Datasets Society · not part of the score
Research on cannabis
OpenAlex (OurResearch) · 1950 to 2025
Where cannabis may be studied, papers follow. OpenAlex, an open catalogue of scholarly works, lets this site count the papers whose title or abstract mentions cannabis, marijuana or a cannabinoid, by the countries their authors work in, every year since 1950.[1] Per million people, small places with a single active group can rank highest, so the map is best read for large countries and for change over time.
Modern cannabis science began when Raphael Mechoulam and Yehiel Gaoni isolated THC in 1964, and Lumír Hanuš later helped find the body’s own cannabinoids. A paper with authors in several countries counts for each.[1] Each profile’s research section says who may study cannabis there; for medicines tested on patients, see clinical trials.
- Data
- OpenAlex API
- File here
- openalex-cannabis-papers.csv
- of 220 places covered
- 188
- years in the file
- 1951–2025
- the median country
- 1.1
- places with several years
- 174
Cannabis research, on the map
The stronger the blue, the more papers about cannabis per million people. Use the slider to go back to 1950. Select a country for its profile.
2 papers in 2025
5 papers in 2025
7 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
71 papers in 2025
4 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2023
339 papers in 2025
26 papers in 2025
4 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2024
1 papers in 2025
19 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
64 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2019
1 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
3 papers in 2025
4 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
471 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2022
21 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2019
1 papers in 2025
4 papers in 2025
656 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2024
1 papers in 2017
1 papers in 2021
34 papers in 2025
355 papers in 2025
78 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2008
5 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
12 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
3 papers in 2025
6 papers in 2025
57 papers in 2025
44 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2023
3 papers in 2025
43 papers in 2025
44 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2022
2 papers in 2025
3 papers in 2024
18 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2023
30 papers in 2025
225 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2021
1 papers in 2024
2 papers in 2025
11 papers in 2025
260 papers in 2025
7 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2022
55 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
3 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2019
1 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2020
1 papers in 2021
1 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
4 papers in 2025
21 papers in 2025
31 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
278 papers in 2025
67 papers in 2025
109 papers in 2025
15 papers in 2025
58 papers in 2025
128 papers in 2025
315 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
87 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2023
13 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
14 papers in 2025
3 papers in 2025
7 papers in 2024
1 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2023
3 papers in 2025
13 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2024
1 papers in 2020
1 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2006
8 papers in 2025
5 papers in 2025
3 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2023
2 papers in 2025
27 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2023
5 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2024
1 papers in 2023
112 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2024
1 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2024
87 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2019
6 papers in 2025
140 papers in 2025
45 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
106 papers in 2025
8 papers in 2025
37 papers in 2025
3 papers in 2025
96 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2021
6 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2014
10 papers in 2025
13 papers in 2025
6 papers in 2025
149 papers in 2025
71 papers in 2025
7 papers in 2025
9 papers in 2025
41 papers in 2025
52 papers in 2025
6 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2020
62 papers in 2025
16 papers in 2025
28 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2011
2 papers in 2025
15 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
5 papers in 2025
19 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2023
1 papers in 2024
93 papers in 2025
92 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2024
303 papers in 2025
4 papers in 2025
4 papers in 2024
2 papers in 2025
65 papers in 2025
102 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2025
32 papers in 2025
5 papers in 2025
189 papers in 2025
1 papers in 2021
1 papers in 2024
4 papers in 2025
28 papers in 2025
100 papers in 2025
15 papers in 2025
34 papers in 2025
14 papers in 2025
416 papers in 2025
3,171 papers in 2025
14 papers in 2025
7 papers in 2025
3 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
2 papers in 2025
11 papers in 2025
7 papers in 2025
OpenAlex, papers mentioning cannabis by author country, per million people (today's population). Not part of the score.
Highest · Cannabis research
- Monaco262024
- Grenada262025
- Saint Kitts and Nevis212025
Country by country
Each place's latest figure, as on its profile. Select a heading to sort.
| Further figures | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| AfghanistanAsia | 0.0papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| AlbaniaEurope | 2.1papers per million people | 5 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| AlgeriaAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 7 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| AngolaAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Antigua and BarbudaNorth America | 11papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| ArgentinaSouth America | 1.5papers per million people | 71 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| ArmeniaAsia | 1.3papers per million people | 4 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| ArubaNorth America | 9.3papers per million people | 1 papers in 2023 | 2023 |
| AustraliaOceania | 12papers per million people | 339 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| AustriaEurope | 2.8papers per million people | 26 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| AzerbaijanAsia | 0.4papers per million people | 4 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BahamasNorth America | 2.5papers per million people | 1 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| BahrainAsia | 0.6papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BangladeshAsia | 0.1papers per million people | 19 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BarbadosNorth America | 3.5papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BelarusEurope | 0.2papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BelgiumEurope | 5.4papers per million people | 64 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BelizeNorth America | 4.7papers per million people | 2 papers in 2019 | 2019 |
| BeninAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BhutanAsia | 1.3papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BoliviaSouth America | 0.2papers per million people | 3 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Bosnia and HerzegovinaEurope | 1.3papers per million people | 4 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BotswanaAfrica | 0.8papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BrazilSouth America | 2.2papers per million people | 471 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BruneiAsia | 2.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2022 | 2022 |
| BulgariaEurope | 3.3papers per million people | 21 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Burkina FasoAfrica | 0.0papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| BurundiAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Cabo VerdeAfrica | 1.9papers per million people | 1 papers in 2019 | 2019 |
| CambodiaAsia | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| CameroonAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 4 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| CanadaNorth America | 16papers per million people | 656 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Cayman IslandsNorth America | 11papers per million people | 1 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| Central African RepublicAfrica | 0.2papers per million people | 1 papers in 2017 | 2017 |
| ChadAfrica | 0.0papers per million people | 1 papers in 2021 | 2021 |
| ChileSouth America | 1.7papers per million people | 34 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| ChinaAsia | 0.3papers per million people | 355 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| ColombiaSouth America | 1.5papers per million people | 78 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| CongoAfrica | 0.2papers per million people | 1 papers in 2008 | 2008 |
| Costa RicaNorth America | 1.0papers per million people | 5 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Côte d'IvoireAfrica | 0.0papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| CroatiaEurope | 3.1papers per million people | 12 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| CubaNorth America | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| CuraçaoNorth America | 19papers per million people | 3 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| CyprusEurope | 4.4papers per million people | 6 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| CzechiaEurope | 5.2papers per million people | 57 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| DenmarkEurope | 7.3papers per million people | 44 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Dominican RepublicNorth America | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2023 | 2023 |
| DR CongoAfrica | 0.0papers per million people | 3 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| EcuadorSouth America | 2.4papers per million people | 43 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| EgyptAfrica | 0.4papers per million people | 44 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| El SalvadorNorth America | 0.2papers per million people | 1 papers in 2022 | 2022 |
| EstoniaEurope | 1.5papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| EswatiniAfrica | 2.4papers per million people | 3 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| EthiopiaAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 18 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| FijiOceania | 1.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2023 | 2023 |
| FinlandEurope | 5.3papers per million people | 30 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| FranceEurope | 3.3papers per million people | 225 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| French PolynesiaOceania | 3.6papers per million people | 1 papers in 2021 | 2021 |
| GabonAfrica | 0.4papers per million people | 1 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| GambiaAfrica | 0.7papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| GeorgiaAsia | 2.8papers per million people | 11 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| GermanyEurope | 3.1papers per million people | 260 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| GhanaAfrica | 0.2papers per million people | 7 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| GibraltarEurope | 51papers per million people | 2 papers in 2022 | 2022 |
| GreeceEurope | 5.3papers per million people | 55 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| GreenlandNorth America | 18papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| GrenadaNorth America | 26papers per million people | 3 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| GuamOceania | 6.5papers per million people | 1 papers in 2019 | 2019 |
| GuatemalaNorth America | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| GuineaAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2020 | 2020 |
| Guinea-BissauAfrica | 0.4papers per million people | 1 papers in 2021 | 2021 |
| GuyanaSouth America | 1.2papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| HaitiNorth America | 0.2papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| HondurasNorth America | 0.4papers per million people | 4 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Hong KongAsia | 2.8papers per million people | 21 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| HungaryEurope | 3.3papers per million people | 31 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| IcelandEurope | 2.5papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| IndiaAsia | 0.2papers per million people | 278 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| IndonesiaAsia | 0.2papers per million people | 67 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| IranAsia | 1.2papers per million people | 109 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| IraqAsia | 0.3papers per million people | 15 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| IrelandEurope | 11papers per million people | 58 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| IsraelAsia | 13papers per million people | 128 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| ItalyEurope | 5.3papers per million people | 315 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| JamaicaNorth America | 0.7papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| JapanAsia | 0.7papers per million people | 87 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| JerseyEurope | 19papers per million people | 2 papers in 2023 | 2023 |
| JordanAsia | 1.1papers per million people | 13 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| KazakhstanAsia | 0.0papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| KenyaAfrica | 0.2papers per million people | 14 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| KosovoEurope | 1.9papers per million people | 3 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| KuwaitAsia | 1.4papers per million people | 7 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| KyrgyzstanAsia | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| LaosAsia | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2023 | 2023 |
| LatviaEurope | 1.6papers per million people | 3 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| LebanonAsia | 2.2papers per million people | 13 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| LesothoAfrica | 0.4papers per million people | 1 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| LiberiaAfrica | 0.2papers per million people | 1 papers in 2020 | 2020 |
| LibyaAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| LiechtensteinEurope | 24papers per million people | 1 papers in 2006 | 2006 |
| LithuaniaEurope | 2.8papers per million people | 8 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| LuxembourgEurope | 7.3papers per million people | 5 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| MacauAsia | 4.4papers per million people | 3 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| MadagascarAfrica | 0.0papers per million people | 1 papers in 2023 | 2023 |
| MalawiAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| MalaysiaAsia | 0.8papers per million people | 27 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| MaliAfrica | 0.0papers per million people | 1 papers in 2023 | 2023 |
| MaltaEurope | 8.6papers per million people | 5 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| MauritaniaAfrica | 0.2papers per million people | 1 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| MauritiusAfrica | 0.8papers per million people | 1 papers in 2023 | 2023 |
| MexicoNorth America | 0.8papers per million people | 112 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| MoldovaEurope | 0.8papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| MonacoEurope | 26papers per million people | 1 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| MongoliaAsia | 0.3papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| MontenegroEurope | 1.6papers per million people | 1 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| MoroccoAfrica | 2.3papers per million people | 87 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| MozambiqueAfrica | 0.0papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| MyanmarAsia | 0.0papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| NamibiaAfrica | 0.3papers per million people | 1 papers in 2019 | 2019 |
| NepalAsia | 0.2papers per million people | 6 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| NetherlandsEurope | 7.7papers per million people | 140 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| New ZealandOceania | 8.5papers per million people | 45 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| NicaraguaNorth America | 0.3papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| NigerAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| NigeriaAfrica | 0.4papers per million people | 106 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| North MacedoniaEurope | 4.4papers per million people | 8 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| NorwayEurope | 6.6papers per million people | 37 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| OmanAsia | 0.5papers per million people | 3 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| PakistanAsia | 0.4papers per million people | 96 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| PalauOceania | 57papers per million people | 1 papers in 2021 | 2021 |
| PalestineAsia | 1.1papers per million people | 6 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| PanamaNorth America | 0.2papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Papua New GuineaOceania | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2014 | 2014 |
| ParaguaySouth America | 1.4papers per million people | 10 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| PeruSouth America | 0.4papers per million people | 13 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| PhilippinesAsia | 0.1papers per million people | 6 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| PolandEurope | 4.1papers per million people | 149 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| PortugalEurope | 6.6papers per million people | 71 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Puerto RicoNorth America | 2.1papers per million people | 7 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| QatarAsia | 3.0papers per million people | 9 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| RomaniaEurope | 2.2papers per million people | 41 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| RussiaEurope | 0.4papers per million people | 52 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| RwandaAfrica | 0.4papers per million people | 6 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Saint Kitts and NevisNorth America | 21papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Saint LuciaNorth America | 5.6papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesNorth America | 10papers per million people | 1 papers in 2020 | 2020 |
| Saudi ArabiaAsia | 1.7papers per million people | 62 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| SenegalAfrica | 0.8papers per million people | 16 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| SerbiaEurope | 4.3papers per million people | 28 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| SeychellesAfrica | 8.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2011 | 2011 |
| Sierra LeoneAfrica | 0.2papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| SingaporeAsia | 2.5papers per million people | 15 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Sint MaartenNorth America | 47papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| SlovakiaEurope | 0.9papers per million people | 5 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| SloveniaEurope | 8.9papers per million people | 19 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Solomon IslandsOceania | 2.4papers per million people | 2 papers in 2023 | 2023 |
| SomaliaAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| South AfricaAfrica | 1.4papers per million people | 93 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| South KoreaAsia | 1.8papers per million people | 92 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| South SudanAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| SpainEurope | 6.1papers per million people | 303 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Sri LankaAsia | 0.2papers per million people | 4 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| SudanAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 4 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| SurinameSouth America | 3.1papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| SwedenEurope | 6.1papers per million people | 65 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| SwitzerlandEurope | 11papers per million people | 102 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| SyriaAsia | 0.0papers per million people | 1 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| TaiwanAsia | 1.4papers per million people | 32 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| TanzaniaAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 5 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| ThailandAsia | 2.6papers per million people | 189 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| Timor-LesteAsia | 0.7papers per million people | 1 papers in 2021 | 2021 |
| TogoAfrica | 0.1papers per million people | 1 papers in 2024 | 2024 |
| Trinidad and TobagoNorth America | 2.9papers per million people | 4 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| TunisiaAfrica | 2.3papers per million people | 28 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| TürkiyeAsia | 1.2papers per million people | 100 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| UgandaAfrica | 0.3papers per million people | 15 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| UkraineEurope | 0.9papers per million people | 34 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| United Arab EmiratesAsia | 1.2papers per million people | 14 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| United KingdomEurope | 6.0papers per million people | 416 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| United StatesNorth America | 9.3papers per million people | 3,171 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| UruguaySouth America | 4.1papers per million people | 14 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| UzbekistanAsia | 0.2papers per million people | 7 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| VenezuelaSouth America | 0.1papers per million people | 3 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| VietnamAsia | 0.0papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| YemenAsia | 0.0papers per million people | 2 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| ZambiaAfrica | 0.5papers per million people | 11 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
| ZimbabweAfrica | 0.4papers per million people | 7 papers in 2025 | 2025 |
What is counted, and how the file was made
How many research papers about cannabis have authors working in each country, every year since 1950: papers whose title or abstract mentions cannabis, marijuana, marihuana or a cannabinoid, in OpenAlex's open catalogue of scholarly works. A paper with authors in several countries counts for each. It shows where cannabis is studied, which laws can make easier or harder. Shown per million people using today's population.
Counted on 21 October 2026 through OpenAlex's public API by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (openalex): one query per year, grouped by the countries of the authors' institutions. The current year, still incomplete, is left out. OpenAlex data is CC0.
The file belongs to OpenAlex and keeps its terms; cite the publisher when you use it.