Datasets Society · not part of the score
Former colonial rulers
CEPII · compiled 2011
Who once ruled a country can still be read in its laws: the British Empire wrote the name Indian hemp into the laws of its colonies, and many keep it today. This list lets the scores be compared by former ruler. CEPII records which countries ruled each country as a colony for a long time.[1] Of the 204 places here, 55 were once ruled by the United Kingdom, 26 by France and 18 by Spain; 31 have no long colonial ruler recorded.
The empire chart compares the scores of former colonies by their old ruler. Short or light rule is listed apart, and the data was compiled for trade studies, not for law.[1] Each profile’s history shows how its first laws arrived, and the atlas tells the story of Russell Pasha, the British commandant of the Cairo police who told the League of Nations that hashish was a minor vice.
- Data
- geo_cepii.xls
- File here
- cepii-colonial-links.csv
- See also
- The chart · The files and their checksums
- of 220 places covered
- 204
- years in the file
- compiled 2011
- different answers
- 36
Former colonial rulers, on the map
The places the dataset covers. Select a country for its profile.
🇦🇫Afghanistan1
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🇦🇱Albania14
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🇩🇿Algeria6
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🇦🇩Andorra11
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🇦🇴Angola11
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🇦🇬Antigua and Barbuda37
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🇦🇷Argentina26
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🇦🇲Armenia18
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🇦🇼Aruba24
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🇦🇺Australia22
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🇦🇹Austria22
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🇦🇿Azerbaijan14
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🇧🇸Bahamas11
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🇧🇭Bahrain0
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🇧🇩Bangladesh3
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🇧🇧Barbados22
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🇧🇾Belarus5
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🇧🇪Belgium25
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🇧🇿Belize25
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🇧🇯Benin9
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🇧🇲Bermuda19
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🇧🇹Bhutan8
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🇧🇴Bolivia9
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🇧🇦Bosnia and Herzegovina11
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🇧🇼Botswana12
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🇧🇷Brazil23
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🇻🇬British Virgin Islands11
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🇧🇳Brunei0
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🇧🇬Bulgaria8
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🇧🇫Burkina Faso6
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🇧🇮Burundi9
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🇨🇻Cabo Verde9
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🇰🇭Cambodia10
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🇨🇲Cameroon9
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🇨🇦Canada53
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🇰🇾Cayman Islands11
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🇨🇫Central African Republic9
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🇹🇩Chad9
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🇨🇱Chile26
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🇨🇳China10
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🇨🇴Colombia39
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🇰🇲Comoros0
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🇨🇬Congo9
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🇨🇷Costa Rica25
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🇨🇮Côte d'Ivoire11
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🇭🇷Croatia20
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🇨🇺Cuba3
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🇨🇾Cyprus6
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🇨🇿Czechia44
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🇩🇰Denmark20
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🇩🇯Djibouti9
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🇩🇲Dominica39
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🇩🇴Dominican Republic6
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🇨🇩DR Congo9
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🇪🇨Ecuador18
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🇪🇬Egypt3
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🇸🇻El Salvador3
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🇬🇶Equatorial Guinea11
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🇪🇷Eritrea10
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🇪🇪Estonia20
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🇸🇿Eswatini11
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🇪🇹Ethiopia9
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🇫🇴Faroe Islands12
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🇫🇯Fiji13
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🇫🇮Finland14
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🇫🇷France14
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🇵🇫French Polynesia11
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🇬🇦Gabon9
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🇬🇲Gambia9
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🇬🇪Georgia16
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🇩🇪Germany44
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🇬🇭Ghana16
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🇬🇮Gibraltar12
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🇬🇷Greece14
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🇬🇱Greenland12
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🇬🇩Grenada39
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🇬🇹Guatemala9
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🇬🇳Guinea9
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🇬🇼Guinea-Bissau9
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🇬🇾Guyana17
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🇭🇹Haiti9
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🇭🇳Honduras11
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🇭🇰Hong Kong7
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🇭🇺Hungary10
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🇮🇸Iceland17
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🇮🇳India13
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🇮🇩Indonesia0
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🇮🇷Iran6
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🇮🇶Iraq2
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🇮🇪Ireland14
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🇮🇱Israel25
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🇮🇹Italy26
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🇯🇲Jamaica35
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🇯🇵Japan2
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🇯🇴Jordan6
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🇰🇿Kazakhstan14
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🇰🇪Kenya6
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🇰🇮Kiribati9
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🇰🇼Kuwait0
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🇰🇬Kyrgyzstan21
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🇱🇦Laos12
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🇱🇻Latvia14
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🇱🇧Lebanon11
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🇱🇸Lesotho11
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🇱🇷Liberia9
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🇱🇾Libya2
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🇱🇹Lithuania15
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🇱🇺Luxembourg37
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🇲🇴Macau9
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🇲🇬Madagascar9
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🇲🇼Malawi11
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🇲🇾Malaysia2
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🇲🇻Maldives0
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🇲🇱Mali9
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🇲🇹Malta41
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🇲🇭Marshall Islands11
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🇲🇷Mauritania3
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🇲🇺Mauritius9
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🇲🇽Mexico26
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🇫🇲Micronesia18
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🇲🇩Moldova21
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🇲🇳Mongolia8
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🇲🇦Morocco13
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🇲🇿Mozambique11
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🇲🇲Myanmar4
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🇳🇦Namibia9
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🇳🇷Nauru0
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🇳🇵Nepal12
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🇳🇱Netherlands37
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🇳🇿New Zealand20
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🇳🇮Nicaragua16
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🇳🇪Niger9
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🇳🇬Nigeria3
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🇰🇵North Korea3
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🇲🇰North Macedonia17
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🇲🇵Northern Mariana Islands55
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🇳🇴Norway17
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🇴🇲Oman2
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🇵🇰Pakistan10
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🇵🇼Palau17
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🇵🇸Palestine8
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🇵🇦Panama11
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🇵🇬Papua New Guinea7
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🇵🇾Paraguay18
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🇵🇪Peru21
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🇵🇭Philippines1
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🇵🇱Poland14
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🇵🇹Portugal25
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🇵🇷Puerto Rico14
Click for the profile
🇶🇦Qatar2
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🇷🇪Réunion14
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🇷🇴Romania11
Click for the profile
🇷🇺Russia11
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🇷🇼Rwanda6
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🇰🇳Saint Kitts and Nevis33
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🇱🇨Saint Lucia39
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🇻🇨Saint Vincent and the Grenadines24
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🇼🇸Samoa9
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🇸🇲San Marino12
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🇸🇹São Tomé and Príncipe9
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🇸🇦Saudi Arabia0
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🇸🇳Senegal9
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🇷🇸Serbia9
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🇸🇨Seychelles12
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🇸🇱Sierra Leone2
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🇸🇬Singapore0
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🇸🇰Slovakia11
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🇸🇮Slovenia23
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🇸🇧Solomon Islands11
Click for the profile
🇸🇴Somalia3
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🇿🇦South Africa49
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🇰🇷South Korea3
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🇪🇸Spain31
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🇱🇰Sri Lanka9
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🇸🇩Sudan5
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🇸🇷Suriname9
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🇸🇪Sweden11
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🇨🇭Switzerland30
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🇸🇾Syria3
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🇹🇼Taiwan2
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🇹🇯Tajikistan3
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🇹🇿Tanzania8
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🇹🇭Thailand27
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🇹🇱Timor-Leste9
Click for the profile
🇹🇬Togo9
Click for the profile
🇹🇴Tonga11
Click for the profile
🇹🇹Trinidad and Tobago39
Click for the profile
🇹🇳Tunisia3
Click for the profile
🇹🇷Türkiye11
Click for the profile
🇹🇲Turkmenistan2
Click for the profile
🇹🇻Tuvalu6
Click for the profile
🇺🇬Uganda6
Click for the profile
🇺🇦Ukraine20
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🇦🇪United Arab Emirates2
Click for the profile
🇬🇧United Kingdom15
Click for the profile
🇺🇸United States34
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🇺🇾Uruguay52
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🇺🇿Uzbekistan11
Click for the profile
🇻🇺Vanuatu11
Click for the profile
🇻🇪Venezuela10
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🇻🇳Vietnam3
Click for the profile
🇾🇪Yemen2
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🇿🇲Zambia3
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🇿🇼Zimbabwe9
Click for the profile
How the 204 places divide
| Former colonial rulers | Places | |
|---|---|---|
| Once ruled by United Kingdom | 55 | |
| None recorded | 31 | |
| Once ruled by France | 26 | |
| Once ruled by Spain | 18 | |
| Once ruled by Russian Federation | 12 | |
| Once ruled by Portugal | 7 | |
| Once ruled by Turkey | 6 | |
| Once ruled by Netherlands | 4 | |
| Once ruled by United Kingdom; Turkey | 4 | |
| Once ruled by United Kingdom; France | 3 | |
| Once ruled by Austria | 3 | |
| Once ruled by Denmark | 3 | |
| Once ruled by Japan | 3 | |
| Once ruled by Belgium and Luxembourg; Germany | 2 | |
| Once ruled by Russian Federation; Sweden | 2 | |
| Once ruled by Spain; Germany; United States of America; Japan | 2 | |
| Once ruled by United Kingdom; Germany; Australia | 2 | |
| Once ruled by Spain; United States of America | 2 | |
| Once ruled by France; Turkey | 2 | |
| Once ruled by Turkey; Russian Federation | 1 | |
| Once ruled by Turkey; Austria | 1 | |
| Once ruled by United Kingdom; Turkey; Greece | 1 | |
| Once ruled by France; Haiti | 1 | |
| Once ruled by Belgium and Luxembourg | 1 | |
| Once ruled by Turkey; Italy | 1 | |
| Once ruled by China | 1 | |
| Once ruled by Germany; South Africa | 1 | |
| Once ruled by United Kingdom; Germany; United States of America; Japan | 1 | |
| Once ruled by Germany | 1 | |
| Once ruled by Germany; New Zealand | 1 | |
| Once ruled by Hungary | 1 | |
| Once ruled by United Kingdom; Italy | 1 | |
| Once ruled by United Kingdom; Netherlands | 1 | |
| Once ruled by United Kingdom; Egypt | 1 | |
| Once ruled by Portugal; Indonesia | 1 | |
| Once ruled by United Kingdom; France; Spain | 1 |
Country by country
Each place's latest figure, as on its profile. Select a heading to sort.
| Further figures | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| AfghanistanAsia | None recorded | — | |
| AlbaniaEurope | Once ruled by Turkey | — | |
| AlgeriaAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| AndorraEurope | None recorded | — | |
| AngolaAfrica | Once ruled by Portugal | — | |
| Antigua and BarbudaNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| ArgentinaSouth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| ArmeniaAsia | Once ruled by Turkey; Russian Federation | — | |
| ArubaNorth America | Once ruled by Netherlands | — | |
| AustraliaOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| AustriaEurope | None recorded | — | |
| AzerbaijanAsia | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| BahamasNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| BahrainAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| BangladeshAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| BarbadosNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| BelarusEurope | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| BelgiumEurope | None recorded | — | |
| BelizeNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| BeninAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| BermudaNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| BhutanAsia | None recorded | — | |
| BoliviaSouth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| Bosnia and HerzegovinaEurope | Once ruled by Turkey; Austria | — | |
| BotswanaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| BrazilSouth America | Once ruled by Portugal | — | |
| British Virgin IslandsNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| BruneiAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| BulgariaEurope | Once ruled by Turkey | — | |
| Burkina FasoAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| BurundiAfrica | Once ruled by Belgium and Luxembourg; Germany | — | |
| Cabo VerdeAfrica | Once ruled by Portugal | — | |
| CambodiaAsia | Once ruled by France | — | |
| CameroonAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| CanadaNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom; France | — | |
| Cayman IslandsNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| Central African RepublicAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| ChadAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| ChileSouth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| ChinaAsia | None recorded | — | |
| ColombiaSouth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| ComorosAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| CongoAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| Costa RicaNorth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| Côte d'IvoireAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| CroatiaEurope | Once ruled by Austria | — | |
| CubaNorth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| CyprusEurope | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Turkey; Greece | — | |
| CzechiaEurope | Once ruled by Austria | — | |
| DenmarkEurope | None recorded | — | |
| DjiboutiAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| DominicaNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| Dominican RepublicNorth America | Once ruled by France; Haiti | — | |
| DR CongoAfrica | Once ruled by Belgium and Luxembourg | — | |
| EcuadorSouth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| EgyptAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Turkey | — | |
| El SalvadorNorth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| Equatorial GuineaAfrica | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| EritreaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| EstoniaEurope | Once ruled by Russian Federation; Sweden | — | |
| EswatiniAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| EthiopiaAfrica | None recorded | — | |
| Faroe IslandsEurope | Once ruled by Denmark | — | |
| FijiOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| FinlandEurope | Once ruled by Russian Federation; Sweden | — | |
| FranceEurope | None recorded | — | |
| French PolynesiaOceania | Once ruled by France | — | |
| GabonAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| GambiaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| GeorgiaAsia | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| GermanyEurope | None recorded | — | |
| GhanaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| GibraltarEurope | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| GreeceEurope | Once ruled by Turkey | — | |
| GreenlandNorth America | Once ruled by Denmark | — | |
| GrenadaNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| GuatemalaNorth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| GuineaAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| Guinea-BissauAfrica | Once ruled by Portugal | — | |
| GuyanaSouth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| HaitiNorth America | None recorded | — | |
| HondurasNorth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| Hong KongAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| HungaryEurope | None recorded | — | |
| IcelandEurope | Once ruled by Denmark | — | |
| IndiaAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| IndonesiaAsia | Once ruled by Netherlands | — | |
| IranAsia | None recorded | — | |
| IraqAsia | Once ruled by Turkey | — | |
| IrelandEurope | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| IsraelAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Turkey | — | |
| ItalyEurope | None recorded | — | |
| JamaicaNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| JapanAsia | None recorded | — | |
| JordanAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| KazakhstanAsia | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| KenyaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| KiribatiOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| KuwaitAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| KyrgyzstanAsia | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| LaosAsia | Once ruled by France | — | |
| LatviaEurope | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| LebanonAsia | Once ruled by France | — | |
| LesothoAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| LiberiaAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| LibyaAfrica | Once ruled by Turkey; Italy | — | |
| LithuaniaEurope | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| LuxembourgEurope | Once ruled by Netherlands | — | |
| MacauAsia | Once ruled by Portugal | — | |
| MadagascarAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| MalawiAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| MalaysiaAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| MaldivesAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| MaliAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| MaltaEurope | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| Marshall IslandsOceania | None recorded | — | |
| MauritaniaAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| MauritiusAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| MexicoNorth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| MicronesiaOceania | Once ruled by Spain; Germany; United States of America; Japan | — | |
| MoldovaEurope | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| MongoliaAsia | Once ruled by China | — | |
| MoroccoAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| MozambiqueAfrica | Once ruled by Portugal | — | |
| MyanmarAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| NamibiaAfrica | Once ruled by Germany; South Africa | — | |
| NauruOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Germany; Australia | — | |
| NepalAsia | None recorded | — | |
| NetherlandsEurope | None recorded | — | |
| New ZealandOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| NicaraguaNorth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| NigerAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| NigeriaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| North KoreaAsia | Once ruled by Japan | — | |
| North MacedoniaEurope | Once ruled by Turkey | — | |
| Northern Mariana IslandsOceania | Once ruled by Spain; Germany; United States of America; Japan | — | |
| NorwayEurope | None recorded | — | |
| OmanAsia | None recorded | — | |
| PakistanAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| PalauOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Germany; United States of America; Japan | — | |
| PalestineAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Turkey | — | |
| PanamaNorth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| Papua New GuineaOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Germany; Australia | — | |
| ParaguaySouth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| PeruSouth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| PhilippinesAsia | Once ruled by Spain; United States of America | — | |
| PolandEurope | Once ruled by Germany | — | |
| PortugalEurope | None recorded | — | |
| Puerto RicoNorth America | Once ruled by Spain; United States of America | — | |
| QatarAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| RéunionAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| RomaniaEurope | None recorded | — | |
| RussiaEurope | None recorded | — | |
| RwandaAfrica | Once ruled by Belgium and Luxembourg; Germany | — | |
| Saint Kitts and NevisNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| Saint LuciaNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| SamoaOceania | Once ruled by Germany; New Zealand | — | |
| San MarinoEurope | None recorded | — | |
| São Tomé and PríncipeAfrica | Once ruled by Portugal | — | |
| Saudi ArabiaAsia | None recorded | — | |
| SenegalAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| SerbiaEurope | Once ruled by Turkey | — | |
| SeychellesAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom; France | — | |
| Sierra LeoneAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| SingaporeAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| SlovakiaEurope | Once ruled by Hungary | — | |
| SloveniaEurope | Once ruled by Austria | — | |
| Solomon IslandsOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| SomaliaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Italy | — | |
| South AfricaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Netherlands | — | |
| South KoreaAsia | Once ruled by Japan | — | |
| SpainEurope | None recorded | — | |
| Sri LankaAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| SudanAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Egypt | — | |
| SurinameSouth America | Once ruled by Netherlands | — | |
| SwedenEurope | None recorded | — | |
| SwitzerlandEurope | None recorded | — | |
| SyriaAsia | Once ruled by France; Turkey | — | |
| TaiwanAsia | Once ruled by Japan | — | |
| TajikistanAsia | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| TanzaniaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| ThailandAsia | None recorded | — | |
| Timor-LesteAsia | Once ruled by Portugal; Indonesia | — | |
| TogoAfrica | Once ruled by France | — | |
| TongaOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| Trinidad and TobagoNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| TunisiaAfrica | Once ruled by France; Turkey | — | |
| TürkiyeAsia | None recorded | — | |
| TurkmenistanAsia | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| TuvaluOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| UgandaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| UkraineEurope | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| United Arab EmiratesAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| United KingdomEurope | None recorded | — | |
| United StatesNorth America | Once ruled by United Kingdom; France; Spain | — | |
| UruguaySouth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| UzbekistanAsia | Once ruled by Russian Federation | — | |
| VanuatuOceania | Once ruled by United Kingdom; France | — | |
| VenezuelaSouth America | Once ruled by Spain | — | |
| VietnamAsia | Once ruled by France | — | |
| YemenAsia | Once ruled by United Kingdom; Turkey | — | |
| ZambiaAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — | |
| ZimbabweAfrica | Once ruled by United Kingdom | — |
What is counted, and how the file was made
The countries that ruled each country as a colony for a long time, as CEPII records them for its trade studies, up to four per country; those whose rule was short or light are listed apart. Licensed under Etalab 2.0.
Downloaded unchanged on 21 October 2026. scripts/extract-cepii.py keeps one row per country and writes the colonisers as country file names.
The file belongs to CEPII and keeps its terms; cite the publisher when you use it.