessible sources; the 1983 law carries the step.

sources

Mali — Law 01-078 of 18 July 2001, original official gazette Mali — Law 83-14 of 1 September 1983, text held by UNODC UNODC — Mali, Loi n° 01-078 du 18 juillet 2001

tags

sentencing, home-growing, trafficking, eradication

before

possession 1 · cultivation 0 · enforcement 0 · sharing 1 · consumption 1 · access 0

Central African Republic gives small personal supplies a separate penalty

title

Central African Republic's drug law of 2001 gives small personal supplies a separate penalty

description

The Central African Penal Code says that offences involving drugsSmall personal possession, narcoticspurchase and psychotropic substances are dealt withgrowing received separate penalties under Law 01the drug law signed by President Ange-Félix Patassé: its cannabis-related prison ranges ran from one month to a year, with a fine alone also possible.011 Ordinary high-risk production and trafficking carried ten to twenty years, a fine, or both, while courts could order treatment for a dependent person convicted of 18 July 2001specified offences. The text ofcountry joined two UN drug conventions later that year, and its 2010 Penal Code expressly kept this separate drug law was not foundin use.

sources

Central African Republic — Drug Law 01.011 of 18 July 2001, complete text held by UNODC 1 unchanged

tags

home-growing, sentencing, trafficking, treatment

Angola cuts personal-use penalties and raises trafficking terms

date

1999-0811-0604

category

tighteningother

title

Angola passes its drug lawcuts personal-use penalties and raises trafficking terms

description

Law 3/99 on trafficking in and consumption of narcotics criminalises growingAngola shortened the ordinary personal-use sentence to three months, supplying and using cannabisor up to one year above three days' supply, known as liamba. Trafficking carrieswhile raising ordinary trafficking terms to eight to twelve years;. Growing for oneself came under the state must offer care topersonal-use rule, and courts could suspend dependent users who come forward' sentences on condition of treatment. The law replaced colonial drug legislation and took effect ninety days after its August publication.

sources

Angola — Law 3/99, original official gazette Portugal — Decree-Law 420/70, earlier penalties Angolex — Lei do Tráfico e Consumo de Estupefacientes

tags

sentencing, trafficking, thresholds, home-growing, treatment

Burkina Faso gives small personal supplies and growing a separate penalty

category

tighteningother

title

Burkina Faso passes its drug lawgives small personal supplies and growing a separate penalty

description

Law 017-99/ANPeople buying, holding or growing a small personal quantity could receive a fine alone under the new drug code, sets two to five years in. Its cannabis-related prison andranges ran from one month to a fine for using or holdingyear, while ordinary high-risk drugs for personal consumption (Article 47),production and trafficking carried ten to twenty years for growing, producinga fine, or trafficking them (Articles 44both. The law followed the 1996 Penal Code, which had punished personal possession and use with three to 46)six months, a fine, or both; the 2018 code later replaced these drug penalties.

sources

Burkina Faso — Drug Code of 29 April 1999, complete text held by UNODC Burkina Faso — Penal Code of 13 November 1996, presidency-hosted text Burkina Faso — Penal Code of 31 May 2018, complete text held by UNODC UNODC SHERLOC — Burkina Faso, Loi No. 17/99 portant Code des Drogues, Articles 44-55 Mainline — Burkina Faso country profile

tags

home-growing, sentencing, trafficking, treatment

before

possession 0 · cultivation 0 · enforcement 1 · sharing 1 · consumption 0 · access 0

Madagascar distinguishes personal cannabis supplies from trafficking

category

tighteningother

title

Madagascar passes its narcotics control lawdistinguishes personal cannabis supplies from trafficking

description

Law 97Madagascar's replacement drug law gave small personal quantities of non-039 setsoil cannabis derivatives two to ten yearssix months in prison and, a fine for using, or possessingboth; cannabis, known as rongony, and five oil fell under a three-month to twenty years ofone-year range with the same alternatives. Production and trafficking offences could bring forced labour or fines, while offering drugs directly for production and traffickinganother person's consumption had a separate one-to-five-year range or a fine. Landowners mustThe law replaced the 1960 rongony ordinance and required landholders to destroy any cannabis growing on their landcrops.

sources

Madagascar Ministry of Commerce — Law 97-039, promulgated text Assemblée nationale de Madagascar — Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants

tags

sentencing, trafficking, thresholds, home-growing, eradication

Cameroon sets lighter penalties for small personal cannabis supplies

category

tighteningother

title

Cameroon passes its narcotics control lawsets lighter penalties for small personal cannabis supplies

description

Law 97/019 bansCameroon set a separate penalty for possessing, buying or growing the cannabis plant (Article 8) and sets tena small personal supply: two months to twenty years in prisonone year, a fine, or both for cultivating, selling or holding high-risk drugs. A small amount for personal use gets, with a lighter penalty (Article 102)shorter range for cannabis derivatives other than oil. Which plants are in which table is leftJudges could waive punishment after a promise not to reoffend, while the main cultivation and trafficking offences carried ten to twenty years, a ministerial actfine, or both. Landholders had to destroy cannabis growing on their land, and courts could require treatment for convicted people with drug dependence.

sources

Cameroon, Prime Minister's Office — Bikele Noah Lambert on cannabis law, 23 August 2017 1 unchanged

tags

sentencing, home-growing, treatment, eradication, trafficking

Mozambique raises trafficking penalties and gives growers shorter terms

category

tighteningother

title

Mozambique passes its drug lawraises trafficking penalties and gives growers shorter terms

description

Law 3/97 onMozambique replaced its colonial drug law with ordinary trafficking in and consumptionpenalties of narcotics makes usingsixteen to twenty years and a separate cannabis-growing offence carrying three days to one year. Using or possessing drugs punishable byfor oneself carried up to two years in prisonplus a fine, which courts can replace with fines or community worka one-year minimum above three days' supply and possible waivers for occasional users. Trafficking carries eightThe law sought to twelve yearsimplement the 1988 UN trafficking convention and created a central drug-control office.

sources

Mozambique — Law 3/97, original official gazette Portugal — Decree-Law 420/70, earlier penalties REFORMAR — As problemáticas da criminalização do consumo de drogas ilícitas em Moçambique

tags

trafficking, sentencing, thresholds, home-growing, treatment

Tanzania replaces colonial drug laws and separates small personal-use offences

date

19951996-01-01

tags

trafficking, sentencing, thresholds

title

Tanzania passes itsreplaces colonial drug trafficking Actlaws and separates small personal-use offences

description

The Drugs and Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Drugs Act was the countryTanzania's mainnew drug law prohibited unauthorised cannabis growing, possession, supply and use, with a separate tier for twentysmall amounts proved to be for personal consumption. Its original text provided a 200,000-shilling fine, seven years in prison, until itor both for that cannabis tier, while the main growing and supply offences could bring life imprisonment or a much larger fine. The law replaced the colonial noxious-plants and dangerous-drugs ordinances, took effect on 1 January 1996 and was repealedamended before its replacement in 2015.

sources

Tanzania — Drugs and Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Drugs Act, Act 9 of 1995, original text TanzLII — Drugs and Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Drugs Act, revised 2002 edition TanzLII — Drugs and Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Drugs Act

unscored

The original 1995 text and subsequent amendments require comparison with the earlier colonial penalties before reallocating the existing estimated first-restriction score; the original fine and prison alternatives must not be scored as later mandatory penalties.

related

tanganyika-noxious-plants-ban-1926, tanganyika-dangerous-drugs-ordinance-1935, tanzania-drug-control-act-2015

Gabon separates drug use from possession and supply in its Penal Code

title

Gabon amends theseparates drug use from possession and supply in its Penal Code's drug offences

description

Law No. 19/93Illicit drug use carried two months to a year and a fine under the amended Penal Code articles 208 and 209. The resulting text punishes unauthorised cultivation, while unauthorised possession, offering, transfer, sale, acquisition, purchase or use of scheduled narcotic plants or substances; it setscultivation and supply carried two to ten years for the main offence and twoa fine. Courts could order treatment and withhold the use penalty, but evading treatment carried six months to one year for illicit usetwo years and a fine. The consolidated source does not preserve the earlier wording, so the direction of the amendment is not recorded here2019 replacement code later kept separate use and possession offences while rewriting their penalties.

sources

Gabon — Penal Code of 5 July 2019, original official gazette 1 unchanged

tags

sentencing, treatment, trafficking

Sudan allows death sentences for hashish trafficking after the coup

date

1989-07-27

title

Sudan's new narcotics act provides allows death sentences for hashish trafficking after the death penaltycoup

description

A new narcotics act introducedSudan's military rulers amended the existing hashish and opium law to allow death or ten to twenty years in July 1989 byprison for trafficking and the National Salvation Revolution Command Councilother listed supply offences. Smoking, afterordinary possession and possessing smoking equipment carried three to seven years. The amendment followed the June coup, provides for the death penalty for offences involving the illegal production of and trading in hashish and opiumspecial courts began imposing drug-related death sentences within months.

sources

Hashish and Opium Ordinance 1924, Amendment 1 of 1989 — UN English translation 1 unchanged

tags

sentencing, trafficking, advertising, military

Afghanistan renews cannabis prohibition under American pressure

category

bantightening

title

Afghanistan outlawsrenews cannabis productionprohibition under American pressure

description

Under pressure from the United States, which paid for the eradication campaign, King Zahir Shah banned growingrenewed cannabis prohibition as American pressure for stronger drug control grew. The campaign followed rising drug-smuggler arrests and opiumthe expansion of hashish exports to Western buyers. Afghanistan's foreign minister had been a main stop on the hippie trailalready said in 1971 that hashish cultivation was prohibited but difficult to control in remote areas.

checked

truefalse

sources

Afghanistan Analysts Network — The Myth of Afghan Black, a cultural history of cannabis cultivation and hashish production US Department of State — Rogers and Shafiq conversation, 13 October 1971 Wikipedia — Timeline of cannabis law

Iceland bans cannabis

before

possession 10 · cultivation 10 · enforcement 10 · sharing 10 · consumption 10 · access 810

Ethiopia's new penal code punishes drug supply and hosting drug use

date

19571958-05-05

title

Ethiopia's Penal Code covers narcotic drugsnew penal code punishes drug supply and hosting drug use

description

Article 510 of the 1957 Penal Code set legal controls on producingEthiopia's new penal code punished unauthorised production, distributingacquisition, storingtransport, importing, exportingstorage and usingsupply of narcotic drugs for unauthorised purposeswith at least three months in prison and a fine. A United Nations paper describes cannabisPeople who knowingly made premises available for drug use in Ethiopia as recent atcould receive the time it was writtensame punishment, in 1996, though long known in some monasterieseven when the gathering was private. Organised or professional trafficking and certain cases involving young or dependent users could bring up to five years of rigorous imprisonment.

sources

Penal Code of Ethiopia, Proclamation 158 of 1957 UN Bulletin on Narcotics, 1996 No. 1 — study of drug and substance abuse in Addis Ababa and 24 Ethiopian towns

tags

sentencing, trafficking, youth

Burma permits licensed ganja sales to Indians only

tags

taxescolonial, race, retail

title

Burma legalises and taxes cannabispermits licensed ganja sales to Indians only

description

Two years after Burma was separated from British India's ganja rules permitted licensed sales to Indians only. A later official report recorded that the rules remained in force in 1946, although the government licensed cannabis againmade no sales that year and sold it through government-run shops in the main townsissued no cultivation licences to supply its ganja trade.

checked

truefalse

sources

United Nations — E/CN.7/W.43, Burma report for 1946 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Myanmar

Ireland bans cannabis

before

possession 10 · cultivation 10 · enforcement 10 · sharing 10 · consumption 10 · access 810

Britain bans cannabis

before

possession 10 · cultivation 10 · enforcement 10 · sharing 10 · consumption 10 · access 810

French Cameroon restricts hashish supplies and punishes group use

tags

colonial, sentencing, trade, retail, police-powers

title

France regulates poisonous substances in the CameroonsFrench Cameroon restricts hashish supplies and punishes group use

description

A decree of 9 October regulated the trade inFrench Cameroon placed hashish and its preparations under pharmacy controls, possessionrestricting authorised handling mainly to pharmacists and allowing supplies on prescription. Violations, group use of poisonous substances inand helping others use the French-administered Cameroons. The year is harddrug carried three months to readtwo years in the 1949 order that cites itprison, a fine, or both; possession without a second filing gives 1926 forlegitimate reason attracted the same penalties. France introduced the rules alongside a pharmacy decree ofto adapt its existing controls to the same daymandate territory. Neither reproduces its text, so its treatment of cannabis is not confirmed.

sources

French government — Annual report to the League of Nations on Cameroon for 1927 United Nations — Laws and regulations communicated on narcotic drugs: French Cameroons, E/NL.1951/8

Lebanon prohibits hashish

before

possession 10 · cultivation 10 · enforcement 10 · sharing 10 · consumption 10 · access 810

Sudan adopts a hashish law after earlier cannabis restrictions

category

banother

title

Sudan bansadopts a hashish law after earlier cannabis restrictions

description

The Anglo-Egyptian administration prohibited growingSudan's hashish and usingopium law followed cannabis across Sudanimport restrictions in 1901 and broader controls on unauthorised growing and supply in 1907. It remained the basis for the military government's 1989 amendment allowing drug-related death sentences, before a replacement narcotics law repealed it in 1994.

before

possession 10 · cultivation 10 · enforcement 10 · sharing 10 · consumption 10 · access 810

checked

truefalse

sources

The African Roots of Marijuana Hashish and Opium Ordinance 1924, Amendment 1 of 1989 — UN English translation Wikipedia — Timeline of cannabis law Wikipedia — Cannabis in Sudan 1 unchanged

tags

colonial

Panama bans cannabis

before

possession 10 · cultivation 10 · enforcement 10 · sharing 10 · consumption 10 · access 810

Sierra Leone bans cannabis

before

possession 10 · cultivation 10 · enforcement 10 · sharing 10 · consumption 10 · access 810

Tanzania first restricts cannabis

before

possession 10 · cultivation 10 · enforcement 10 · sharing 10 · consumption 10 · access 810

and 32 more

Countries and states 9 files

Burkina Faso countries/bf.yaml

cultivation 0 → 1

summary

PersonalCannabis use or possession of drugs is punishable by two to five years incriminalised and drug users face jail. The 2018 Penal Code set shorter prison ranges for small personal possession and growing, alongside fines. Parliament adopted a fine under the 1999 drugfurther replacement code on 20 October 2026.

segments › possession › text

Under Article 47 of the 1999 drug code (Law 017-99/AN), usingThe 2018 Penal Code sets a separate penalty for small quantities bought or holding high-risk drugsheld for personal consumption carries 2. High-risk plants or substances, including cannabis oil, carry one month to 5 years in prisonone year and a fine of 1250,000–600,000 to 5,000,000 CFA francs, or; cannabis derivatives other than oil carry one ofto six months and the twosame fine. For drugs in the lower "It gives no gram limit. General personal possession of high-risk" class, Article 51 sets the same 2 drugs carries two to 5five years for personal use or possession, withand a fine of 500,000 to 2,000,000 CFA1–5 million francs. The schedules were not read, so which class cannabis falls in is not confirmed here.

segments › possession › sources

code99code18

segments › cultivation › text

GrowingSmall personal cultivation falls under the same shorter penalty tiers as small personal possession in the 2018 code. There is no fixed plant limit. Ordinary high-risk drugs carries 10cultivation and production carry eleven to 20twenty-one years and a fine of 5,000,000 to –25,000,000 million CFA francs (Article 44); growing drugs in the lower class carries 5 to 10 years (Article 51). No lighter tier for growing forThe 1999 drug code already distinguished small personal use appears in these articlesgrowing from ordinary production.

segments › cultivation › sources

code18, code99

segments › enforcement › text

A 2025 Mainline's 2025 country sheet reports that drug use is severely repressedsevere repression by the police and courts and imprisonment of drug users. Courts can order treatment in place of or alongside punishment, that people who use drugs are jailedbut the report describes missing protocols, facilities and clear responsibilities that a judge may order treatment insteadleave this alternative rarely implemented.

segments › enforcement › sources

ml, code18

segments › sharing › text

Giving or offering a high-risk drug to a persondirectly for their own useanother person's consumption carries 2two to 5five years and a fine of 500,000 to –2,000,000 million CFA francs (Article 50)in the 2018 code. Selling, distributing or deliveringGeneral local trafficking carries 10eleven to 20twenty-one years (Article 46)and a fine of 5–25 million francs.

segments › sharing › sources

code99code18

segments › consumption › text

UsingThe 2018 code prohibits using controlled drugs outside a medical prescription. Its general offence of personal use of high-risk drugs for personal consumption is punished by Article 47 (2carries two to 5five years); the lower class is punished by Article 51 (also 2 to and a fine of 1–5 years)million CFA francs. The small-quantity rule expressly covers buying, possession and growing; it does not expressly list use itself.

segments › consumption › sources

code99code18

segments › access › text

No lawful sourceRecreational supply is shown in the articles readprohibited. The sale, supply and holding of drugs is punished under Articles 441999 code restricts controlled-drug commerce to 51authorised purposes and licensed operators; the 2018 code sets criminal penalties for unauthorised production and supply.

segments › access › sources

code99, code18

context › consequences › text

The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyondFor specified production, supply and related offences, the 2018 code allows additional penalties described abovesuch as loss of civic rights, professional bans and restrictions on travel or residence. Courts may order treatment in place of or alongside punishment for a dependent person convicted of the offences listed in its treatment rule, including small personal quantities and drug-impaired driving. Parliament adopted a further replacement Penal Code on 20 October 2026.

context › consequences › sources

code18, parliament26

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known, and the law leaves no room for them: growing. Growing cannabis and supplying it to another person are bothremain prohibited; the small-personal-quantity tier still sets criminal penalties.

context › clubs › sources

code99, code18

context › visitors › text

There isVisitors have no legallawful recreational supply for anyoneroute. Under Article 47 ofFor specified production and supply offences, the 1999 drug2018 code, using or holding allows courts to exclude a high-risk drugconvicted foreigner permanently or for personal consumption carries two to fiveten years in prison and a fine of one to five million CFA francs, or one of the twomore. Its additional-penalty clause covers Articles 381-1–384-5, while small personal quantities have a separate rule in Article 385-2.

context › visitors › sources

code99code18

sources

Burkina Faso — Drug Code of 29 April 1999, complete text held by UNODC Burkina Faso — Penal Code of 31 May 2018, complete text held by UNODC Burkina Faso parliament — Adoption of a replacement Penal Code, 20 October 2026 UNODC SHERLOC — Burkina Faso, Loi No. 17/99 portant Code des Drogues, Articles 44-55 2 unchanged

Central African Republic countries/cf.yaml

summary

Cannabis is illegal, but the drug law itself (Law 01prohibited.011 of The 2001) could not be found, so the penalties drug law distinguishes small personal possession and scores are unverifiedgrowing from ordinary production and trafficking, with a fine alone possible for small personal quantities.

segments › possession › text

UnverifiedSmall quantities held or bought for personal consumption have a separate penalty under the 2001 law. The 2010 Penal Code (Law 10.001)High-risk plants or substances, Article 246including cannabis oil, says drug offences are dealt with under Law 01.011carry two months to one year, a fine of 18 July 200125,000–1. The text of that law was not found25 million CFA francs, or both. A "Law 97.003Cannabis derivatives other than oil carry one to six months, a fine of 1997" cited elsewhere could not be traced25,000–500,000 francs, or both. No gram limit is given.

segments › possession › sources

pc2010law2001

segments › cultivation › text

Unverified; seeCannabis growing is prohibited, and landowners and occupiers must destroy cannabis plants growing on their land. Small personal cultivation falls under the shorter penalty tiers described for possession, with no fixed plant limit. Ordinary high-risk cultivation and production carry ten to twenty years, a fine of 250,000–125 million CFA francs, or both.

segments › cultivation › sources

pc2010law2001

segments › enforcement › text

Unverified; seeBritish travel advice warns of severe penalties for drug use and possession, including prison. In November 2024, the anti-drug office destroyed cannabis and other products seized along the Oubangui river, in Boy-Rabe and at Combattant market in Bangui. The 2001 law allows courts to order care for a dependent person convicted of specified offences; evading it carries two to five years, a fine, or both.

segments › enforcement › sources

pc2010fcdo, rnl2024, law2001

segments › sharing › text

Unverified; see possessionGiving or offering a high-risk drug directly for another person's consumption carries two to five years, a fine of 25,000–2.5 million CFA francs, or both. General high-risk supply and trafficking carry ten to twenty years, a fine of 250,000–125 million francs, or both.

segments › sharing › sources

pc2010law2001

segments › consumption › text

Unverified; seeThe drug law prohibits using controlled drugs outside a medical prescription. Drugs found with a person using them illicitly can be confiscated even without prosecution. The separate small-personal-quantity penalty expressly lists possession, purchase and growing.

segments › consumption › sources

pc2010law2001

segments › access › text

Unverified; no lawful source was foundRecreational supply is prohibited. Licensed operations involving controlled drugs in the medical schedules are limited to medical purposes. The health minister can also authorise strictly necessary quantities for medical or scientific research, teaching and forensic work.

segments › access › sources

pc2010law2001

context › production › text

No licensed productionThe law prohibits cannabis cultivation and requires destruction of plants found on occupied land. It allows specific health-minister authorisations for research, teaching and forensic work involving controlled plants and substances.

context › production › sources

wikilaw2001

context › products › text

No legalThe retained sources do not identify cannabis products available through a lawful patient supply programme.

context › products › sources

wiki

context › medical › text

The law regulates licensed operations involving controlled medicines and permits specific research authorisations. The retained sources do not establish whether aan operating medical cannabis programme operates.

context › medical › sources

law2001

context › consequences › text

The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyondFor specified production, trafficking and supply offences, courts may add restrictions on residence, travel, civic rights, driving or professional activity. They may exclude a foreigner permanently or for two to ten years, with removal after the prison term. These additional penalties described aboveapply to Articles 95–103; small personal quantities are dealt with separately in Article 110.

context › consequences › sources

law2001

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known. Cannabis cultivation is prohibited, and the law leaves no room for them: growing cannabis and supplying itgiving drugs to another person are both prohibitedis punishable even when intended for that person's own consumption.

context › clubs › sources

pc2010law2001

context › visitors › text

There isVisitors have no legallawful recreational supply for anyoneroute. British travel advice says there are severe penaltieswarns of heavy fines and prison for drug use and possession. The drug law also permits exclusion of a convicted foreigner for the production, with heavy finestrafficking and a long jail sentence on convictionsupply offences listed in its additional-penalty clause.

context › visitors › sources

pc2010law2001, fcdo

sources

Central African Republic — Drug Law 01.011 of 18 July 2001, complete text held by UNODC Radio Ndeke Luka — Report on seized drugs destroyed in Bangui, 6 November 2024 Wikipedia — Cannabis in the Central African Republic 3 unchanged

Cameroon countries/cm.yaml

summary

Growing cannabis is banned and the. The main offences carryallow 10 to 20 years in prison, but a fine, or both; a small amount heldpossessed, bought or grown for personal use falls under a lighter tier with months, and a court can waive punishment after a promise not yearsto reoffend.

segments › possession › text

Article 102 of Law 97/019 sets a lighter tier for holding, buying or growing a small amount meant for personal use: 2 months to 1 year and, a fine of 25,000 to 1,250,000 CFA francs, or both for a high-risk drugplant or substance, andincluding cannabis oil. A cannabis derivative other than oil carries 1 to 6 months and, a fine of 25,000 to 500,000 CFA francs for a cannabis derivative other than oil, or both. The court may waive the penalty if the person solemnly promises not to reoffend. Larger amounts fall under Article 93 (10 to 20 years).

segments › cultivation › text

Article 8 bans growing the cannabis plant, and landowners must destroy plantations that appear on their land. Article 91 punishes cultivation of high-risk drugs with 10 to 20 years and, a fine of 250,000 to 1,250,000 CFA francs, or both; Article 102 gives the lighter personal-use tier for a small amount.

segments › enforcement › text

The statute allows prison, a fine, or both for personal-use offences (Article 102) and sets 10 to 20 years for the main cultivation and trafficking offences. Courts can waive personal-use punishment after a solemn promise not to reoffend. How often usersthese options are jailedused is not shown by the statute.

segments › sharing › text

Article 95 punishes giving or offering a high-risk drug to a person for their own use with 2 to 5 years and, a fine of 50,000 to 2,500,000 CFA francs, or both. SellingGeneral selling and distributing carryoffences allow 10 to 20 years, a fine, or both (Article 93).

segments › access › text

GrowingCannabis and holding drugs ofits resin are placed in Table I is banned outright (Article 9). Medical-use licences go, according to pharmacists and similar holders (Article 13). Athe justice ministry magistrate told the government's cannabis committee in 2017 that the law places cannabis and cannabis resin inpresentation. Article 9 prohibits ordinary handling of Table I, the high-risk drugs, subject to Article 77, which allows ministerial authorisation for medical or scientific research, training and forensic work in strictly necessary quantities. The retained sources establish no operating cannabis treatment supply programme.

context › consequences › text

Besides prison and fines the courtFor offences listed in Articles 91–99, courts may add optional penalties under Article 111 of the drug law:impose a foreigner can be banned from the country forban on foreigners lasting two to ten years or for goodpermanently, and anyone convicted can loserestrictions on civic rights, their passporttravel, their driving licence or professional work; the right to practise a profession for six months to three years. A courtprofessional ban can orderalso be permanent. Article 113 permits treatment in placeinstead of or on top ofalongside punishment for convicted people with drug dependence in the penalty (Article 113), and evading itspecified cases. Evading treatment carries two to five years, a fine, or both.

context › consequences › sources

spm17loi97

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreational supply for anyone. Under Article 111For convictions under Articles 91–99 of the drug law a court may, Article 111 allows courts to bar a convicted foreigner from Cameroon for two to ten years or permanently, on top of the prison term and fine. The personal-use offence in Article 102 is outside that stated list.

Gabon countries/ga.yaml

summary

IllegalCannabis is prohibited. Unauthorised possession, cultivation or supply carries two to ten years;The 2020 Penal Code separates illicit use carries two months, carrying up to one year and a fine, with treatment possible instead of punishment in some casesfrom general possession and direct supply, which carry longer prison terms.

segments › possession › text

Unauthorised possession or acquisitionOutside separately specified trafficking offences, Article 208 of a plant or substance scheduled as a narcotic is punishable by two tothe 2020 code sets ten years in prison and a fine of CFA 250,000up to 50100 million under Penal Code Article 208CFA francs for illicit transport, possession, offering, transfer or acquisition of narcotics. Cannabis and its derivatives are expressly included. This differs from the separate, shorter offence of use.

segments › possession › sources

penalcode20

segments › cultivation › text

Unauthorised cultivationThe 2020 code punishes organising illicit drug production or manufacture with twenty years and a fine of up to 50 million CFA francs, rising to thirty years for an organised group. Its drug clauses do not define a plant scheduled asseparate penalty tier for a narcotic is covered by the same two-to-ten year offencesmall personal crop.

segments › cultivation › sources

penalcode20

segments › enforcement › text

ArrestsIn May 2026, Libreville prosecutors destroyed three truckloads of dealers are reported almost weeklyseized drugs, including cannabis, in the local presspresence of the justice minister. The ministry said the aim was to prevent seized drugs returning to sale. Courts may order medical supervision or detoxification and withhold the use penalty; police statistics cite very large seizures in 2019–2020evading the order carries up to three years and a fine.

segments › enforcement › sources

gmt2justice26, gmt1code20

segments › sharing › text

Offering, transferringGiving or selling a scheduled narcotic is punishable by twooffering narcotics directly for another person's consumption carries up to tenfive years and a fine of up to 10 million CFA francs. FacilitatingHelping another person's obtain or use drugs, whether free or for payment, carries two to five yearshas the same maximums. The general possession and supply clause and organised-trafficking offences carry longer terms.

segments › sharing › sources

penalcode20

segments › consumption › text

Illicit use carries two monthsup to one year and a fine of up to 1. A5 million CFA francs. If the person needs medical treatment, a court may insteadcan order medical supervision or detoxification in a public or private centre and withhold that punishment. Evading treatment where the person needs itcarries up to three years and a fine of up to two million francs.

segments › consumption › sources

penalcode20

segments › access › text

NoneRecreational supply is prohibited. The 2026 Health Code limits specially authorised controlled-drug activities to medical and scientific purposes and requires special prescriptions for authorised narcotics.

segments › access › sources

gmt1code20, health26

context › production › text

NoneThe Health Code requires renewable special authorisation for controlled-drug production and other specified activities, exclusively for medical and scientific purposes. Conditions are to be set by regulation. Organising illicit production remains a serious criminal offence.

context › production › sources

gmt1health26, code20

context › products › text

NoneThe retained sources do not identify cannabis products available through a lawful patient supply programme.

context › products › sources

gmt1

context › medical › text

NoThe 2026 Health Code provides for specially authorised medical and scientific activities involving controlled drugs and for special narcotic prescriptions. The retained sources do not establish an operating medical cannabis programme.

context › medical › sources

gmt1health26

context › consequences › text

Courts must order confiscation and destruction of seized drugs and may withdraw a passportseized under the relevant drug provisions. Additional penalties can include restrictions on civic rights, restrict residence or professional activity, withdrawal of a passport and confiscate property connected withclosure of premises used in an offence.

context › consequences › sources

penalcode20

context › planting › text

Article 208 of the Penal Code, as amended in 1993, punishes growing, holding, selling or buying plants classed as narcotics without authorisation with two to ten years in prisonThe code's drug provisions expressly cover cannabis and a fine of 250,000 to 50 million francsits derivatives and punish organising illicit production. It doesThey do not mentionspecify a personal plant allowance or separately settle possession and trade in ungerminated seeds. The copy read predates the 2019 Penal Code.

context › planting › sources

penalcode20

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known, and the law leaves no room for them: growing cannabis and supplying it. Supplying drugs to another person are both prohibitedremains criminal, including direct gifts for that person's consumption.

context › clubs › sources

penalcode20

context › visitors › text

There isVisitors have no legallawful recreational supply for anyoneroute. UnauthorisedThe 2020 code expressly covers cannabis; possession or acquisition of a narcotic is punishable by two to ten years in prison and a fine of CFA 250,000 to 50 million under Article 208 of the Penal Codeuse have separate criminal penalties.

context › visitors › sources

penalcode20

sources

Gabon — Law 006/2020 of 30 June 2020, official gazette text Gabon — Health Code of 5 January 2026, official-gazette text reproduced by LexGabon Gabon Justice Ministry — Report on seized drugs destroyed on 10 May 2026 Gabon Penal Code — Articles 208–209 (UNODC SHERLOC PDF) Gabon Media Time — Axe Oyem–Bitam, épicentre de la vente du chanvre Gabon Media Time — Bitam: un dealer interpellé avec 14 kilos de chanvre indien 1 unchanged

Guinea countries/gn.yaml

summary

PossessionCannabis possession and use are offences; reported cases end in short or suspended sentences. The 2016 Penal Code gives small personal possession, purchase and finesgrowing a separate one-to-three-year range, a value-based fine, or both.

segments › possession › text

Possession and consumption of 'chanvre indien' are offencesSmall personal buying or possession carries one to three years, a fine equal to three times the value seized, or either punishment alone under Article 832 of the 2016 Penal Code. Reported cases show prosecutors asking for sentences in the range of six months suspended plus a fine of 500,000 Guinean francs, up to a year in prison for users caught in the actThe rule expressly includes cannabis oil and other cannabis derivatives. No gram limit is given.

segments › possession › sources

gn1cp16

segments › cultivation › text

Cultivation isArticle 832 applies the same shorter tier to a crimesmall quantity grown for personal consumption, without a fixed plant limit. Ordinary high-risk cultivation and production carry ten to twenty years, a fine of three times the value seized, or either punishment alone under Article 819.

segments › cultivation › sources

gn2cp16

segments › enforcement › text

Short or suspended sentencesIn a 2019 Dixinn hearing, prosecutors requested prison terms for some cannabis defendants and finesacquittal for users in the cases reportedothers; the statutory range was not available inreport preceded judgment. Courts can compel convicted drug users to undergo treatment instead of or alongside punishment, with two to five years for refusing treatment under the sources consulted2016 code.

segments › enforcement › sources

gn1, cp16

segments › sharing › text

Sale is prosecuted asThe 2016 code has overlapping supply clauses. Article 835 sets one to three years and a fine of 1–5 million Guinean francs, or either punishment alone, for giving narcotics directly for another person's use. Article 821 sets five to ten years and a fine of three times the value seized, or either alone, for directly supplying high-risk drugs. Ordinary high-risk trafficking; large seizures are publicised regularly carries ten to twenty years, a value-based fine, or either alone.

segments › sharing › sources

gn2cp16

segments › consumption › text

Consumption is itself charged alongsideArticle 831 prohibits using controlled drugs outside a medical prescription and provides for confiscation independently of prosecution. The small-personal-quantity penalty in Article 832 expressly lists buying, possession and growing. Consumption was among the allegations in the 2019 Dixinn case.

segments › consumption › sources

cp16, gn1

segments › access › text

NoneRecreational production and supply are criminal offences. The retained sources do not identify a lawful recreational source.

segments › access › sources

gn2cp16

context › production › text

NoneOrdinary high-risk drug cultivation and production are criminal offences. The retained sources do not identify licensed cannabis producers.

context › production › sources

gn2cp16

context › products › text

NoneThe retained sources do not identify cannabis products available through a lawful patient supply programme.

context › products › sources

gn2

context › medical › text

NoThe retained sources do not establish an operating medical cannabis programme.

context › medical › sources

gn2

context › consequences › text

A conviction isCourts can impose additional penalties for drug offences, including restrictions on travel, residence, civic rights and professional activity. They may permanently exclude a criminal recordconvicted foreigner from Guinea. Compulsory treatment can replace or accompany punishment, and refusal carries two to five years in prison.

context › consequences › sources

gn1cp16

context › planting › text

The 2016 Penal Code punishes growingunlawful drug plants unlawfully-plant cultivation. Under Article 832, growing a small amount for sets one's own use carries one to three years in prison and, a fine ofequal to three times the value seized, or either punishment alone, for small personal cultivation. It gives no plant limit. The drug articles speak of plants and substances andclauses do not mention seedssettle seed sale or possession separately.

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known,. Growing and the law leaves no room for them: growing cannabis and supplying it to another person are both prohibitedcannabis remain criminal offences, including growing a small quantity for personal use.

context › clubs › sources

gn2cp16

context › visitors › text

There isVisitors have no legallawful recreational supply for anyoneroute. PossessionSmall personal possession is a criminal offence, and consumption are offences under the Penal Code; reported cases show sentences from six months suspended with a finecode permits permanent exclusion of 500,000 Guinean francs up to a year in prisonconvicted foreigners as an additional penalty for users caught in the actdrug offences.

context › visitors › sources

gn1cp16

sources

Guinea — Penal Code promulgated on 26 October 2016, signed text held by UNODC Nouveau Code pénal de la République de Guinée, février 2016 (Police and Human Rights Resources copy) Guinéenews — Conakry: présentation de 225 kg de chanvre indien saisis (2023) 1 unchanged

Madagascar countries/mg.yaml

summary

A small quantity forSmall personal use carriesquantities of cannabis preparations other than oil can bring two to six months, a fine, or both; rongony is nonetheless grown on a large scale.

segments › possession › text

Cannabis (rongony) is controlled byArticle 141 of Law 97-039 of 1997. Possession of a small quantity for personal consumption carriessets two to six months in prison for plant material, three months to a yearfine, or both for stronger preparations; larger amounts fallsmall personal quantities of cannabis derivatives other than oil. Cannabis oil falls under a general provisionthree-month to one-year range, also with twoa fine alternative. The general trafficking provisions can apply to ten yearsholdings outside the small-personal-quantity rule and allow forced labour or a fine.

segments › cultivation › text

Cultivation is punished under theprohibited and landholders must destroy cannabis crops. The general production provisions with five to twenty yearsoffence allows forced labour, yet rongonya fine, or both; Article 141 separately covers growing a small quantity for personal consumption. Rongony is grown on a large scale in the north and south and is one of the island's biggest illicit crops.

segments › cultivation › sources

law, gi

segments › enforcement › text

Short prison terms for users;Small-personal-quantity offences allow a fine instead of imprisonment. GI-TOC fieldwork describes a large domestic market persists, sustained by corruption and weak enforcement indifficulties policing remote growing regions.

segments › enforcement › sources

law, gi

segments › sharing › text

Trafficking carries five General trafficking offences allow forced labour, a fine, or both. Offering or giving high-risk drugs directly for another person's consumption has a separate one-to twenty years-five-year prison range, a fine, or both under Article 99.

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreational supply for anyone. Under Law 97-039 possession of a small quantity forSmall personal consumption carriesquantities of non-oil cannabis derivatives can bring two to six months in prison, and trafficking fivea fine, or both; cannabis oil has a three-month to twenty yearsone-year range with the same alternatives.

sources

Madagascar Ministry of Commerce — Law 97-039, Articles 8, 95–99 and 140–141 (PDF) Assemblée nationale de Madagascar — Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants (PDF) 1 unchanged

Mali countries/ml.yaml

summary

Illegal under aCannabis is illegal. The 2001 law; penalties for gives small amounts are not clearly documentedpersonal supplies, including cultivation, a lighter penalty with a fine-only option. Ordinary high-risk drug cultivation carries five to ten years and a fine. A limited industrial-hemp authorisation was withdrawn in 2020.

segments › possession › text

Illegal under Law 01-078Article 138 of the 2001 on drug control. Possessionlaw covers small quantities possessed, bought or grown for personal use is. A high-risk plant or substance, including cannabis oil, carries three months to one year, a crime; the penalty for small amounts is not clearly stated in accessible sourcesfine of 25, and travel advisories warn000–100,000 CFA francs, or both. A cannabis derivative other than oil carries two to six months, a fine of long sentences and heavy fines15,000–75,000 francs, or both. The law gives no numeric quantity threshold.

segments › cultivation › text

Cultivation is prohibited; Law 01Article 9 prohibits cannabis cultivation and requires landholders to destroy plants growing on their land. Article 94 sets five to ten years and a fine of 200,000–2 million CFA francs for ordinary high-078 punishes production with heavy prison termsrisk drug cultivation. Article 138 gives a lighter tier, including a fine-only option, for small personal quantities.

segments › enforcement › text

The law provides criminal penalties for possessionSmall personal quantities can attract imprisonment, usea fine alone, or both under Article 138. Ordinary high-risk drug cultivation and international trafficking require prison and a fine under Articles 94–95. The retained sources do not establish how consistently those provisionsthese rules are enforced across the country.

segments › sharing › text

ProductionArticle 98 sets six months to three years, sale anda fine of 20,000–200,000 CFA francs, or both for giving or offering a high-risk drug directly for another person's consumption. General local trafficking carry heavy prison termscarries five to ten years, a fine, or both under Article 96.

segments › consumption › text

Use is an offenceArticle 137 prohibits using controlled drugs outside a medical prescription and provides for seizure and confiscation. Article 138 sets the personal-possession penalties described above.

segments › access › text

None: Law 01The retained sources establish no operating cannabis supply programme for patients or recreational users. The authorities granted a limited industrial-078 of 2001 makes possession, salehemp production authorisation in 2017 and use offenceswithdrew it in February 2020.

segments › access › sources

law, hemp2020

context › production › text

NoneAfrican Seeds received permission in 2017 for a supervised industrial-hemp project intended for medical exports. In May 2020, the central drug office's director confirmed that the authorisation had been withdrawn on 25 February after the producers sought changes to the agreed terms.

context › production › sources

wikihemp2020, hemp2019

context › products › text

NoneThe reported industrial-hemp authorisation initially covered seed exports, with a 2018 amendment adding oil. The authorisation was withdrawn in 2020; the retained sources establish no current consumer product supply.

context › products › sources

wikihemp2019, hemp2020

context › consequences › text

The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyondFor the penalties described aboveoffences listed in Articles 94–102, Article 112 allows courts to ban a foreigner from the territory for ten to twenty years and restrict civic rights or driving for one to five years. A professional ban can last five to ten years or permanently. The personal-use offence in Article 138 is outside that stated list.

context › consequences › sources

law

context › planting › text

Article 9 of Law 01-078 bans growing the cannabis plant anywhere in the country and obliges whoever owns or occupies land to destroy any plants that come up. The law defines a narcotic as a drug listed inby reference to the schedules of the 1961 convention. A limited authorisation for industrial-hemp seed production and doesexport was granted in 2017 and withdrawn in 2020; the retained sources do not mention seedssettle general seed sales.

context › planting › sources

l01078, hemp2019, hemp2020

context › clubs › text

NoThe retained sources establish no authorised cannabis clubs are known, and the. The law leaves no room for them: growingprohibits cannabis cultivation and supplying it topunishes giving or offering high-risk drugs for another person are both prohibited's consumption.

context › clubs › sources

wikilaw

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreational supply for anyone, so a visitor has no lawful way to buy cannabis. The sources behind this profile describe no separate rule for visitorsArticle 112 permits a ten-to-twenty-year territorial ban on foreigners convicted of the specified offences in Articles 94–102.

context › visitors › sources

wikilaw

sources

Maliweb / Le Fondement — Reported industrial-hemp licence conditions, 11 November 2019 Maliweb — OCS director Adama Tounkara explains the authorisation and withdrawal, 25 May 2020 Mali — Law 01-078 of 18 July 2001, original official gazette, Articles 9, 94–98, 112 and 137–138 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Mali 2 unchanged

Mozambique countries/mz.yaml

summary

Use and personal possession carry up to two years plus a fine, with prison waivablepossible waivers for occasional users who accept treatment. More than three days' personal supply brings a one-year minimum.

segments › possession › text

Law 3/97 punishes use and personal possession of drugs with up to two years in prison, graded by quantity: holding more than about plus a fine. Above three days' average personal supply brings up to, the law sets a one-year minimum. A judge canCourts may waive prisonpunishment for an occasional users under Article 55(4). A separate exemption for minors requires no repeat offence, non-recidivist user who agreesa promise to stop and acceptance of treatment if dependent.

segments › possession › sources

ref, wikilaw97

segments › cultivation › text

Cultivation is a crime;Unauthorised cannabis cultivation carries three days to one year in prison under Article 34. Growing for personal use carries up to one year or a fine under Article 55(suruma3) is widely grown in the centre and north, with possible waivers for occasional users.

segments › cultivation › sources

wikilaw97

segments › sharing › text

Supply isGiving or selling cannabis without authority falls within trafficking, ordinarily punished with long sentencessixteen to twenty years. Small-scale or substantially less serious cases can receive two to eight years plus a fine. In May 2024 the Supreme Court applied that lesser offence to a seller with 590 grams, reducing his sentence from seventeen years to six.

segments › sharing › sources

reflaw97, court24

segments › consumption › sources

reflaw97

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreational supply for anyone. Law 3/97 punishes useUse and personal possession of drugs withcarry up to two years in prisonplus a fine, graded by quantity;with a judge canone-year minimum above three days' personal supply. Courts may waive prisonpunishment for an occasional user with no record who agrees to treatmentusers.

context › visitors › sources

reflaw97

sources

Mozambique — Law 3/97, original gazette, Articles 33–36 and 55–59 Mozambique Supreme Court — Raiva Rafael Meponda, appeal 31/2022-P, 2 May 2024 5 unchanged

Chad countries/td.yaml

summary

Chad's drug offences could not be sourced: the 2017 Penal Code has no prohibits cannabis article, and the separate drug. Its 2000 pharmacy law was not foundprovides prison and fine alternatives for narcotics offences and compulsory treatment powers. The full 1995 drug law and a current consolidated account of the overlapping rules remain unverified, as do the scores below are unverified.

segments › possession › text

Unverified. The Penal Code2000 pharmacy law, Articles 134–135, provides one to six years in prison, a fine of 8 May 2017 (Law 2017-01) has no article on cannabis or on possessing300, growing000 to three million CFA francs, or using drugsboth for possessing narcotics without a legitimate reason. AIts relationship with the separate 1995 drug law couldand subsequent changes has not be foundbeen verified.

segments › possession › sources

pc2017pharmacy2000

segments › cultivation › text

UnverifiedArticle 136 of the 2000 pharmacy law doubles the ordinary narcotics penalties for illicit cultivation: two to twelve years in prison, a doubled fine, or both. Current consolidated penalties remain unverified; see possession.

segments › cultivation › sources

pc2017pharmacy2000

segments › enforcement › text

Unverified. The only drug-user provision found inArticle 38 of the 2017 Penal Code is Article 38:allows up to two years of confinement in a court may order a convicted drug addict into a special health houseinstitution for up toa person with drug dependence convicted of an offence punishable by at least two years in prison. Under Article 41 it begins after the principal prison sentence ends or is suspended. The court may shorten confinement after medical advice that release no longer threatens public order. Current drug-offence penalties remain unverified; see possession.

segments › sharing › text

Unverified. Article 10 applies the Penal Code to drug traffickingThe 2000 pharmacy law punishes helping someone else use narcotics, even when committed abroadfree of charge, but sets no penaltywith one to six years in prison, a fine, or both. It also requires a five to twenty year residence restriction for itfacilitating use. Current consolidated penalties remain unverified; see possession.

segments › sharing › sources

pc2017pharmacy2000

segments › consumption › text

UnverifiedThe 1966 decree expressly prohibited cannabis use. Article 134 of the 2000 pharmacy law sets one to six years in prison, a fine, or both for using narcotics together. Current consolidated penalties remain unverified; see possession.

segments › consumption › sources

pc2017decree1966, pharmacy2000

segments › access › text

Unverified; no lawful sourceNo operating cannabis supply programme was foundestablished by the retained sources. The 1966 decree allowed the health minister to grant exceptions for scientific research; the 2000 law regulated controlled medicines and adopted treaty drug lists.

segments › access › sources

pc2017decree1966, pharmacy2000

context › consequences › text

The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyond2000 pharmacy law requires a five to twenty year residence restriction for facilitating narcotics use and provides confiscation and professional bans in specified cases. Its present application alongside the penalties described above1995 drug law remains unverified.

context › consequences › sources

pharmacy2000

context › clubs › text

NoThe retained sources establish no authorised cannabis clubs are known, and the. The 2000 pharmacy law leaves no room for them: growing cannabispunishes using narcotics together and supplying it to another person are both prohibitedhelping others use them, including providing premises.

context › clubs › sources

pc2017pharmacy2000

sources

Chad — Decree 75/66/PR of 14 April 1966 on poisonous substances, Articles 16 and 62 Chad — Law 024/PR/2000 on pharmacy, Articles 36 and 134–138 3 unchanged

Articles and atlas entries 41

afghanistan-smuggling-crackdown-1972 articles/afghanistan-smuggling-crackdown-1972.md

text

During 1972, Afghanistan strengthened its response toput more effort into pursuing drug smugglers, with new anti-smuggling units and rising arrests. The campaign developed as foreign demand connected the country's hashish trade to larger international markets and American officials pressed for greaterstronger action. ## Hashish joined international trading networks Historian James Bradford describes a change in the reassignmentpeople buying Afghan hashish. Travellers buying small amounts were joined by organised, well-financed groups seeking substantial supplies for Western markets. Some buyers wanted hash oil, which could concentrate the product and make it easier to transport and conceal. This demand mattered to farmers and merchants as well as foreign consumers. The market around [Chicken Street](/culture/traditions/chicken-street/) formed part of a trade reaching beyond Afghanistan's neighbouring countries. Rural producers encountered buyers capable of financing larger operations. ## New units pursued smugglers Bradford records the transfer of counternarcotics work to the interior ministry, new anti-smuggling units and increasing arreststhe creation of units tasked with pursuing Afghan traffickers. His figures rise from seventyReported drug-twosmuggler arrests rose from 72 in 1971 to 221 in 1972 and 584 in 1973. Those totals concern drug smugglers in the chapter's account; they should not be read as cannabis-only convictions or as a measure of the whole trade The different substances also drew different outside interests. ## Different priorities across borders Afghan opium was important to the Iranian market, while American agents were increasingly concerned aboutfocused on hashish reaching Western consumers. Bradford argues that these differentthe priorities complicated cooperation between enforcement authorities. Foreign buyers had become more organised and better financed. The market that travellers encountered around [Chicken Street1970 Kabul hotel raid](/culturehistory/traditions/chickenafghanistan-streetkabul-hotel-raid-1970/) had already brought foreign nationals into the enforcement story. Increasing arrests now included connections capable of moving substantial quantities abroadplaced Afghan smugglers more visibly within it. Cannabis was part of an expanding international drug economy, alongside older regional commerce. ## AShafiq promised stronger action late- in the year commitment A State Department memorandum dated December 18, December 1972 records Prime Ministerrecorded new prime minister Musa Shafiq promising's parliamentary promise of stronger measures against narcotics trafficking in his parliamentary programme. It separately mentions aHe also proposed a programme against illicit opium cultivation with foreign assistance. The American author credited embassy pressure for the priority given toShafiq gave drugs. That is theThe memorandum captures that assessment of an interested official, not independent proof of what causedand the Afghan government's decision. The document also places Shafiq's new-government public commitment near the end of the year; it does not establish that he directed every arrest recorded during 1972. ## Enforcement andA larger campaign left an enduring market Bradford findsconcludes that the rising arrests did little to stop the trade overall. FarmersForeign demand, opportunities for farmers and merchants continued to encounter foreign demand, while and the government faced pressure to demonstrate control and maintain international's need for outside support continued to shape enforcement. His chapter treats this as a problem of state-building and economic opportunity as well as policing. An arrest series can describe increasing intervention without establishing that trafficking declined by a corresponding amount. ## What the event records The [renewed prohibition reported in 1973 cultivation ban](/history/afghanistan-ban-1973/) followed that increase in arrests and political attention. Enforcement was a further development, rather thanbecoming more visible while the first-ever restriction on Afghan cannabis. The economic connections sustaining [1924–1925 penal codeAfghanistan's cannabis trade](/historycountry/afghanistan-penal-code-1924af/) had already limited domestic production and usecontinued to develop. The 1972 entry records an enforcement drive and the late-year political commitment that accompanied it. It does not turn those earlier restrictions into evidence of continuous, effective enforcement.

sudan-narcotics-act-1989 articles/sudan-narcotics-act-1989.md

text

In June 1989 a military coup overthrew Sudan's military rulers allowed death sentences for hashish trafficking in July 1989, weeks after overthrowing the elected civilian government. In July the body that replaced itThe same amendment set three to seven years in prison for smoking, ordinary possession and possessing equipment used to smoke or prepare the drug. ## The military amended an existing law The Command Council of the National Salvation Revolution Command Councilchanged the [hashish and opium law dating from 1924](/history/sudan-ban-1924/). Omar Hassan al-Bashir signed the amendment on 27 July 1989, introduced a new narcotics actand its commencement clause brought it into force on signature. Amnesty International's 1995 survey The distinction between supply and personal conduct was written into separate parts of the death penaltyreplacement offence. Trafficking, cultivation, processing or possession for drug offences records what set it apart:trafficking, and importing, exporting or transporting the act "provides for the deathdrugs were prohibited. The transport ban included shipments passing through Sudan on their way elsewhere. ## The harsher penalty forreached beyond a completed sale For the listed supply offences involving, the illegal production law allowed death or a prison term of ten to twenty years. Smoking and tradingordinary possession appeared in hashish and opium". ## A wider pattern Amnesty placed Sudan in a list separate paragraph carrying three to seven years. Its report counted the countries that had added capital punishment for drug offences during the 1980sPipes and named Sudan and Guyanaother equipment used for 1989, after Bangladesh in 1988smoking or preparing hashish or opium carried that same prison range. The organisation's argumentamendment also reached people responsible for restaurants, given in the report's titlecafés and similar public premises. An owner, was that the penalty had been adoptedmanager, guard or other responsible person who committed, helped or permitted a drug offence there could face death or ten to twenty years in many countries with little debateprison. Courts could withdraw a premises licence and without evidence thatprohibit use of the place for up to a year. Keeping it deterred trafficking better than other punishmentsopen against that order exposed the responsible person to a daily fine. ## The first cases | Date | Case | |---|---| | 7 September 1989 | Special courts began passing death sentences Amnesty International recorded a trafficking death sentence against Jalal Ahmed Bane sentenced to death by a special court in Blue Nile region for drug trafficking | | 23 OctoberSeptember 1989 | Sayed Ahmed Ali Gaballa. In February 1990, of Egyptian origin, convicted of dealing in heroin by a special court in Khartoum; executed on 17 December 1989 | | 18 February 1990 |Omdurman convicted Hani Mohamed Hamed convicted in Omdurman of dealing in hashish and sentenced him to death | | July 1994 | four Nigerians found with heroin reported sentenced to death | | 7 June 1995 | officials announce that nine women have been sentenced to death for trafficking in hashish, according to Reuters | The sentences were passed by special courts. For The organisation also documented the 1994 and 1995 cases Amnesty said it did not know whether they had been carried outexecution of Sayed Ahmed Ali Gaballa in December 1989 after a heroin conviction. ## What That case showed the source does not say Amnestynew government's entry on Sudan is short. It describes theuse of capital punishment for drug offences, production and trade, and gives no account of what alongside the act says about possessing or using hashish sentences. This article therefore covers only the death penalty provision. ## Why the index movedA replacement law followed in 1994 Sudan hadlater [bannedreplaced the colonial hashish in 1924and opium law](/history/sudan-bannarcotics-1924act-1994/), with a narcotics and most of its scores were already at the floorpsychotropic substances statute. The 1989 act lowers enforcement from 2It continued to 1: producing or trading in hashish could now end in a death sentence handed down by a special court, distinguish personal use from supply and within months such sentences were being passedtrafficking, with capital punishment available in specified aggravated cases. The total moves from 5 to 31989 amendment had made both the supply chain and places used for consumption part of [Sudan's capital drug-law history](/country/sd/).

model

opusgpt-5.56

sources

Hashish and Opium Ordinance 1924, Amendment 1 of 1989 — UN English translation 1 unchanged

Datasets 13

Code, design and documents 54 files

.gitignore +1 −0
@@ -10,2 +10,3 @@ tmp/
 # Locally supplied research books; bibliography and review notes live in docs.
 /books/
+renders/
README.md +2 −0
@@ -28,4 +28,6 @@ Six segments, each scored 0–10 and combined by weight:
 A 10 means no cannabis-specific rule at all — treated like tomatoes. Every cap, licence and registry costs points, so even the most liberal countries land around 50.
 
+Scores over time are rebuilt from each country's history in `changes.yaml`. Before its first rule on cannabis a country scores **100**: no rule at all, the tomato standard. The first rule that limited cannabis counts as the first change, even if it was not a cannabis law as such (a poisons or pharmacy act naming it, licences to sell or grow, a state monopoly, a ban on growing, a colonial power's drug law extended to a territory). A country with no known first law gets an estimated one, spread across 1925–1961.
+
 ## Run it
datasets/datasets.yaml +601 −115
@@ -4,5 +4,7 @@
 # here for its file.
 #
-#   file      the CSV in this folder, published unchanged at /data/datasets/<file>
+#   file      the CSV in this folder, published unchanged at /data/datasets/<file>; or, for a
+#             dataset published as a new file each time (a yearly survey), a list of
+#             { file, edition }, one per edition, whose rows take the edition's year
 #   origin    how the file was made: downloaded as published, or transcribed, and when
 #   original  optional: the publisher's own file, kept and published beside an extract made from it
@@ -10,6 +12,7 @@
 #             "de", "us") or country names (`by: name`, matched to the `name:` of each country
 #             file, ignoring accents and punctuation); `aliases` maps names that differ
-#   year      optional: a column with the year. Only the latest year is used, unless
-#             `keep: all`, which keeps every year as a series
+#   year      optional: a column with the year of each row. Every dataset is kept as a series,
+#             one row per country and year, so that profiles can chart it; the site's own
+#             figures and the map use the latest year
 #   fields    our name for each figure → the column it is read from, its decimals, `type: boolean`
 #             for a column that is "true" or empty or `text`, and `about`, what the site uses it
@@ -77,37 +80,58 @@
   also: and every country profile
 
-- id: population
-  file: population.csv
-  name: Population
-  publisher: Our World in Data and the World Bank
-  credit: Our World in Data, World Bank
-  title: Our World in Data — Population (long-run estimates)
-  url: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources
-  data_url: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL
-  data_label: World Bank — Population, total
-  when: 1900 to 2025
+- id: youth_use
+  file: unodc-cannabis-use-youth.csv
+  original: unodc-wdr2026-1.4-prevalence-youth.xlsx
+  name: Cannabis use at 15 and 16
+  publisher: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
+  credit: UNODC
+  title: UNODC — World Drug Report 2026, statistical annex, table 1.4 Prevalence of drug use in the youth population, national data
+  url: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2026-annex.html
+  data_url: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR_2026/Annex/1.4_prevalence_of_drug_use_in_the_youth_population_national_data_national_data.xlsx
+  data_label: table 1.4, spreadsheet
+  when: school surveys from 2003 to 2024
   about: >-
-    How many people live in each country and territory: a figure every ten years from 1900 to
-    2020 and the latest one. It weights the population-weighted world average, shown beside the
-    plain one, and sorts the rankings by population.
+    The share of 15- and 16-year-olds who used cannabis in the past year, mostly from school
+    surveys such as ESPAD, as each government reports them to UNODC. Only surveys of this age
+    group are used, so that countries can be compared: some large countries, Germany, France and
+    Spain among them, report only other age bands and are left out.
   origin: >-
-    Compiled for this site on 4 October 2026 and moved into this file on 20 October 2026. For 196
-    countries the figures from 1900 to 2020 are Our World in Data's long-run series and the latest
-    (mostly 2025) is the World Bank's. 23 dependencies and disputed territories have a single
-    recent figure only. Borders are today's. Not a copy of a published file.
+    The publisher's spreadsheet was downloaded on 21 October 2026 and is published here
+    unchanged. The CSV is extracted from it by scripts/extract-unodc.py (youth): sheet "Cannabis",
+    rows covering ages 15 to 16 with a past-year figure, the latest survey for each country. Rows
+    about herb or resin only, or about one part of a country, are left out, and UNODC's age
+    group is written out ("(SS) 15 - 16" as "ages 15–16, school survey").
   profile:
-    headline: "{population} people in {year}"
-    years: [1900, 1950, 2000]
+    headline: "{past_year} in the past year"
+    details: "{lifetime} ever · {past_month} in the past month · {year} · {coverage}"
   country: { column: country, by: id }
-  year: { column: year, keep: all }
   fields:
-    population: { column: population, about: "People living there in that year" }
-  pages:
-    - { label: the world average by population, path: "" }
-    - { label: the population column of the rankings, path: "#rankings" }
-    - { label: research progress weighted by population, path: research/ }
+    past_year: { column: past_year, format: percent, about: "Map colour and profile" }
+    lifetime: { column: lifetime, format: percent }
+    past_month: { column: past_month, format: percent }
+    year: { column: year, format: text }
+    coverage: { column: coverage, type: text, about: "Age group, and whether it was a school survey" }
+  map:
+    field: past_year
+    format: percent
+    group: Use
+    slug: youth-cannabis-use
+    label: Use at 15 and 16
+    missing: No survey of 15- and 16-year-olds reported to UNODC
+    steps: [[0, "Under 3%"], [3, "3–7%"], [7, "7–12%"], [12, "12–18%"], [18, "18% or more"]]
+    title: Cannabis use among 15- and 16-year-olds, by country
+    lede: >-
+      The share of 15- and 16-year-olds who used cannabis in the past year, from the latest school
+      survey each country reported to UNODC. The stronger the blue, the higher the share.
+    sub: >-
+      The stronger the blue, the more 15- and 16-year-olds used cannabis in the past year.
+      Countries without a survey of this age group are hatched.
+    note: >-
+      UNODC World Drug Report 2026, table 1.4: past-year use among 15- and 16-year-olds, latest
+      survey reported. Survey years differ between countries.
 
 - id: pew_marijuana
-  file: pew-marijuana-morality-2026.csv
+  file:
+    - { file: pew-marijuana-morality-2026.csv, edition: 2025 }
   rail: true
   origin: >-
@@ -158,4 +182,488 @@
       for context and are not part of the score.
 
+- id: cannabis_offences
+  file: euda-cannabis-use-offences.csv
+  original: euda-sb2026-dlo-03-2-0-cannabis-use-offences.xml
+  name: Offences for cannabis use or possession
+  publisher: European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA)
+  credit: EUDA
+  title: EUDA — Statistical Bulletin 2026, drug law offences, cannabis, use (table DLO-03-2-0)
+  url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/data/stats2026/dlo_en#displayTable:DLO-03-2-0
+  data_url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/modules/sbdata/SBDataService2026.cfc?method=fetchxlsx&tableid=DLO-03-2-0
+  data_label: table DLO-03-2-0, spreadsheet
+  when: 2007 to 2024
+  about: >-
+    Offences of using or possessing cannabis recorded each year, as European countries report
+    them to the EUDA: cannabis alone, unlike UNODC's figures for all drugs. Countries record
+    offences or offenders, and define them, in different ways, so compare a country with itself
+    over time rather than with its neighbours. The EUDA notes that Slovenia counted only
+    use-related offences in 2023, that Portugal's figures for 2017 to 2021 lack one police force,
+    and that Greece's include all cannabis products since 2018. Shown per 100,000 people using
+    today's population.
+  origin: >-
+    The EUDA's site refuses scripted downloads, so the table was read in a browser on 21 October
+    2026 from its data service (the XML behind the table) and saved unchanged; its SHA-256 was
+    checked against the browser's copy. scripts/extract-euda.py (cannabis_offences) turns it into
+    one row per country and year with a figure.
+  profile:
+    headline: "{per} per 100,000 people"
+    details: "{offences} offences in {year}"
+    each: "{offences} in {year}"
+    years: [2010, 2020]
+  country: { column: country, by: id }
+  year: { column: year }
+  fields:
+    offences: { column: offences, about: "Offences recorded: map colour (per 100,000) and profile" }
+  map:
+    field: offences
+    per: 100000
+    format: rate
+    group: Law
+    since: 2020
+    slug: cannabis-offences-europe
+    label: Cannabis offences (Europe)
+    missing: No cannabis-use offences reported to the EUDA since 2020
+    steps: [[0, "Under 10"], [10, "10–50"], [50, "50–100"], [100, "100–250"], [250, "250 or more"]]
+    title: Offences for cannabis use or possession in Europe
+    lede: >-
+      Offences of using or possessing cannabis per 100,000 people, in the latest year each
+      European country reported to the EUDA since 2020. The stronger the blue, the more offences.
+    sub: >-
+      The stronger the blue, the more cannabis use or possession offences per 100,000 people.
+      Countries count differently; those without a report since 2020 are hatched.
+    note: >-
+      EUDA Statistical Bulletin 2026, table DLO-03-2-0: cannabis use offences, latest year since
+      2020, per 100,000 people. Not part of the score.
… 602 more lines
datasets/euda-sb2026-dlo-03-2-0-cannabis-use-offences.xml +1 −0
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<table><caption>Drug law offences &gt; Number of DLOs &gt; Offences/Offenders &gt; Cannabis &gt; Use</caption><table-headers><line><column>Country</column><column>2024</column><column>2023</column><column>2022</column><column>2021</column><column>2020</column><column>2019</column><column>2018</column><column>2017</column><column>2016</column><column>2015</column><column>2014</column><column>2013</column><column>2012</column><column>2011</column><column>2010</column><column>2009</column><column>2008</column><column>2007</column></line></table-headers><table-body><line><column>Austria</column><column></column><column>19672</column><column>19909</column><column>19919</column><column>22778</column><column>24618</column><column>24680</column><column>28890</column><column>23977</column><column>20456</column><column>21272</column><column>21203</column><column>16052</column><column>16408</column><column>15612</column><column>16053</column><column>13802</column><column>17230</column></line><line><column>Belgium</column><column>34294</column><column>29897</column><column>29572</column><column>28857</column><column>31540</column><column>31688</column><column>30148</column><column>29916</column><column>27080</column><column>28237</column><column>29825</column><column>24039</column><column>20480</column><column>20205</column><column>17137</column><column>18452</column><column>17301</column><column>16844</column></line><line><column>Bulgaria</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>3465</column><column>3557</column><column>3205</column><column>2143</column><column>2266</column><column>1517</column><column>1133</column><column>1477</column></line><line><column>Croatia</column><column>5874</column><column>5593</column><column>5159</column><column>5080</column><column>4810</column><column>5689</column><column>6788</column><column>6253</column><column>5493</column><column>4268</column><column>4866</column><column>3745</column><column>3876</column><column>3937</column><column>3371</column><column>3001</column><column>3223</column><column>3621</column></line><line><column>Cyprus</column><column>602</column><column>664</column><column>563</column><column>512</column><column>606</column><column>692</column><column>862</column><column>703</column><column>643</column><column>690</column><column>799</column><column>718</column><column>731</column><column>658</column><column>532</column><column>436</column><column></column><column>546</column></line><line><column>Czechia</column><column>7688</column><column>7249</column><column>6443</column><column>5253</column><column>4195</column><column>5293</column><column>6176</column><column>5019</column><column>4744</column><column>4224</column><column>500</column><column>479</column><column>372</column><column>330</column><column>264</column><column>125</column><column>138</column><column>106</column></line><line><column>Denmark</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Estonia</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Finland</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>France</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>122439</column><column>124921</column><column>133160</column><column>97460</column></line><line><column>Germany</column><column>61670</column><column>173945</column><column>174876</column><column>181040</column><column>188453</column><column>186455</column><column>179700</column><column>166236</column><column>145915</column><column>132745</column><column>131130</column><column>117443</column><column>106215</column><column>101186</column><column>99562</column><column>102096</column><column>100651</column><column>102931</column></line><line><column>Greece</column><column>8359</column><column>6571</column><column>5764</column><column>5189</column><column>5223</column><column>5779</column><column>8109</column><column>9860</column><column>8172</column><column>8918</column><column>10182</column><column></column><column></column><column>4541</column><column>5901</column><column>8582</column><column>7212</column><column>2777</column></line><line><column>Hungary</column><column>3266</column><column>2920</column><column>3437</column><column>3563</column><column>3269</column><column>3191</column><column>4204</column><column>3391</column><column>2968</column><column>2849</column><column>1425</column><column>3382</column><column>3468</column><column>4161</column><column>3878</column><column>3102</column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Ireland</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Italy</column><column>27503</column><column>28026</column><column>25234</column><column>23675</column><column>24785</column><column>31059</column><column>33363</column><column>32791</column><column>26282</column><column>26403</column><column>26663</column><column>26071</column><column>29576</column><column>30099</column><column>29866</column><column>29453</column><column>33964</column><column>36126</column></line><line><column>Latvia</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>187</column><column>135</column><column>125</column><column>130</column><column>155</column><column>151</column><column>94</column><column>111</column><column>28</column><column>112</column></line><line><column>Lithuania</column><column>682</column><column>634</column><column>1330</column><column>1218</column><column>612</column><column>965</column><column>378</column><column>292</column><column>173</column><column>349</column><column>168</column><column>267</column><column>238</column><column>216</column><column>210</column><column>184</column><column>146</column><column>96</column></line><line><column>Luxembourg</column><column>880</column><column>1021</column><column>876</column><column>1616</column><column>1585</column><column>1753</column><column>1149</column><column>13</column><column>3</column><column></column><column></column><column>816</column><column>768</column><column>870</column><column>900</column><column>651</column><column>650</column><column></column></line><line><column>Malta</column><column>1</column><column>32</column><column>3</column><column>94</column><column>100</column><column>215</column><column>297</column><column>295</column><column>338</column><column>205</column><column>213</column><column>159</column><column>96</column><column>45</column><column>64</column><column>120</column><column>140</column><column>153</column></line><line><column>Netherlands</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>2413</column><column>2111</column></line><line><column>Norway</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Poland</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>40949</column><column>38027</column><column>35838</column><column>33422</column><column>25986</column><column>23818</column></line><line><column>Portugal</column><column>6637</column><column>9247</column><column>7020</column><column>5194</column><column>5336</column><column>8328</column><column>9257</column><column>10971</column><column>9782</column><column>9175</column><column>7417</column><column>6652</column><column>6212</column><column>4934</column><column>4920</column><column>5429</column><column>4163</column><column>4104</column></line><line><column>Romania</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Slovakia</column><column>235</column><column>252</column><column>288</column><column>336</column><column>292</column><column>331</column><column>247</column><column>207</column><column></column><column>211</column><column>330</column><column>278</column><column>397</column><column>372</column><column>417</column><column>341</column><column>270</column><column>235</column></line><line><column>Slovenia</column><column>2733</column><column>2782</column><column>2751</column><column>2759</column><column>3131</column><column>3812</column><column></column><column></column><column>2757</column><column></column><column>3095</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>2733</column><column>2398</column><column>2463</column><column>2271</column></line><line><column>Spain</column><column>294071</column><column>326584</column><column>323055</column><column>278020</column><column>258379</column><column>318326</column><column>300276</column><column>299353</column><column>320335</column><column>317041</column><column>344415</column><column>347919</column><column>315112</column><column>336236</column><column>282273</column><column>309931</column><column>245792</column><column>193919</column></line><line><column>Sweden</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Türkiye</column><column>83744</column><column>68173</column><column>62782</column><column>52314</column><column>45480</column><column>58041</column><column>53734</column><column>40348</column><column>28633</column><column>26511</column><column>37306</column><column>56286</column><column>59367</column><column>51665</column><column>66952</column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>United Kingdom</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>34285</column><column>39159</column><column>42065</column><column>48750</column><column>54549</column><column>57135</column><column>62758</column><column>59750</column><column>55544</column><column>53976</column><column>48299</column></line></table-body><footnote><line><![CDATA[(1) Slovenia: In 2023 only use related offences.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(2) Portugal: Information on offences established by Decree-Law n.er 15/93 of 22 January on the criminal investigation of drug trafficking for 2017-2021 does not reflect all the results obtained at national level since middle 2017, as it does not integrate the data from one police force, so some caution is needed in reading the data.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(3) Greece: Since 2018 figure is the sum DLOs related to cannabis products,]]></line><line><![CDATA[(4) Lithuania: In 2019 LT-3.]]></line></footnote></table>
\ No newline at end of file
datasets/euda-sb2026-ppp-01-1-1-1-1-3-resin-thc.xml +1 −0
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<table><caption>Price, purity and potency &gt; Potency/Purity &gt; Retail &gt; Cannabis &gt; Resin (% THC)</caption><table-headers><line><column>Country</column><column>Study</column><column>2024</column><column>2023</column><column>2022</column><column>2021</column><column>2020</column><column>2019</column><column>2018</column><column>2017</column><column>2016</column><column>2015</column><column>2014</column><column>2013</column><column>2012</column><column>2011</column><column>2010</column><column>2009</column><column>2008</column><column>2007</column><column>2006</column><column>2005</column><column>2004</column><column>2003</column><column>2002</column></line></table-headers><table-body><line><column>Austria</column><column>AT-1</column><column>24.21</column><column>23.38</column><column>24.77</column><column>16.05</column><column>16.01</column><column>16.52</column><column>13.19</column><column>13.19</column><column>15.07</column><column>15.22</column><column>12.04</column><column>9.77</column><column>10.95</column><column>9.09</column><column>12.2</column><column>9.8</column><column>10.9</column><column>10</column><column>5.7</column><column>7.6</column><column>10</column><column>8</column><column>2</column></line><line><column>Belgium</column><column>BE-1</column><column>19</column><column>20</column><column>22</column><column>20</column><column>19.2</column><column>15.25</column><column>20.69</column><column>18.2</column><column>16.7</column><column>18.3</column><column>19.2</column><column>15</column><column>17.21</column><column>11.8</column><column>11.8</column><column>10.6</column><column>10.3</column><column>10.4</column><column>8.1</column><column>13.8</column><column>14.58</column><column>15.4</column><column>9.7</column></line><line><column>Bulgaria</column><column>BG-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>18.9</column><column>9.6</column><column>4.2</column><column>5.3</column><column>0.9</column><column>2.9</column><column>4.1</column><column>3.4</column><column>5</column><column>2.2</column><column></column><column>1.5</column><column></column></line><line><column>Croatia</column><column>HR-1</column><column>17.1</column><column>21.9</column><column>18.8</column><column>10.3</column><column>16.9</column><column>22.4</column><column>19.2</column><column>19.5</column><column>12.9</column><column>15.5</column><column>12.1</column><column>22.4</column><column>11.9</column><column>10.5</column><column>10.33</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Cyprus</column><column>CY-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>4</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Czechia</column><column>CZ-1</column><column>24</column><column>29.4</column><column>18.6</column><column>30.5</column><column>21.1</column><column>27.6</column><column>19.5</column><column>21.8525</column><column>23.3</column><column>26.57</column><column>13.88</column><column>19.16</column><column>12.2</column><column>11</column><column>9.3</column><column>4.3</column><column>5.23</column><column>8.1</column><column>11</column><column>7.4</column><column>10</column><column>15</column><column>6.25</column></line><line><column>Denmark</column><column>DK-1</column><column>30.1</column><column>26</column><column>31</column><column>30</column><column>28</column><column>28</column><column>31</column><column>25.3</column><column>27</column><column>28</column><column>29</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Estonia</column><column>EE-1</column><column>26</column><column>23.6</column><column>26</column><column>21</column><column>18</column><column>20</column><column>19</column><column>20</column><column>14.9</column><column>9.6</column><column>10.5</column><column>11.5</column><column>6</column><column>5.1</column><column>5.7</column><column>4</column><column>4.9</column><column></column><column>3.7</column><column>4.38</column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Finland</column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>France</column><column>FR-1</column><column>29.6</column><column>28.5</column><column>30</column><column>27.7</column><column>26.7</column><column>28.8</column><column>26.27</column><column>23.5</column><column>23.3</column><column>22.3</column><column>20.7</column><column>17.6</column><column>16</column><column>11.9</column><column>11.1</column><column>10.5</column><column>10</column><column>10</column><column>8.8</column><column>8.8</column><column>9.3</column><column>9</column><column>8</column></line><line><column>Germany</column><column>DE-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>6.7</column><column>8.6</column><column>8.4</column><column></column><column>7.9</column></line><line><column>Greece</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Hungary</column><column>HU-1</column><column>23.1</column><column>21.5</column><column>23.6</column><column>18.2</column><column>19.5</column><column>25</column><column>10.9</column><column>15.2</column><column>13.8</column><column>12</column><column>20</column><column>12</column><column>10</column><column>4</column><column>3.7</column><column>4</column><column>3.2</column><column>2.9</column><column>1.8</column><column>3.5</column><column>4</column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Ireland</column><column>IE-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>2.63</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Italy</column><column>IT-1</column><column>28.51</column><column>29</column><column>29</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column>20</column><column>17</column><column>15.5</column><column>12</column><column>9.7</column><column>11.4</column><column>11.5</column><column>10.6</column><column>6.4</column><column>6</column><column>4.6</column><column>5.8</column><column>5.3</column><column>6</column><column></column><column>8.22</column><column>7.61</column><column>8.29</column></line><line><column>Italy</column><column>IT-2</column><column>29.62</column><column>27.77</column><column>28.9</column><column>25.8</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Latvia</column><column>LV-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>3.8</column><column>4.5</column></line><line><column>Lithuania</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Luxembourg</column><column>LU-1</column><column>33.47</column><column>31.76</column><column>32.21</column><column>30.59</column><column>23.79</column><column>27.84</column><column>26.9</column><column>21.4</column><column>14.31</column><column>17.09</column><column>16.98</column><column>9.82</column><column>9.24</column><column>9.54</column><column>7.3</column><column>12.39</column><column>10.3</column><column>8.52</column><column>7.36</column><column>10.92</column><column>6.94</column><column>7.8</column><column></column></line><line><column>Luxembourg</column><column>LU-2</column><column>27.2</column><column>8.82</column><column>20.08</column><column>26.24</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Luxembourg</column><column>LU-3</column><column>23.7</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Malta</column><column>MT-1</column><column>16</column><column>16</column><column>20</column><column>11.1</column><column>12</column><column>12</column><column>20</column><column>8.5</column><column>7</column><column>7</column><column>7.25</column><column>7.25</column><column>7.5</column><column>7</column><column>6.1</column><column>8.5</column><column>7.5</column><column></column><column>9.2</column><column>10.3</column><column>10</column><column>10</column><column></column></line><line><column>Netherlands</column><column>NL-1</column><column>23.02</column><column>22.11</column><column>19.08</column><column>26.84</column><column>24.3</column><column>24.4</column><column>24.8</column><column>23.5</column><column>20.8</column><column>19.3</column><column>17.8</column><column>14.9</column><column>16.8</column><column>16.1</column><column>14.3</column><column>17.3</column><column>16.2</column><column>13.3</column><column>18.7</column><column>16.9</column><column>18.2</column><column>18.2</column><column>16.6</column></line><line><column>Norway</column><column>NO-1</column><column>26</column><column>29</column><column>29</column><column>25.5</column><column>26</column><column>28</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>13</column><column>10</column><column>14</column><column>10</column><column>7</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>7</column><column>5</column></line><line><column>Poland</column><column>PL-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>9</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>0.6</column><column></column></line><line><column>Portugal</column><column>PT-1</column><column>27.6</column><column>25.8</column><column>21.6</column><column>22.5</column><column>17.5</column><column>24.1</column><column>15.3</column><column>11.4</column><column>14.8</column><column>14</column><column>18</column><column>13.9</column><column>11.7</column><column>9.3</column><column>9.1</column><column>7.2</column><column>7</column><column>6.6</column><column>5.8</column><column>5.4</column><column>6.9</column><column>6</column><column>2.6</column></line><line><column>Romania</column><column>RO-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>2.83</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>11.06</column><column></column><column></column><column>10.71</column><column>8.93</column><column>7.12</column><column>5.32</column><column>4.15</column><column>3.75</column><column>8.3</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Slovakia</column><column>SK-1</column><column>25.8</column><column>24.6</column><column>24.4</column><column>16.2</column><column>13.6</column><column>16.2</column><column>11.1</column><column>20.6</column><column>22.2</column><column>19.2</column><column>14.5</column><column>20.8</column><column>10.6</column><column>9.6</column><column>9.7</column><column>8.2</column><column>13.4</column><column>8.2</column><column>9.8</column><column>13.2</column><column>15.5</column><column>24.6</column><column>14.9</column></line><line><column>Slovenia</column><column>SI-1</column><column>7.3</column><column>14.1</column><column></column><column>12.1</column><column></column><column>20</column><column>9.4</column><column>15.2</column><column>17.8</column><column>7</column><column>11.6</column><column>5.8</column><column>2.4</column><column>6.4</column><column>6.4</column><column>6.7</column><column>9.4</column><column></column><column>13.6</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Spain</column><column>ES-1/ES-2</column><column>31.24</column><column>29</column><column>29.34</column><column>29.98</column><column>28.9</column><column>26.4</column><column>22.42</column><column>17.82</column><column>18.5</column><column></column><column></column><column>14.5</column><column>14.9</column><column>15.3</column><column>14.1</column><column>12.8</column><column>11.1</column><column>11.3</column><column>9.8</column><column>11.8</column><column>13.1</column><column>11.9</column><column>12.4</column></line><line><column>Sweden</column><column>SE-1</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column>27</column><column>24</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column>24.2</column><column>24</column><column>19.4</column><column>16.8</column><column>15.5</column><column>14</column><column>10</column><column>9</column><column>11</column><column>9.3</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Türkiye</column><column>TR-1</column><column>10.45</column><column>9.19</column><column>6.4122</column><column>4.92</column><column>6.092</column><column>4.6</column><column>7.46</column><column>7.46</column><column>25.48</column><column>4.43</column><column></column><column>2.92</column><column>3.21</column><column>4.52</column><column>4.27</column><column>10.03</column><column>6.52</column><column>5.47</column><column></column><column></column><column>2.45</column><column>2.13</column><column>3.08</column></line><line><column>United Kingdom</column><column>UK-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>5.9</column><column></column><column>3.3</column><column>5.25</column><column>3.4</column><column>9.8</column><column>2</column></line></table-body><footnote><line><![CDATA[(1) Austria: 2018 Weighted Mean. Routine analysis of seizures  under a specific threshold, when suspicion about the substance and test purchases at street level]]></line><line><![CDATA[(2) Belgium: BE-2 2016-2018.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(3) United Kingdom: England and Wales. In 2008 Home Office potency study.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(4) Spain: ES-2 started in 2016.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(5) Netherlands: random test purchases from coffee shops. Imported cannabis resin.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(6) Luxembourg: (Data Sources LU-1 and LU-2) For both data sources, the exclusion criteria for analysis were updated in 2024. Between 2018 and 2023, samples with THC concentrations below 0.3% were excluded. As of 2024, this threshold was increased to 1%. Excluded samples are consistently omitted from the total sample size (N).]]></line><line><![CDATA[(7) Malta: Potency refers to middle market samples.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(8) Cyprus: Potency refers to middle market samples.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(9) Sweden: Only samples with ≥ 1% THC are included.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(10) Türkiye: The potency of cannabis refers to wholesale seizures; samples over 500 g.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(11) Croatia: All seizures are included for potency analysis, level of the Market is not specified.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(12) Germany: Cannabis resin potency is not given for any specific market level.]]></line></footnote></table>
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+<table><caption>Price, purity and potency &gt; Potency/Purity &gt; Retail &gt; Cannabis &gt; Herbal (% THC)</caption><table-headers><line><column>Country</column><column>Study</column><column>2024</column><column>2023</column><column>2022</column><column>2021</column><column>2020</column><column>2019</column><column>2018</column><column>2017</column><column>2016</column><column>2015</column><column>2014</column><column>2013</column><column>2012</column><column>2011</column><column>2010</column><column>2009</column><column>2008</column><column>2007</column><column>2006</column><column>2005</column><column>2004</column><column>2003</column><column>2002</column></line></table-headers><table-body><line><column>Austria</column><column>AT-1</column><column>12.67</column><column>10.32</column><column>9.15</column><column>9.1</column><column>6.11</column><column>7.03</column><column>9.64</column><column>9.64</column><column>10.75</column><column>9.82</column><column>8.94</column><column>9.56</column><column>9.71</column><column>7.02</column><column>7.5</column><column>5.9</column><column>7.2</column><column>6.7</column><column>7.2</column><column>5.6</column><column>4.8</column><column></column><column>9</column></line><line><column>Belgium</column><column>BE-1</column><column>14</column><column>13</column><column>15</column><column>12</column><column>10.9</column><column>7.88</column><column>13.69</column><column>11.84</column><column>12.11</column><column>21.7</column><column>13</column><column>10.41</column><column>13.17</column><column>10.7</column><column>11.1</column><column>9.9</column><column>9.1</column><column>9.2</column><column>6.7</column><column>10.3</column><column>13.29</column><column>13.8</column><column>6</column></line><line><column>Bulgaria</column><column>BG-1</column><column>13.96</column><column>10.92</column><column>13.1</column><column>12.15</column><column>10.38</column><column>9</column><column>12.7</column><column>12.6</column><column>12</column><column>12.3</column><column>13.1</column><column>9.1</column><column>3.5</column><column>3.7</column><column>7.5</column><column>2.4</column><column>1.6</column><column>1.5</column><column>2</column><column>2.4</column><column></column><column>2</column><column></column></line><line><column>Croatia</column><column>HR-1</column><column>9.6</column><column>8.8</column><column>8.2</column><column>6.8</column><column>7</column><column>7.8</column><column>10</column><column>9.5</column><column>10.7</column><column>5.7</column><column>8.9</column><column>7.8</column><column>6.3</column><column>5.7</column><column>5.5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Cyprus</column><column>CY-1</column><column>2.93</column><column>8.2</column><column>8.44</column><column>7.25</column><column>10.18</column><column>18.06</column><column>16.57</column><column>14.63</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Czechia</column><column>CZ-1</column><column>11.5</column><column>11.1</column><column>11.1</column><column>10.7</column><column>10.6</column><column>10.5</column><column>9.4</column><column>10.7426316</column><column>7.41</column><column>8.334</column><column>8.181</column><column>9.98</column><column>7.1</column><column>7.2</column><column>7.7</column><column>4.2</column><column>5.5</column><column>4.7</column><column>4.5</column><column>3.8</column><column>3</column><column>9.2</column><column></column></line><line><column>Denmark</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Estonia</column><column>EE-1</column><column>15</column><column>14.7</column><column>13</column><column>13</column><column>14</column><column>14</column><column>15.3</column><column>15</column><column>13.9</column><column>13.5</column><column>12.7</column><column>13.4</column><column>13.4</column><column>11.1</column><column>10</column><column>8</column><column>6.6</column><column></column><column>2</column><column>3.31</column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Finland</column><column>FI-1</column><column>17</column><column>16</column><column>11</column><column>12</column><column>5.1</column><column>9.2</column><column>6.1</column><column>10.6</column><column>5.3</column><column>6.8</column><column>2.7</column><column></column><column></column><column>4.6</column><column>5.1</column><column>4.6</column><column>4.9</column><column>4.3</column><column>3.4</column><column></column><column></column><column>1</column><column>2</column></line><line><column>France</column><column>FR-1</column><column>14.3</column><column>14.1</column><column>14</column><column>12.9</column><column>13</column><column>13.5</column><column>11.27</column><column>12.04</column><column>11.4</column><column>11.4</column><column>13</column><column>12.7</column><column>10</column><column>10.6</column><column>9.8</column><column>8.5</column><column>5.8</column><column>7.5</column><column>7.8</column><column>6.1</column><column>8</column><column>8.5</column><column>8</column></line><line><column>Germany</column><column>DE-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>8.3</column><column>10.6</column><column>11</column><column></column><column>8.4</column></line><line><column>Greece</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Hungary</column><column>HU-1</column><column>10.5</column><column>9.33</column><column>8.83</column><column>8.38</column><column>8.38</column><column>8.6</column><column>8.9</column><column>8.9</column><column>8.7</column><column>6.8</column><column>7.2</column><column>6.5</column><column>5</column><column>1</column><column>1.3</column><column>1.34</column><column>1.4</column><column>1.2</column><column>1.8</column><column>1.7</column><column>1.7</column><column>1.2</column><column>0.5</column></line><line><column>Ireland</column><column>IE-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>7.9</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Italy</column><column>IT-1</column><column>14.99</column><column>14</column><column>13</column><column>12</column><column>11</column><column>11</column><column>12</column><column>12</column><column>10.8</column><column>8.9</column><column>10.5</column><column>12.4</column><column>8.5</column><column>6.4</column><column>7.8</column><column>5.9</column><column>4.7</column><column>2.2</column><column>5.4</column><column></column><column>5.78</column><column>7.85</column><column>4.89</column></line><line><column>Italy</column><column>IT-2</column><column>13.34</column><column>13.43</column><column>13</column><column>12.5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Latvia</column><column>LV-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>2.2</column><column>1.5</column></line><line><column>Lithuania</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Luxembourg</column><column>LU-1</column><column>16.43</column><column>14.26</column><column>13.29</column><column>13.39</column><column>11.78</column><column>12.81</column><column>11.7</column><column>12.3</column><column>9.92</column><column>11.33</column><column>11.22</column><column>8.48</column><column>9.1</column><column>11.28</column><column>11.84</column><column>11.18</column><column>9.75</column><column>10.21</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>7.96</column></line><line><column>Luxembourg</column><column>LU-2</column><column>12.63</column><column>4.75</column><column>8.13</column><column>13.07</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Malta</column><column>MT-1</column><column>8.1</column><column>6.49</column><column>11.1</column><column>11.1</column><column>20</column><column>20</column><column>21</column><column>8</column><column>7.5</column><column>6</column><column>7</column><column>6.75</column><column>7</column><column>7.25</column><column>5.35</column><column>6.25</column><column>4.5</column><column></column><column>5.5</column><column>8.5</column><column>4.7</column><column>7</column><column></column></line><line><column>Netherlands</column><column>NL-1</column><column>5.59</column><column>3.96</column><column>3.39</column><column>2.4</column><column>4</column><column>4.8</column><column>3.7</column><column>6.6</column><column>6.9</column><column>5.8</column><column>4.8</column><column>4.8</column><column>5.1</column><column>5.7</column><column>6.6</column><column>9.9</column><column>8.4</column><column>6</column><column>5.5</column><column>6.7</column><column>7</column><column>20.3</column><column>18</column></line><line><column>Norway</column><column>NO-1</column><column>15</column><column>14</column><column>15</column><column>14.8</column><column>17</column><column>12</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>10.8</column><column>6.1</column><column>6</column><column>3.8</column><column>4.5</column><column>3</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>4</column><column>8</column></line><line><column>Poland</column><column>PL-1</column><column>14.09</column><column>13.01</column><column>11.4</column><column>10.44</column><column>10.29</column><column>10.12</column><column>11.82</column><column>10.56</column><column>9.9</column><column>10</column><column>11</column><column>9.81</column><column>8.69</column><column>9.63</column><column>7.6</column><column>7.7</column><column>6.85</column><column>5.22</column><column>1.34</column><column>1.01</column><column>0.6</column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Portugal</column><column>PT-1</column><column>9.9</column><column>9.6</column><column>12.3</column><column>7.8</column><column>6.7</column><column>6.9</column><column>8.1</column><column>8.3</column><column>7.2</column><column>8.3</column><column>7.8</column><column>6.6</column><column>5.4</column><column>5.2</column><column>5.2</column><column>3.8</column><column>4.8</column><column>3.9</column><column>6.3</column><column>3</column><column>3.5</column><column>1.4</column><column>3.1</column></line><line><column>Romania</column><column>RO-1</column><column></column><column></column><column>0.37</column><column>1.71</column><column>17.59</column><column>5.72</column><column></column><column>14.41</column><column></column><column>12.76</column><column>15.47</column><column>9.45</column><column>6.34</column><column>6.9</column><column>4.67</column><column>2.27</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Slovakia</column><column>SK-1</column><column>11.4</column><column>11.2</column><column>10.1</column><column>11.2</column><column>10.6</column><column>10.8</column><column>10.3</column><column>10.8</column><column></column><column>12.1</column><column>9</column><column>7.1</column><column>9.2</column><column>7.7</column><column>7.7</column><column>12.4</column><column>7.6</column><column>4.9</column><column>6.4</column><column>6.1</column><column>2.6</column><column>3.8</column><column>3.1</column></line><line><column>Slovenia</column><column>SI-1</column><column>8.1</column><column>9.3</column><column>2.3</column><column>3.7</column><column></column><column>7.9</column><column>6.3</column><column>10.9</column><column>17.8</column><column>7.2</column><column>8.5</column><column>7.5</column><column>7</column><column>8.8</column><column>7.4</column><column>7</column><column>8.7</column><column>5.3</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Spain</column><column>ES-1/ES-2</column><column>15.5</column><column>12.62</column><column>13.1</column><column>13.62</column><column>11.99</column><column>13.59</column><column>10.67</column><column>10.09</column><column>10.1</column><column></column><column></column><column>10.8</column><column>11</column><column>11.2</column><column>9.5</column><column>7.7</column><column>7.8</column><column>7.9</column><column>7.9</column><column>7.3</column><column>7.9</column><column>5.3</column><column>4.5</column></line><line><column>Sweden</column><column>SE-1</column><column>13</column><column>13</column><column>14</column><column>11</column><column></column><column>11</column><column>13</column><column>9.4</column><column>9.2</column><column>8.1</column><column>7.7</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>4.2</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Türkiye</column><column>TR-1</column><column>6.78</column><column>7.19</column><column>6.5093</column><column>3.007</column><column>3.007</column><column></column><column>3.31</column><column>3.31</column><column>25.88</column><column>2.65</column><column></column><column>3.81</column><column>3.11</column><column>1.72</column><column>1.82</column><column>4.72</column><column>3.45</column><column>2.94</column><column></column><column>0.37</column><column>0.41</column><column>0.34</column><column>0.35</column></line><line><column>United Kingdom</column><column>UK-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>8.4</column><column></column><column>11.3</column><column>13.48</column><column>12.7</column><column>10.7</column><column>10.8</column></line></table-body><footnote><line><![CDATA[(1) Austria: 2018 Weighted Mean. Routine analysis of seizures  under a specific threshold, when suspicion about the substance and test purchases at street level]]></line><line><![CDATA[(2) Belgium: In 2019  "THC-negative" cannabis samples from CBD shops was included, skewing the mean result. Since 2018 samples below 0.5% THC were excluded from the calculation. BE-2 2016-2018.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(3) Bulgaria: 2019 Weighted Mean 9.2]]></line><line><![CDATA[(4) United Kingdom: England and Wales. In 2008 Home Office potency study.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(5) Spain: ES-2 started in 2016.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(6) Netherlands: random test purchases from coffee shops. Imported herbal cannabis. Also available data for Dutch-grown cannabis;  Nederwiet (see tables sinsemilla).]]></line><line><![CDATA[(7) Sweden: Since 2021, cannabis buds samples from all levels of the market but mostly middle and wholesale.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(8) Malta: Potency refers to middle market samples.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(9) Luxembourg: (Data Sources LU-1 and LU-2) For both data sources, the exclusion criteria for analysis were updated in 2024. Between 2018 and 2023, samples with THC concentrations below 0.3% were excluded. As of 2024, this threshold was increased to 1%. Excluded samples are consistently omitted from the total sample size (N).]]></line><line><![CDATA[(10) Türkiye: The potency of cannabis refers to wholesale seizures; samples over 500 g.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(11) Cyprus: Potency between 2017-2019 refers to middle market samples.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(12) Croatia: All seizures are included for potency analysis, level of the Market is not specified.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(13) Germany: Mean purity of sinsemilla (%THC): 13.7 (2019); 13.1 (2018); 13.1 (2017); 18.8 (2016). Mean purity of cannabis extract (%THC): 49.3 (2019); 53.4 (2018)]]></line></footnote></table>
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datasets/euda-sb2026-ppp-02-1-1-1-3-resin-price.xml +1 −0
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+<table><caption>Price, purity and potency &gt; Price (euros) &gt; Retail &gt; Cannabis &gt; Resin (gram)</caption><table-headers><line><column>Country</column><column>Study</column><column>2024</column><column>2023</column><column>2022</column><column>2021</column><column>2020</column><column>2019</column><column>2018</column><column>2017</column><column>2016</column><column>2015</column><column>2014</column><column>2013</column><column>2012</column><column>2011</column><column>2010</column><column>2009</column><column>2008</column><column>2007</column><column>2006</column><column>2005</column><column>2004</column><column>2003</column><column>2002</column></line></table-headers><table-body><line><column>Austria</column><column>AT-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>9</column><column>8</column><column>7</column><column>7</column><column>7</column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Belgium-A</column><column>BE-1</column><column>10</column><column>9.7</column><column>9.2</column><column>9.4</column><column>9</column><column>9.4</column><column>10.13</column><column>9.1</column><column>8.1</column><column>8.2</column><column>9.1</column><column>8.41</column><column>8.85</column><column>7.03</column><column>7.2</column><column>6.96</column><column>7.35</column><column>6.53</column><column>6.65</column><column>6.5</column><column></column><column>5.5</column><column></column></line><line><column>Belgium-B</column><column>BE-2</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>10.2</column><column>9.4</column><column>10.16</column><column>9.61</column><column>9.67</column><column>9.51</column><column>8</column><column>7.74</column><column>8.23</column><column>8.7</column><column>6.8</column><column>6.8</column><column>5.5</column><column>5.08</column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Bulgaria-A</column><column>BG-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>10.5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Bulgaria-B</column><column>BG-2</column><column>19.35</column><column>13.54</column><column>12.7</column><column>13.7</column><column>16.3</column><column>9.1</column><column>14.1</column><column>11.5</column><column>12.6</column><column>7.9</column><column>20.4</column><column>14</column><column>10.3</column><column>11.8</column><column>11.5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Croatia</column><column>HR-1</column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column>5</column><column>4</column><column>11.5</column><column>11.5</column><column>12.5</column><column>10.4</column><column>14</column><column>15</column><column>16</column><column>11.45</column><column>13</column><column>7</column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column>5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Cyprus</column><column>CY-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Czechia</column><column>CZ-1</column><column></column><column>12.5</column><column>20</column><column></column><column>10.1</column><column></column><column>9.3</column><column>11.1</column><column>11.1</column><column></column><column>6.3</column><column>6.4</column><column>8</column><column></column><column>8.6</column><column>10.2</column><column>8.9</column><column>9.4</column><column>9.7</column><column>8.4</column><column>8.8</column><column>11</column><column>6.65</column></line><line><column>Denmark</column><column>DK-1</column><column></column><column></column><column>8.5</column><column>12.6</column><column></column><column>9</column><column>9</column><column>16</column><column>16</column><column>10.4</column><column>7.7</column><column></column><column>6.8</column><column>6.8</column><column>6.8</column><column>6</column><column>6.3</column><column>6.3</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>6.6</column></line><line><column>Estonia</column><column>EE-1</column><column></column><column></column><column>18</column><column></column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>20</column><column></column><column>15</column><column>15</column><column>7</column><column></column><column></column><column>19.2</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>11.1</column><column>6.3</column><column>12</column><column>14.4</column></line><line><column>Finland</column><column>FI-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>10</column><column>12</column></line><line><column>France-A</column><column>FR-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>7.1</column><column>6.8</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>6</column><column>4</column><column>4.9</column><column>3.3</column><column>6</column><column>6.99</column></line><line><column>Germany</column><column>DE-1</column><column>9.7</column><column>9.8</column><column>9.4</column><column>9.6</column><column>9.6</column><column>9.2</column><column>8.9</column><column>9.4</column><column>8.6</column><column>8.2</column><column>8.1</column><column>8</column><column>7.5</column><column>7.2</column><column>7.1</column><column>6.8</column><column>5.9</column><column>5.8</column><column>6.4</column><column>6</column><column>6.1</column><column>6</column><column>6.37</column></line><line><column>Greece</column><column>GR-1</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column>22.5</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Hungary</column><column>HU-1</column><column></column><column></column><column>9.9</column><column>9.9</column><column>9.8</column><column>9.4</column><column>9.1</column><column>8.3</column><column>8.9</column><column>8.4</column><column>8.4</column><column>8.6</column><column>8.8</column><column>9.4</column><column>8.6</column><column>8.4</column><column>9</column><column>9.3</column><column>8.4</column><column>9.3</column><column>9.6</column><column>4.8</column><column>8.5</column></line><line><column>Ireland</column><column>IE-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column></column><column>6</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>12.5</column></line><line><column>Italy</column><column>IT-1</column><column>10.8</column><column>11.76</column><column>11.6</column><column>11.32</column><column>12.74</column><column>11.54</column><column>10.66</column><column>11.08</column><column>11.97</column><column>11.41</column><column>10.5</column><column>10.35</column><column>10.88</column><column>9.92</column><column>11.18</column><column>10.77</column><column>8.9</column><column>8.42</column><column>7.62</column><column>7.34</column><column>7.54</column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Latvia</column><column>LV-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>10</column><column>10.3</column><column>10.7</column><column></column><column>14</column><column>10</column><column>17.5</column><column>18</column></line><line><column>Lithuania</column><column>LT-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column> </column><column>12</column><column>13</column><column>13</column><column>10</column><column>10</column><column>11.59</column><column>10.1</column><column>7</column><column>9.85</column><column>9.85</column><column>8.41</column><column>6.95</column><column>8.37</column><column>5.77</column><column>6.5</column><column></column><column>10</column><column>15</column></line><line><column>Luxembourg-A</column><column>LU-1</column><column>7</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>11.547</column><column>11.55</column><column>9.2</column><column></column><column>7.4</column><column>10.3</column><column>16.7</column><column>8.3</column><column>7.5</column><column></column><column>7.5</column><column>8</column><column>7.5</column><column>7.3</column><column>8.3</column><column>7</column></line><line><column>Luxembourg-B</column><column>LU-2</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>14.51</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Malta</column><column>MT-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>11</column><column>20</column><column>19</column><column>20.75</column><column>20</column><column>25</column><column>21.5</column><column>21</column><column>24</column><column>17.85</column><column>17</column><column>10</column><column>9</column><column>8.1</column><column>6.41</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Netherlands</column><column>NL-1</column><column>10.26</column><column>10.65</column><column>10.91</column><column>10.55</column><column>11.74</column><column>9.65</column><column>9.97</column><column>9.43</column><column>9.93</column><column>9.2</column><column>8.9</column><column>9.7</column><column>9.9</column><column>9.7</column><column>7.8</column><column>8.7</column><column>8.1</column><column>7.7</column><column>7.3</column><column>6.78</column><column>6.46</column><column>6.46</column><column>7.56</column></line><line><column>Norway</column><column>NO-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>23.32</column><column>12.69</column><column></column><column>13.49</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>12.5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>15.2</column><column>15.2</column><column>15.2</column><column>21.5</column><column>21.5</column></line><line><column>Poland-A</column><column>PL-1</column><column>12.3</column><column>12.4</column><column>12.5</column><column>8</column><column>8</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>11.9</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>7</column><column></column><column>7.6</column><column>8.7</column><column>7.5</column><column>8</column><column>8</column></line><line><column>Poland-B</column><column>PL-2</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>8.5</column><column></column><column>9</column><column></column><column>8.2</column><column></column><column>6.6</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Poland-C</column><column>PL-3</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>10</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Portugal</column><column>PT-1</column><column>3.19</column><column>3.41</column><column>3.88</column><column>5.83</column><column>5.24</column><column>2.68</column><column>2.71</column><column>2.38</column><column>2.34</column><column>2.5</column><column>2.55</column><column>2.9</column><column>3.03</column><column>3.12</column><column>3.59</column><column>2.99</column><column>3.28</column><column>3.45</column><column>2.18</column><column>2.13</column><column>2.31</column><column>2.49</column><column>2.45</column></line><line><column>Romania</column><column>RO-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>5</column><column>15.5</column><column>18.75</column></line><line><column>Slovakia</column><column>SK-1/SK-2</column><column>16</column><column>18</column><column>13.53</column><column>13.53</column><column>13.53</column><column>15.31</column><column>20</column><column>15</column><column>15</column><column>13</column><column>12</column><column>10</column><column></column><column>16</column><column></column><column></column><column>24</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>8.5</column><column>8.29</column><column></column></line><line><column>Slovenia</column><column>SI-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>11</column><column>11</column><column>9</column><column></column><column>14</column><column>10</column><column>10.4</column><column>8.5</column><column></column></line><line><column>Spain</column><column>ES-1</column><column>6.755</column><column>6.715</column><column>6.45</column><column>6.235</column><column>5.57</column><column>5.68</column><column>5.59</column><column>6.04</column><column>6.19</column><column>5.56</column><column>5.54</column><column>5.6</column><column>5.85</column><column>5.58</column><column>5.2</column><column>4.77</column><column>4.78</column><column>4.52</column><column>4.63</column><column>4.255</column><column>4.385</column><column>4.41</column><column>4.085</column></line><line><column>Sweden</column><column>SE-1</column><column>10</column><column>9</column><column>11</column><column>12</column><column>13</column><column>10</column><column>11</column><column>11</column><column>11</column><column>12</column><column>12</column><column>12</column><column>12</column><column>11</column><column>9.7</column><column>8.19</column><column>8.78</column><column>8.75</column><column>9</column><column>9</column><column>9</column><column>9</column><column>9</column></line><line><column>Türkiye</column><column>TR-1/TR-2</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>7.92</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>8.5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>6</column><column>3</column><column>5</column><column>5</column><column>5</column></line><line><column>United Kingdom</column><column>UK-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>3.32</column><column>3.2</column><column>3.59</column><column>4.12</column><column>3.15</column><column>2.86</column><column>2.88</column><column>3.31</column><column>4.13</column></line></table-body><footnote><line><![CDATA[(1) Slovakia: SK-2 -2003-2006]]></line><line><![CDATA[(2) Türkiye: 2019 started TR-2. Cannabis prices are submitted, regardless of herb and resin. The figure represents both the price of cannabis herb and resin.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(3) Norway: 2020 price 5 g  Euro 111.94 & 10 g 233.21. 2019 price 5 g 60.91 & 10 g 88.83 Euros.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(4) Netherlands: samples of imported hash purchased anonymously at coffeeshops, not at the street level, twice per year. ]]></line></footnote></table>
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+<table><caption>Price, purity and potency &gt; Price (euros) &gt; Retail &gt; Cannabis &gt; Herbal (gram)</caption><table-headers><line><column>Country</column><column>Study</column><column>2024</column><column>2023</column><column>2022</column><column>2021</column><column>2020</column><column>2019</column><column>2018</column><column>2017</column><column>2016</column><column>2015</column><column>2014</column><column>2013</column><column>2012</column><column>2011</column><column>2010</column><column>2009</column><column>2008</column><column>2007</column><column>2006</column><column>2005</column><column>2004</column><column>2003</column><column>2002</column></line></table-headers><table-body><line><column>Austria</column><column>AT-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>10</column><column>9</column><column>4</column><column>3</column><column>3</column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Belgium-A</column><column>BE-1</column><column>9</column><column>9.6</column><column>9.2</column><column>9.1</column><column>8.7</column><column>9</column><column>9.37</column><column>8.9</column><column>8.7</column><column>8.8</column><column>8.7</column><column>8.65</column><column>8.65</column><column>7.92</column><column>7.47</column><column>7.15</column><column>6.98</column><column>5.97</column><column>5.38</column><column>5.75</column><column></column><column>5</column><column></column></line><line><column>Belgium-B</column><column>BE-2</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>10.3</column><column>10.3</column><column>10.75</column><column>9.68</column><column>9.92</column><column>9.77</column><column>8.1</column><column>8.28</column><column>8.1</column><column>9.2</column><column>6.3</column><column>6.3</column><column>5.7</column><column>4.57</column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Bulgaria-A</column><column>BG-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column></column><column>2.25</column><column>1.3</column><column>1.3</column><column>1</column><column></column><column>0.8</column><column>0.8</column><column>0.8</column></line><line><column>Bulgaria-B</column><column>BG-2</column><column>8.21</column><column>7.84</column><column>7.7</column><column>7.3</column><column>7.3</column><column>6.7</column><column>6.5</column><column>5.4</column><column>6.2</column><column>6.3</column><column>7.3</column><column>7</column><column>7.8</column><column>7.5</column><column>7</column><column>5</column><column>0.87</column><column>0.8</column><column>0.8</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Croatia</column><column>HR-1</column><column>3</column><column>3.5</column><column>3.5</column><column>3.5</column><column>3</column><column>9</column><column>9</column><column>12.2</column><column>12.2</column><column>12.6</column><column>11.8</column><column>7.1</column><column>8</column><column>9.9</column><column>7.5</column><column>7</column><column>5</column><column>3</column><column>3</column><column>3</column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Cyprus</column><column>CY-1</column><column>22.79</column><column>20.72</column><column>26.37</column><column>30.12</column><column>25.6</column><column>21.1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Czechia</column><column>CZ-1</column><column>7</column><column>6.8</column><column>7</column><column>6</column><column>6.2</column><column>7.3</column><column>7</column><column>6.15188264</column><column>6.51</column><column>6.5</column><column>6.8</column><column>7</column><column>7.4</column><column>7.7</column><column>7.8</column><column>8</column><column>6.6</column><column>6.4</column><column>6.9</column><column>5.7</column><column>5.3</column><column>5.8</column><column>3.35</column></line><line><column>Denmark</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Estonia</column><column>EE-1</column><column></column><column></column><column>20</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>22</column><column>20</column><column></column><column>20</column><column>20</column><column>20</column><column></column><column></column><column>18.3</column><column></column><column></column><column>11.2</column><column>9.5</column><column>3.1</column><column>11</column><column>1.93</column></line><line><column>Finland</column><column>FI-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>8</column><column></column><column>8</column></line><line><column>France-A</column><column>FR-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>9.6</column><column>9.9</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>7</column><column>5</column><column>6.4</column><column>4.6</column><column>5</column><column>4.91</column></line><line><column>Germany</column><column>DE-1</column><column>10</column><column>10</column><column>10</column><column>10</column><column>10</column><column>9.9</column><column>10.2</column><column>10</column><column>10</column><column>10.1</column><column>9.2</column><column>9.4</column><column>9.1</column><column>8.9</column><column>8.7</column><column>7.9</column><column>7.9</column><column>8.1</column><column>8.2</column><column>7.2</column><column>7.2</column><column>7.3</column><column>7.26</column></line><line><column>Greece</column><column>GR-1</column><column>22.5</column><column>22.5</column><column>22.5</column><column>22.5</column><column>22.5</column><column>20</column><column>19</column><column>19</column><column>19</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Hungary</column><column>HU-1</column><column></column><column>10</column><column>9.2</column><column>9.5</column><column>9.3</column><column>8.4</column><column>8.7</column><column>8.2</column><column>7.8</column><column>7.9</column><column>7.3</column><column>7.7</column><column>7.9</column><column>8.2</column><column>8.2</column><column>8</column><column>8.6</column><column>8.7</column><column>8</column><column>8.4</column><column>8.3</column><column>4.8</column><column>7</column></line><line><column>Ireland</column><column>IE-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>20</column><column>20</column><column>20</column><column>20</column><column>20</column><column>20</column><column></column><column>20</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>3</column></line><line><column>Italy</column><column>IT-1</column><column>9.97</column><column>10.19</column><column>9.9</column><column>9.63</column><column>9.94</column><column>9.19</column><column>9.06</column><column>9.85</column><column>8.2</column><column>8.07</column><column>7.97</column><column>8.49</column><column>8.35</column><column>8.29</column><column>8.545</column><column>8.195</column><column>7.3</column><column>6.6</column><column>5.75</column><column>5.65</column><column>6.05</column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Latvia</column><column>LV-2</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>7</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>13.91</column><column>14.62</column><column></column><column>9.9</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Lithuania</column><column>LT-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>11</column><column>9.5</column><column>13</column><column>10</column><column>11.2</column><column>10.43</column><column>11</column><column>10.7</column><column>10.14</column><column>10.14</column><column>11.59</column><column>11.01</column><column>11.55</column><column>9.53</column><column>8.69</column><column>10.1</column><column>9</column><column>17</column></line><line><column>Luxembourg</column><column>LU-1</column><column>13</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>11.11</column><column>10.604</column><column>10.93</column><column>15.1</column><column></column><column>15</column><column>12.4</column><column>13.59</column><column>11.6</column><column>10.5</column><column></column><column>8</column><column>8</column><column>7.5</column><column>7.3</column><column>8.1</column><column></column></line><line><column>Malta</column><column>MT-1</column><column>23</column><column>35</column><column></column><column></column><column>11</column><column>16</column><column>15</column><column>19.75</column><column>21</column><column>18</column><column>22.5</column><column>25</column><column>25</column><column>23.32</column><column>24.5</column><column>70</column><column>4</column><column>2.91</column><column>13</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Netherlands</column><column>NL-1</column><column>4.43</column><column>4.78</column><column>5.13</column><column>3.79</column><column>4.67</column><column>4.19</column><column>4.39</column><column>4.04</column><column>4.84</column><column>4.9</column><column>4.7</column><column>4.5</column><column>5.3</column><column>5.9</column><column>4.2</column><column>4.9</column><column>5.2</column><column>4.3</column><column>4.4</column><column>4.11</column><column>6.22</column><column>5.97</column><column>6.45</column></line><line><column>Norway</column><column>NO-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>32.65</column><column>12.69</column><column></column><column>16.19</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Poland-A</column><column>PL-1</column><column>11.7</column><column>11</column><column>10.7</column><column></column><column>7.5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>9.5</column><column>7.75</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>6</column><column></column><column>7.1</column><column>6.2</column><column>6</column><column>4.5</column><column>8</column></line><line><column>Poland-B</column><column>PL-2</column><column></column><column></column><column>10.6</column><column></column><column> </column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>8.09</column><column></column><column>7.7</column><column></column><column>7.7</column><column></column><column>6.5</column><column></column><column>5.4</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Poland-C</column><column>PL-3</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>9.8</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column></line><line><column>Portugal</column><column>PT-1</column><column>5.29</column><column>5.58</column><column>5.82</column><column>5.72</column><column>5.78</column><column>5.36</column><column>6.14</column><column>6.91</column><column>8.49</column><column>7.41</column><column>6.23</column><column>5.47</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>6.22</column><column>5.09</column><column>4.7</column><column>2.15</column><column>3.67</column><column>2.66</column><column>4</column><column>2.62</column></line><line><column>Romania</column><column>RO-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>3</column><column>9.1</column><column>9.38</column></line><line><column>Slovakia</column><column>SK-1/SK-2</column><column>11</column><column>13</column><column></column><column></column><column>8.63</column><column>8.38</column><column>10</column><column>10</column><column></column><column>9</column><column>10</column><column>10</column><column></column><column>15</column><column>8</column><column>15</column><column>24.5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>7.75</column><column></column></line><line><column>Slovenia</column><column>SI-1</column><column>5</column><column>5</column><column>5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>6</column><column>6</column><column>5</column><column></column><column>6</column><column>5.2</column><column>5.2</column><column>3.45</column><column></column></line><line><column>Spain</column><column>ES-1</column><column>6.31</column><column>6.225</column><column>5.915</column><column>5.72</column><column>5.09</column><column>5.06</column><column>5.22</column><column>5.16</column><column>4.96</column><column>4.58</column><column>4.68</column><column>4.65</column><column>5.02</column><column>4.52</column><column>4.1</column><column>3.58</column><column>3.09</column><column>3.06</column><column>2.99</column><column>2.785</column><column>2.885</column><column>2.79</column><column>2.855</column></line><line><column>Sweden</column><column>SE-1</column><column>11</column><column>11</column><column>12</column><column>13</column><column>13</column><column>11</column><column>12</column><column>12</column><column>12</column><column>13</column><column>14</column><column>13</column><column>13</column><column>12</column><column>10.9</column><column>9.15</column><column>9.49</column><column>9.07</column><column>8</column><column>8</column><column>8</column><column>8</column><column>7</column></line><line><column>Türkiye</column><column>TR-1/TR-2</column><column>8.5</column><column>6.6</column><column>6.2</column><column>7.98</column><column>7.92</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>5</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>3</column><column>2</column><column>3</column><column>5</column><column>4</column></line><line><column>United Kingdom</column><column>UK-1</column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column></column><column>3.32</column><column>3.2</column><column>3.59</column><column>3.95</column><column>3.98</column><column>3.89</column><column>3.66</column><column>3.62</column><column>4.39</column></line></table-body><footnote><line><![CDATA[(1) Slovakia: SK-2 -2003-2006]]></line><line><![CDATA[(2) Netherlands: samples of imported herbal cannabis purchased anonymously at coffeeshops, not at the street level, twice per year. Additionally price for Dutch-grown cannabis.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(3) Austria: 2019 EU-grown marijuana 12.5.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(4) Belgium. Additionally, in 2024, reported the price for samples of Moonrock, average price 16.3 EUR: This product consists of the cannabis plant’s flower (marijuana bud) soaked in hash oil (or another cannabis concentrate) and then rolled in kief (powdered resin). This three-layer preparation is notable for its very high THC content, often exceeding 50%.  ]]></line><line><![CDATA[(5) Türkiye: 2019 started TR-2. Cannabis prices are submitted, regardless of herb and resin. The figure represents both the price of cannabis herb and resin.]]></line><line><![CDATA[(6) Bulgaria: Since 2016 the category for herbal is "Herbal unspecified".]]></line><line><![CDATA[(7) Norway: 2020 price 5 g Euro 93.28 & 10g Euro 209.89. 2019 price 5 g Euro 76.14.]]></line></footnote></table>
\ No newline at end of file
datasets/unodc-wdr2026-7.1-drug-seizures.xlsx +0 −0
Binary files /dev/null and b/datasets/unodc-wdr2026-7.1-drug-seizures.xlsx differ
docs/DATA-MAINTENANCE.md +59 −2
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@ The legal index holds three connected things per country:
 3. **How the score moved** — each event that changed the law also records the scores *before*
    it. Strung together, these form one continuous score timeline per country, from the
-   unregulated state (98) down through the bans and back up through the reforms, ending exactly
+   unregulated state (100) down through the bans and back up through the reforms, ending exactly
    at today's score. The country chart, the "29 → 44" on every event and the world-average chart
    since 1900 are all drawn from it.
@@ -336,4 +336,18 @@ group) and are never part of the score.
   (downloaded as published, or transcribed, and on what date). These files keep their
   publishers' terms, not the site's CC BY licence.
+- Every dataset is kept as a series, one row per country and year, so that each profile's
+  Datasets tab can chart it; the map, the headline figures and the side column use the
+  latest year. Keep every year an extract has: do not filter to the latest when adding one.
+- A dataset view on the map with more than one year gets a year slider and a play button.
+  The yearly figures are published per dataset at `/map-series/<id>.json` and loaded only for
+  the open view. A chosen year shows each country's figure for that year, or its latest from
+  the `map.window` years before (5 by default); `?year=` in a map page's address opens it there.
+- The Freedom views (index and segments) use the same control with the scores at the end of
+  each year since 1900, rebuilt from the history like the yearly panel and published at
+  `/map-series/freedom.json`. Their bars count the countries whose score changed each year by a
+  recorded change. States and provinces have no history, so they are shown only for today.
+- A dataset published as a new file each time (a yearly survey, a new index edition) lists
+  its files in `file` as `{ file, edition }`. To add an edition, put the new CSV beside the
+  old ones and add a line; the site joins them into one series. The old files stay.
 - A dataset whose file is missing is left out with a warning. Country names that match no
   country file are listed in the build output: add an alias in `datasets.yaml`.
@@ -352,8 +366,38 @@ group) and are never part of the score.
   (`unodc-wdr2026-1.4-prevalence-youth.xlsx`, table 1.4). Only that age group is kept, so that
   countries compare; countries reporting other bands (Germany, France, Spain) are left out.
+- `unodc-cannabis-seizures.csv`: kilograms of cannabis herb and resin seized, every year from
+  2015, from `python3 scripts/extract-unodc.py seizures` and the UNODC spreadsheet beside it
+  (`unodc-wdr2026-7.1-drug-seizures.xlsx`, table 7.1). Figures are as reported; some very large
+  ones (Namibia, Tanzania) appear to include plants destroyed in the field.
+- `faostat-hemp.csv`: hemp grown for fibre and for seed, every year since 1961, from FAOSTAT's
+  crops file. Download the bulk zip named in `datasets.yaml` (about 34 MB, not kept here) and
+  run `python3 scripts/extract-faostat-hemp.py <zip>`. Former states (USSR, Czechoslovakia,
+  Yugoslavia) stay in the file without a country. The map shows only figures since 2015
+  (`map.since`); the profile lists the series.
+- `vdem-civil-liberties.csv`: V-Dem's civil liberties index (0 to 1) every year from 1900,
+  from Our World in Data's chart file kept beside it (`owid-civil-liberties-vdem.csv`) by
+  `python3 scripts/extract-owid.py civil_liberties`. For a new V-Dem release, download the
+  chart CSV again from the `data_url` in `datasets.yaml` and rerun.
+- `gbif-cannabis-records.csv`, `openalex-cannabis-papers.csv`: open, non-governmental data fetched
+  from public APIs by `python3 scripts/fetch-open-data.py` (`gbif`, `openalex`), rewritten whole.
+- `osm-cannabis-shops-<date>.csv`: places tagged `shop=cannabis` in OpenStreetMap, counted by
+  country with `node scripts/osm-shops.mjs`: one worldwide Overpass query, then each place is put
+  in a country with the map's own shapes (seconds, not hours). Each run writes a new dated file:
+  add it to the `file` list of `osm_shops` as a new edition and keep the old ones, so that the
+  shop counts become a trend.
 - `population.csv`: population by year for every country (`country,year,population`), a figure
   every ten years from 1900 to 2020 and the latest one. It weights the population-weighted
   average and is read by `scripts/article-backlog.cjs` and `scripts/data-status.cjs`; every
   country needs at least one row.
+- `euda-cannabis-use-offences.csv`: offences for using or possessing cannabis in European
+  countries, 2007–2024, from the EUDA Statistical Bulletin table DLO-03-2-0. The EUDA's site
+  refuses scripts: open the table in a browser, read the XML its data service returns (the
+  `fetchxml` address in `scripts/extract-euda.py`), save it unchanged over the XML in
+  /datasets, check its SHA-256 against the browser's copy and run
+  `python3 scripts/extract-euda.py cannabis_offences`.
+- `euda-cannabis-prices.csv`, `euda-cannabis-potency.csv`: mean retail price (euros per gram)
+  and mean THC content of cannabis herb and resin in Europe, 2002–2024, from four EUDA tables
+  saved the same way (`python3 scripts/extract-euda.py prices` and `potency`). The XML can be
+  passed from the browser gzipped and base64-encoded, then decoded and checked by SHA-256.
 - `unodc-drug-possession-police.csv`: people brought into contact with the police for drug use
   or possession (all drugs), extracted by `python3 scripts/extract-unodc.py offences` from the
@@ -498,5 +542,5 @@ node scripts/data-status.cjs chain de     # one country's full timeline
   it), or you need a new scored event that explains the change, dated when it happened.
 - **It starts from freedom.** The first restriction normally has `before` = unregulated
-  (`"FREE"`: 10,10,10,10,10,8 = 98). A lower starting point is fine only when an earlier
+  (`"FREE"`: 10 in every segment = 100). A lower starting point is fine only when an earlier
   licensed or taxed regime is documented (India, Morocco, Nepal, Tunisia, South Africa, …).
 - **Direction matches the event.** A ban, tightening or death-penalty law must not raise the
@@ -891,4 +935,17 @@ which it limits to a few requests a minute, so run it in small batches. Run `che
 sources, and `save` for the ones that come back without a copy.
 
+Some sites refuse scripts and archivers, or have lost the page. `probe` opens each source without a
+copy as a browser would and marks those in `source-archive.json` with
+`"dead": { "reason": "blocked" | "gone" | "unreachable", "status": 403, "seen": "YYYY-MM-DD" }`;
+a failed `save` whose Archive error names such a reason marks it too. Marked addresses are
+skipped by `check`, `save` and `probe` for 90 days, then tried again (`--include-dead` tries them
+at once), and a copy clears the mark. The source stays in the data and on the site: `blocked`
+pages usually still open in a browser. `gone` and `unreachable` ones are worth replacing with a
+working address or an archived copy found by hand.
+
+```
+node scripts/archive-sources.cjs probe 200   # mark the sources whose site refuses or has lost them
+```
+
 ## The survey (State of Cannabis)
docs/research/history-afghanistan-early-2026-10-21.md +108 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# Afghanistan: enforcement before 1973 and a first-Taliban-period gap
+
+21 October 2026. Follow-up to the republic-era legal pass. Rechecked the
+writing guide, category precedence and tags. Baseline retained in
+`tmp/history-afghanistan-early-2026-10-21/changes-before.yaml`.
+
+## 1970: a hotel raid predates the supposed first ban
+
+Read James Bradford's chapter in *Cannabis: Global Histories*, printed
+pp. 194–196 and notes 41–51, from the retained chapter text
+`tmp/global-histories/chapter_8.xhtml.txt`. It records a **16 May 1970**
+raid on Kabul's Shak-Foladi Hotel: thirteen foreign nationals arrested,
+100 grams of opium and 200 grams of hashish seized. These are the raid's
+aggregate amounts, not an asserted amount per person. Bradford identifies
+foreign involvement as what concerned American officials and records
+a US narcotics agent being stationed in Kabul later in 1970.
+
+Added an enforcement event and a 350–500-word article, tagged visitors
+and enforcement. It gives no unverified sentence or court outcome. The
+article places the incident alongside actual 1971 diplomatic discussion
+and the later arrest campaign. The primary raid report cited through
+Bradford's book has not been separately recovered; the source is plainly
+identified as the historian's account.
+
+## 1971: use the meeting date, and attribute the prohibition claim
+
+Read the complete State Department FRUS document 350, including its
+heading, participants and paragraphs 2–8:
+https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d350.
+Secretary William Rogers and foreign minister Musa Shafiq met in New York
+on **13 October 1971**. The telegram was sent on 14 October. The new event
+uses the meeting date.
+
+Paragraphs 5–6 record discussion of young foreign visitors, weak enforcement,
+and possible displacement of production after action in Turkey. Shafiq
+said hashish and opium cultivation were prohibited under Islamic law but
+not always controlled, especially in remote areas. Ambassador Malikyar
+raised the need to replace poor poppy farmers' cash income. Earlier parts
+of the same record describe drought, debt rescheduling and Afghanistan's
+concern about Soviet financial influence. No aid-for-ban bargain is inferred.
+
+Added a debate event, trafficking tag, and article. This records a political
+commitment and discussion of existing restrictions, not a new operative
+law. The article also uses FRUS document 372, read in full, for Shafiq's
+late-1972 parliamentary programme. Any identification of the ambassador
+beyond the source's 'Malikyar' was excluded.
+
+## Correct the 1972 category and clean up the linked article
+
+The existing event records new anti-smuggling units and arrests, not a
+changed legal rule, so enforcement replaces tightening. Tags trafficking
+and enforcement. Rewrote its article within the writing guide, preserving
+the sourced arrest series (72 in 1971, 221 in 1972, 584 in 1973) as
+drug-smuggler arrests rather than cannabis-only convictions. Shafiq's
+December commitment is clearly dated; no claim that he caused every
+earlier arrest or that higher arrests prove reduced trafficking.
+
+## Recast 1973 as renewed prohibition, with the original order still missing
+
+Read Bjelica and Foschini's 7 January 2019 Afghanistan Analysts Network
+history, especially the subsection on cultivation from the 1970s onward.
+It supports the retrospective claim of royal prohibition in 1973, but does
+not supply the original order. Bradford and the contemporaneous 1971
+record establish that cannabis restrictions and enforcement predated it.
+
+Replaced the bare Wikipedia-based first-ban presentation with renewed
+prohibition under American pressure, category tightening, retaining the
+existing eradication tag and stable ID. Removed the unsupported implication
+that this was the first law or that a specific US grant has been verified.
+The $47-million story is repeated in later sources, but the underlying
+grant or appropriation was not recovered and is not published as fact here.
+Set `checked: false` until the original 1973 legal action is verified.
+No article was built on the unresolved order.
+
+## 1997: a reported Taliban radio ban fills part of the later gap
+
+Located UN report **A/52/493**, dated 16 October 1997. Read the complete
+indexed paragraph 130 on printed p. 33. It reports Radio Shariah announcing
+in Kabul on **20 August** that production, sale and taking of heroin and
+hashish were banned. It also records the Taliban representative in Islamabad
+explaining the health/Islamic rationale and discussing alternative crops,
+tools, seeds and fertilisers for poppy farmers.
+
+Added a tightening entry, religion tag, explicitly unchecked and unscored.
+The reported broadcast does not establish a nationwide legal change across
+all competing authorities during civil war. Direct UN downloads produced
+an empty file; Refworld's catalogue and viewer identified the same PDF,
+but the PDF download returned 403. These failures were not treated as
+having read the scan. The original radio broadcast/order and precise
+scope of enforcement remain unrecovered, so no article yet.
+
+## Score limits and remaining work
+
+Every baseline `before` vector and current country score is preserved.
+This does not validate the old 1973 scoring or supply a continuous account
+of the war years. The 1973 original, 1976 penal provisions, first Taliban
+orders and their actual application, and the 2003/2004 drug-law sequence
+remain needed for reconstruction. The new 1997 entry is a dated lead with
+an honest verification limit rather than an invented national score step.
+
+## Validation
+
+Full build succeeded: 3,414 pages in 28.58 seconds. The source and generated
+checks passed for 2,677 events and 607 articles, including categories, tags,
+country timeline, citations, headings and internal links. Article lengths
+are 383, 385 and 369 words. All baseline score vectors were preserved.
+Scoped whitespace checks passed. Temporary build output was removed after
+verification; research records, the verifier and build log remain.
docs/research/history-afghanistan-gap-2026-10-21.md +130 −0
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+# Afghanistan: fill the republic-era legal gap
+
+21 October 2026. Rechecked writing rules, categories and tags. Baseline:
+`tmp/history-afghanistan-gap-2026-10-21/changes-before.yaml`. The timeline
+had no domestic legal entries between the 1973 crackdown and the 2023
+Taliban order. This pass recovers two intervening national laws.
+
+## 2005 government text separates consumption, trafficking and growing
+
+Downloaded UNODC's actual English reproduction, E/NL.2009/20, of the
+government-communicated **Counter Narcotics Law, 17 December 2005**.
+Retained `law-2005.pdf` and text. Read articles 1–3, 15–16, 25–27,
+58 and the schedules. Visually inspected printed/PDF 19–20, including
+the personal-consumption threshold and medical exemption.
+
+Article 27(1)(c): unauthorised personal use/possession of the residual
+controlled-drug group, including cannabis, brings one to three months
+AND 5,000–10,000 afghanis. Article 27(1)(d) sends possession of **more
+than ten grams of hashish** to article 16. Article 16(3)'s residual
+trafficking scale includes up to three months AND a fine below 250 grams,
+one to three years AND a fine at one to five kilograms, and ten to
+fifteen years AND a fine above ten kilograms.
+
+Article 26(3): less than one jerib of cannabis growing brings three to
+nine months AND 5,000–20,000 afghanis. Larger areas add punishment.
+Illicit crops must be destroyed without compensation; financing or
+inciting cultivation doubles the farmer's penalty. Article 27(2) lets a
+court exempt a medically certified dependent person from imprisonment
+and fine, and require treatment. Do not call ten grams a legal allowance.
+
+Article 58 commences on presidential signature. The communicated text
+is dated **17 December 2005**, used for the new event. Official Gazette
+875 is also described elsewhere as dated 15.11.1384 (February 2006).
+That publication reference must not be confused with the express
+signature-based commencement. The 2010 law independently identifies
+Gazette 875 as its repealed predecessor.
+
+Added an `other` event and article: the source establishes the replacement
+law's substance but not a net direction relative to all earlier rules.
+Tags sentencing, thresholds, treatment and eradication.
+
+## 2010 gives hashish a lower ordinary trafficking scale
+
+Recovered both the WTO-hosted Dari gazette and UNODC's actual English
+translation, `law-2010-dari.pdf`, `law-2010-english.pdf` and text. The
+English footer identifies Official Gazette **1025, 14 June 2010** and
+its translation from the approved Dari text. Read articles 41, 46–47,
+57–58 and 67; visually inspected PDF 18 and 22. Article 67 commences
+on publication and repeals the Gazette 875 law.
+
+Article 46 expressly separates hashish from other drugs. Less than ten
+grams: up to a month; over ten to 100 grams: over one to two months;
+over 100 to 500 grams: over two to three months; over 500 grams to one
+kilogram: over three to six months; over one to five kilograms: over
+six months to a year. Above five kilograms adds three months per extra
+500 grams, up to ten years for this ordinary offence. Article 58 doubles
+maximum punishment for directing more than two people, subject to a
+twenty-year ceiling. Do not describe ten years as the ceiling on every
+aggravated hashish case.
+
+Compared directly with article 16(3) of the earlier law, a two-kilogram
+ordinary case falls from one to three years plus a fine to over six
+months to one year. Added an easing event and article, tags sentencing,
+thresholds and treatment. Numerical scoring remains explicitly pending:
+the existing 1973-to-Taliban score sequence does not document the republic
+period adequately. No invented six-segment vector was assigned.
+
+Article 57(1) exempts a user/holder of up to fifty grams of hashish for
+personal consumption from prosecution if a medical examiner certifies
+dependence, and directs the person to a treatment centre. Above the
+quantity, certified dependence can lead to treatment detention while
+punishment remains available. Reports every fifteen days inform court
+decisions; detention time counts against later custody. Do not present
+this as an exemption for every consumer or wholly voluntary care.
+
+The English cultivation clauses mix 'acre', 'jerib' and a contradictory
+beswa conversion. No comparison of exact plot sizes was published from
+that translation; reconcile the original before asserting hectares or
+acres. The article focuses on the clear gram/kilogram provisions.
+
+## Correct the survey's product and publication date
+
+Downloaded the actual UNODC/Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics
+*Afghanistan Cannabis Survey 2009*, retained as `survey-2009.pdf` and
+text. Read the preface, key findings, production and cultivation-reasons
+sections; visually inspected PDF 11, printed p. 7, the key findings.
+
+It estimates **10,000–24,000 hectares** and **1,500–3,500 tonnes of resin**
+for 2009 and calls Afghanistan the largest cannabis-resin producer. This
+is not a ranking of all cannabis herb. High prices and low input costs
+are reported reasons for cultivation. Replaced the old Wikipedia summary
+and removed its unsupported $47-million/1973 historical story. Set the
+entry to **April 2010**, the report's printed publication month; the
+previous exact 31 March announcement date was not independently recovered.
+Tag science replaces military. No article added from this report yet.
+
+## Further gaps and limits
+
+The 2003 classification/drug law is catalogued by SHERLOC, but the
+original was not recovered in this pass. The 2005 repeal refers to an
+earlier Gazette 813 law. Do not merge calendar references or assign a
+precise 2003/2004 date without the actual text.
+
+The 1973 entry still relies on a weak claim that the king first outlawed
+production and on unsupported funding detail repeated in secondary
+accounts. Earlier restrictions already exist in the timeline; that
+entry and the 1972 crackdown's category need a dedicated primary-source
+pass. FRUS documents 350/372 establish older prohibitions and growing
+enforcement commitments, but alone do not establish an exact 1973 law.
+The 2017 Penal Code, post-2021 legal practice and Taliban decrees also
+need a coherent chronology before historical score reconstruction.
+Current country scores and every baseline `before` vector are preserved,
+without claiming those older vectors have been validated.
+
+## Validation
+
+Source checks passed: two added events, exactly one existing event revised,
+all earlier IDs and `before` vectors preserved. The articles have 417 and
+439 words and four sections each. Metadata, categories, tags and links
+passed checks.
+
+Full Astro build succeeded, terminal exit 0: **3,409 pages in 27.21
+seconds**. Verified generated JSON dates, titles, descriptions, categories
+and tags; Afghanistan timeline; tag routes; article headings, citations
+and internal links. Scoped whitespace checks passed. Collection now has
+**2,674 events and 605 articles**.
+
+Removed this batch's temporary `site/` output after verification. The final
+scan found no remaining named temporary build directories or generated
+history index pages under `tmp`. Source files, verifier and logs remain.
docs/research/history-angola-gap-2026-10-21.md +120 −0
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+# Angola: colonial penalties, the 1999 laws and later sentencing
+
+Research and edits: 21 October 2026. Re-read the writing guide and current
+category/tag definitions. Baseline is retained in
+`tmp/history-angola-gap-2026-10-21/changes-before.yaml`. Preserve unrelated
+staged work and earlier history batches.
+
+## Primary texts read
+
+Downloaded the original official-gazette scans of Laws 3/99 and 4/99 from
+LEX.AO. These PDFs reproduce the 6 August 1999 gazette; they are not a new
+2023 enactment despite search-engine dates. Law 3/99 PDF contains printed
+pp. 709–722; Law 4/99 PDF begins with a cover then printed pp. 722–730.
+Plain text extraction of the first scan was unusable. Ran Portuguese OCR
+and visually read the relevant pages: Law 3/99 PDF pp. 1–3, 5–6, 9 and 11;
+Law 4/99 PDF pp. 2–7 and 10. Sources and rendered pages remain in the batch
+research directory.
+
+The 1970 extension order's original Portuguese official gazette was read
+in the preceding Mozambique batch and is retained there. Printed pp.
+1559–1560 extend 420/70 to the overseas provinces except Macau, adapting
+prescription and confiscation rules. The complete official HTML of 420/70
+was also read. The Angola 1999 law directly confirms its earlier relevance
+by expressly repealing it in Article 45(d).
+
+Downloaded and read all three pages of Supreme Court appeal **5668/21**,
+including visual inspection of the reasoning and final page. Date is
+**12 October 2023**, not the 2021 case number or May 2025 upload path.
+The opinion anonymises the defendant: no name was inferred.
+
+## Date and substance corrections
+
+Law 3/99 was published **6 August 1999**, but Article 46 gives effect
+**ninety days after publication**, calculated as **4 November 1999**.
+Law 4/99 Article 50 has the same delay. Both record parliamentary approval
+on 11 May 1999; neither that approval nor the publication date is used as
+the effective-date event. Python date arithmetic checked the ninety days.
+
+The criminal law combines lighter personal-use terms with heavier ordinary
+trafficking terms relative to 420/70. Changed the existing 1999 entry from
+**tightening** to **other** (mixed reform), added sentencing, trafficking,
+thresholds, home-growing and treatment tags, and replaced its general title
+and thin description. The ordinary personal-use offence in Article 23
+covers consumption, possession, acquisition **and cultivation**: up to
+three months, or one year above three days' average individual supply.
+It specifies prison, without the fine alternative seen in other countries.
+Article 44 delegates daily-dose quantities; the statute itself gives no
+cannabis gram cutoff here.
+
+Ordinary trafficking under Article 4 is **8–12 years**; less serious cases
+under Article 8 can receive **2–8 years**. Article 9's dealing solely to
+obtain one's own drugs has a separate shorter term, unavailable above
+five days' supply. Do not conflate that rule with simple personal possession.
+The authorised operator who diverts drugs faces a different **12–16-year**
+range; 8–12 is not a universal maximum. Article 26 allows suspension with
+voluntary treatment/admission and proof of compliance. Articles 24–25
+promise anonymity and care for people presenting voluntarily; they do not
+show how many treatment places actually existed.
+
+## Added events
+
+- **1970 extension:** category other; colonial, sentencing, trafficking,
+  visitors tags. Date is the Portuguese extension-order date. Mozambique's
+  or Angola's local bulletin commencement was not recovered; do not claim
+  local enforcement began precisely on 26 October. The earlier Angolan
+  1940 text's full penalty schedule remains unrecovered, so no directional
+  tightening/easing claim is made against it. Under 420/70 Article 2,
+  personal possession/non-profit supply had up to two years **and a fine**;
+  other unauthorised dealings had two to eight years **and a fine**. Article
+  4 separately qualified consumption offences. Article 12 required expulsion
+  of foreign offenders after sentence without a time limit. Authorised
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