Context not part of the score
Cannabis industry
The legal commercial sector: who may grow, process and sell for profit, and on what terms.
A legal cannabis industry exists where the state licenses people to grow, process and sell for profit. Canada built a national market of licensed producers and shops in 2018; Uruguay kept production under state licence, and its pharmacies began selling in 2017. Morocco licensed medical and industrial cannabis in 2021, with growers in cooperatives in the Rif. See also the cannabis industry.[1]
Most countries allow less: licensed production for medicine only, or for hemp only, or nothing at all. These sections say who may produce, on what terms and for whom, and the map shades countries from an open adult market to no legal production.
- profiles with this section
- 220
- explained as not applicable
- 0
- not researched yet
- 0
- of 220 places covered
- 100%
Cannabis industry, on the map
Select a country for its section. The interactive map →
Unlawful cannabis cultivation carries six to eight years in the ordinary tier.
No licensed production exists.
The law passed on 21 July 2023 creates a national cannabis agency that grants 15-year renewable licences to cultivate and process cannabis for…
Controlled-drug production, handling, import, export and cannabis cultivation require authorisation from the health minister for medical or scientific purposes.
A commercial medicinal crop was still a government plan in September 2026.
No licensed production.
Cultivation, processing and dispensary licences are issued by the Medicinal Cannabis Authority for medical supply only.
A 2022 law created a framework and agency for medical cannabis and industrial hemp production, with licences issued slowly.
The verified production route is licensed industrial hemp with CBD greater than THC and no more than 0.3% THC.
The medicinal-cannabis agency was created to supervise cultivation, manufacturing, quality and trade, including stocks and exports.
Federal licences cover cultivation and manufacture of medicinal cannabis and exports;
Growing cannabis to obtain the drug for manufacturing medicines is reserved to AGES, the Austrian health and food-safety agency, or a subsidiary at least 75% owned by it.
The drug law prohibits the production of narcotic drugs and the cultivation of drug-containing plants on Azerbaijani territory, except experimental samples of medicines;
The Cannabis Authority exists, but the Act's cultivation, manufacturing, retail, testing, research, transport and religious-use licensing Part has not commenced.
Cultivating listed cannabis plants is prohibited outside the law’s exceptions, with distinct penalties for personal-use growing and growing for trafficking.
No lawful cannabis production.
The Medicinal Cannabis Industry Act 2019 set up a licensing authority for cultivation, processing, retail and export.
Unauthorised drug manufacture and processing are criminalised, with heavier penalties where supply is intended.
Medical cannabis cultivation is prohibited;
There is no licensed production of higher-THC cannabis.
No licensed production.
The 2020 policy proposed licences for personal and commercial growing, manufacturing and retail.
No lawful cannabis production.
The 2017 law requires registration and prior health-ministry permission for production of medicinal controlled substances.
The state law allows a foreign-trade ministry permit for hemp grown for fibre and specified seed purposes.
The Cannabis Act 2025 licenses cultivation, manufacture, transport, import and export for medicinal, scientific, research and industrial purposes.
In February 2026 the health regulator published rules allowing companies to cultivate low-THC cannabis (0.3% or less) for medical, pharmaceutical and…
Cannabis cultivation and production require authorisation under the drug law.
No lawful cannabis production.
A registered farmer who declares no conviction for a customs offence under articles 242 to 242a, or a drug offence under articles 354a to 354c, of…
No licensed production.
No licensed production.
Decree-Law 92/92 article 6 expressly prohibits cannabis cultivation but permits Health Ministry licences for scientific or teaching purposes.
The 2012 law allows permissions for research, clinical, scientific or industrial purposes, but no cannabis production permission or operational scheme exists.
No licensed production exists: article 8 bans growing opium poppy, coca and cannabis anywhere, while ministerial authorisation under article 77 is…
Anyone can apply for a federal cultivation or processing licence, including small 'micro' classes, and there is no cap on licence numbers.
The Act prohibits unauthorised production, including cultivation;
No licensed production exists: growing is banned everywhere, while health-minister authorisation is limited to research, teaching and forensic work…
No licensed production.
Cultivation requires authorisation from the agriculture service, granted only for a few medical and research projects.
China is one of the world's largest industrial-hemp producers.
Since 2016 the state licenses cultivation, manufacture and export of medical cannabis, and many companies hold licences.
No licensed production.
No licensed production was found.
Law 10113 of March 2022 created licences for medicinal cannabis cultivation and processing, and freed hemp for food and industrial use.
No licensed production exists: unauthorised growing, production and manufacture carry five to ten years, and no licensed cannabis production was…
Hemp cultivation is permitted, and a 2019 change allowed domestic production of medical cannabis.
No licensed production operates: unauthorised cultivation draws four to ten years under article 235, and the sources read establish no licensing regime.
Cannabis cultivation is prohibited.
The 2019 medical regulations provide an initial three-producer licensing process, with controls over premises, staff, testing, records and trade.
There is no legal commercial market for recreational cannabis: growing for others and selling are crimes.
Denmark licenses cultivation and manufacture of medical cannabis and hosts several export-oriented producers.
No licensed production.
No commercial licensing is in operation.
No licensed production operates.
The 2022 order regulates licensed medical and scientific cannabis cultivation and production: industrial plots need at least five hectares, and…
The agriculture ministry issues several classes of licence for non-psychoactive cannabis and hemp (under 1% THC), which has attracted commercial growers.
No licensed production operates: cultivation is punished with life imprisonment, or death where trafficking intent is established.
No licensed production operates.
The 1993 decree criminalised cultivation and manufacture, while article 2 reserved medical and scientific authorisations to the Health Ministry.
None.
Agricultural hemp of EU-listed varieties at no more than 0.3% THC is permitted, but growing cannabis to manufacture a narcotic, including for medical use, is prohibited.
The only commercial route reported is a disputed licence for medical and industrial cannabis said to have been granted to US-based Profile Solutions/StemPro in 2019;
No licensed cannabis production exists;
The regulations permit licensed cannabis cultivation for medical manufacturing, raw pharmaceutical materials and supplying other authorised growers.
Cabinet approved a policy to develop a medicinal cannabis industry in February 2024, with company approval dependent on the industry being established by law.
No licensed production exists.
Hemp cultivation is long established;
The only licensed growing is a pilot under the law of 23 August 2024.
The Health Code requires renewable special authorisation for controlled-drug production and other specified activities, exclusively for medical and scientific purposes.
None.
No licensed production was found.
Commercial recreational production is not permitted at all;
Licences are limited to cannabis with no more than 0.3% THC for industrial, medicinal and research use.
Unauthorised production is criminal, and cultivating cannabis has its own offence.
Greece issues licences for cultivation and processing of pharmaceutical cannabis, simplified by a 2021 law, aimed largely at export.
Controlled cannabis cultivation, manufacture and conversion must follow Greenland’s medicines rules, including protection against unauthorised access.
No licensed production yet;
The board approved a cultivation licence for Pacific Root LLC, trading as Pacific Cultivation, and conditional approval for Guam Real Deal LLC,…
Unauthorised cultivation carries five to twenty years in prison plus a fine;
Guernsey has a medicinal cannabis cultivation licensing route overseen through its Cannabis Agency.
Ordinary high-risk drug cultivation and production are criminal offences.
Article 3 distinguishes unauthorised cultivation and manufacture from conduct under an authorisation;
Industrial hemp was legalised separately in 2022;
No licensed production operates.
No licensed production.
No licensed cannabis production is documented.
Ordinary farming is limited to listed low-THC hemp varieties grown from certified seed.
Industrial hemp is a lawful crop under the MAST seed scheme, which permits imports for cultivation of eligible varieties at no more than 0.2% THC.
State-licensed hemp cultivation in a growing number of states;
None. Cannabis has long been grown illicitly in Aceh, where the army burns fields each year.
The legal commercial route that has been announced is industrial hemp.
No licensed cannabis production exists.
No licensed cannabis production exists: growing any cannabis plant without a ministerial licence is an offence under section 17 of the 1977 Act.
The GSC licenses cultivation, storage, transport, manufacture, extraction, import, export and analysis for the medicinal industry.
Licensed medical cultivation, manufacturing, import and export are well developed, with no cap on the number of growers.
Medical cannabis is grown by the military pharmaceutical plant in Florence and imported under state control.
The Cannabis Licensing Authority issues cultivator, processor, transporter, retail and research licences in tiers by size.
Commercial production is confined to licensed hemp and pharmaceutical raw material;
Commercial growing is limited to licensed medical producers.
Medical, scientific and industrial drug manufacture requires authorisation.
Licensed companies may cultivate approved low-THC hemp for industrial purposes unrelated to making narcotic drugs.
None.
Registered pharmacists in business may manufacture cannabis extracts and tinctures at their shops in the ordinary course of retail business.
The drug law prohibits cultivating plants from which narcotics can be obtained and places cannabis in Table I, restricted to scientific research,…
Manufacture of controlled drugs and preparations is reserved to licensed pharmaceutical factories, with use restricted to operations authorised by the health ministry.
The 2024 law includes gathering wild controlled organisms within manufacture or production and requires authority for controlled-drug activities.
Rules issued in December 2022 permit licensed hemp cultivation, processing and trade, with registered seeds and qualified technical staff;
Industrial and garden sowing hemp may be grown outdoors under Article 6(2).
Law 178 of 2020 allows licensed cultivation for medical, therapeutic, scientific and industrial purposes, aimed at export.
Lesotho began licensing cannabis cultivation for medical and scientific use in 2017 and published detailed licensing regulations in 2018.
No licensed cannabis production was found.
No commercial cannabis production.
No licensed production;
Compliant fibre hemp has an agricultural growing and processing route.
No commercial production of recreational cannabis is permitted.
Unauthorised production ordinarily carries five to fifteen years, with a lesser one-to-five-year tier.
No licensed production.
The Cannabis Regulation Act 2020 created a Cannabis Regulatory Authority that licenses cultivation, processing, storage, export and research for…
No lawful cannabis production.
No licensed production.
The documented industrial-hemp project ended when its authorisation was withdrawn on 25 February 2020, after the producers sought changes to the agreed conditions.
Only licensed non-profit associations may grow, for their own members, under ARUC supervision and away from schools and youth centres.
Planting, cultivation, production and manufacture are prohibited outside the Act’s exceptions.
No lawful cannabis production.
No domestic production;
Medical and industrial licences exist on paper since 2021 regulations;
Sections 1132–1133 provide registration for controlled-substance manufacture and distribution, including controls over Schedule I substances.
Authorised industrial hemp is the lawful commercial crop, with uses expanded from fibre, seed and oil to stalks, biomass and other permitted derivatives.
Cannabis businesses need a specific legal exception to operate: the general rule prohibits production, manufacture and trade.
No licensed cannabis production is documented.
The drug law allows controlled medical and pharmaceutical production and trade by licensed legal entities.
Law 13-21 licenses cultivation, processing, export and sale for medical, pharmaceutical and industrial purposes in Al Hoceima, Chefchaouen and Taounate.
No licensed cannabis production was found: the law punishes unauthorised production and manufacture, excepting only authorised industrial, scientific…
No lawful cannabis production.
No licensed production operates: the 1971 Act criminalises cultivation and production, and reform petitions — including a 2020 petition to parliament…
Producing or manufacturing cannabis without lawful authority carries the same life-imprisonment penalty and ten-year custody requirement as unlawful…
The federal budget for 2024/25 announced legal arrangements for commercial cultivation for medicinal purposes.
For decades coffeeshops could sell cannabis but nobody could legally grow it for them: the 'back door' problem.
Since April 2020 the Medicinal Cannabis Scheme licenses commercial cultivation and manufacture of medicinal cannabis.
No licensed production.
No licensed production.
None. Bills to license medical and industrial cannabis have been introduced in the National Assembly without passing;
No lawful production of psychoactive cannabis.
The drug law permits companies to cultivate for medical or scientific purposes with health ministry approval and prior government consent.
Cannabis cultivation is a criminal offence under section 8 of the drug law.
Licensed producers grow under canopy classes;
No licensed cannabis production exists: growing is manufacture of a narcotic under section 231 of the Penal Code, and the medical route runs on…
No licensed commercial cannabis production was found.
The cannabis regulator publishes an application route for industrial-hemp cultivation, controlled and open-field medicinal cannabis cultivation,…
No lawful cannabis production.
The health minister may license public or private institutions to grow otherwise prohibited plants and import plants or seeds for medical and…
Law 242 of October 2021 — the first medical cannabis law in Central America — and its regulations created a national directorate that issues a…
None. The 2023–2027 development plan calls for an industrial-hemp policy framework, but that policy intention did not legalise cultivation.
The medical pilot requires licensed production, approved industrial plans, certified seed and traceability from seed to final product.
Licences exist for medical production, import and sale;
None. Republic Act 9165 prohibits every form of unauthorised cannabis cultivation.
Research institutes supervised by the agriculture minister may grow medical cannabis with permission from the Chief Pharmaceutical Inspector.
INFARMED’s report records 27 valid cultivation authorisations and 24 manufacturing authorisations at its 2 June 2026 update.
The Medical Cannabis Regulatory Board had issued 498 licences for cultivation, transport, research and sale by 2024.
No lawful cannabis production.
Cannabis (zamal) grows wild in several regions, particularly the mid-altitude zones of the west, and is planted in cane fields and gardens;
Cultivation, import and sale of cannabis for medical use are allowed under Law 339/2005 with strict government authorisation and supervision.
The lawful cannabis crop is industrial hemp meeting the registered-variety and 0.1% THC conditions.
The 2021 order licenses medical and research cannabis cultivation and processing.
The Cannabis Act provides licences for cultivation, production and supply of medicinal cannabis only.
The Regulated Substances Authority is building a licensing and traceability system, but the cannabis-specific licensing bill remains a proposal…
The country built one of the Caribbean's first licensed medical cannabis industries in 2018, deliberately bringing in traditional hillside growers…
None; a proposal to allow cultivation was rejected by the prime minister.
Businesses can seek authorisation for medical cannabis cultivation, processing and wholesale trade through the ASCC and Congress of State.
Unauthorised cultivation, production, manufacture, extraction or preparation of cannabis falls under trafficking, normally carrying two to twelve years.
None. The official schedules prohibit cannabis plants, their fibre and their seeds;
No licensed production exists: growing cannabis is banned everywhere, and no licensed cannabis production was found in the sources reviewed.
Agriculture permits cover hemp varieties below 0.3% THC for the purposes listed in Article 60;
No domestic licensed production;
Licensed companies, manufacturers and approved health organisations may apply to cultivate, harvest and process medical cannabis.
None. No licensed production exists, and growing a single plant is a crime with at least three years in prison or a S$5,000 fine.
Growing cannabis is prohibited by the ordinance.
Hemp cultivation is allowed for industrial fibre and seed, or for research.
The 2025 Medical and Scientific Cannabis Act allows licensed cultivation and processing for medical and research purposes.
The cultivation ban applies even to private use.
The 1970 law puts narcotic production under Health Ministry control and sets annual laboratory quotas.
The 1970 law places narcotic production under health-ministry control, with licences, annual production limits for authorised laboratories and…
Cannabis may be grown commercially only for medicine and export, under a licence from the health regulator;
Hemp is grown under permit for fibre and seed in designated areas, and the Andong regulation-free zone allows hemp below 0.3% THC for CBD extraction…
No lawful cannabis production.
The medicines agency’s July 2026 list names authorised medical and scientific growers, including Linneo Health, Medical Plants and Ondara.
The state supplies cannabis to the Ayurvedic sector, largely from seized stock.
No lawful production was found.
Reliable national information about lawful cannabis production was not established by the retained sources.
No licensed production of cannabis for medical or recreational use was found.
Medical growers need a Swissmedic establishment licence and a separate cultivation licence for each crop, with traceability and a written agreement for the harvest.
No lawful cannabis production.
No lawful cannabis production.
Scientific cultivation of drug-containing plants is reserved for licensed research institutions.
Mainland law prohibits unauthorised cannabis cultivation.
Licences for cultivation, processing, export and sale are available, but they are limited to medical, pharmacy, herbal and cultivation operators…
Cultivation, manufacture, trade and imports of controlled cannabis outside the personal-use offence attract trafficking penalties;
No licensed production exists: the 1998 law bans cannabis cultivation nationwide and obliges landholders to destroy plants, and no licensed cannabis…
No lawful cannabis production.
Commercial cannabis production is completely prohibited throughout Transnistria.
The 2022 Act would create a Cannabis Licensing Authority and licences for cultivation, processing and sale, once the President proclaims a commencement date.
No lawful cannabis production.
Hemp may be grown under permit in a list of designated provinces;
The drug law allows controlled plants to be grown only by permitted enterprises and institutions, within state quotas and for industrial, medical or scientific purposes.
The 2025 licensing power covers medical and scientific cultivation and manufacture.
The health minister may license cultivation or gathering of prohibited plants, with procedures set by regulation;
The 2024 law permits licensed, quota-controlled indoor cultivation of medical cannabis from certified seed under plant-by-plant electronic tracking.
From 1 January 2026 licensed industrial hemp is lawful.
The Home Office licenses cultivation, mainly for pharmaceutical products and export, plus low-THC hemp.
States issue commercial licences, some uncapped (Oklahoma, Oregon), many tightly capped and very expensive.
Cannabis for pharmacies is grown by a handful of companies chosen by state tender, on state-controlled land, with the state setting price and genetics.
Commercial cultivation requires a licence, and micro-cultivation has a separate permit route.
The commercial cannabis route is licensed industrial hemp, not medicine or adult supply.
Medical-cannabis cultivation under the industry law is for export.
No licensed production operates: the 2010 law criminalises sowing, growing and supply, and no licensing regime was established in the sources read.
No lawful cannabis production.
No lawful cannabis production.
The Cannabis Act was published on 20 May 2021.
The 2018 regulations introduced five-year medicinal and scientific production licences.
Cannabis industry: how the 220 researched places divide
| Status | What it means | Places | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Licensed market | Companies can obtain licences to grow and sell cannabis for adults | 6 | |
| State-run | Adult-use cannabis is produced only by the state or under state contracts and tenders | 2 | |
| Pilots only | Legal supply for adults exists only in trials or experiments; elsewhere only medical production is licensed | 2 | |
| Medical only | Licensed production exists for medicine, research or export, but not for adults' recreational use | 92 | |
| Hemp only | Only low-THC hemp may be grown or processed under licence; no cannabis is produced legally for medicine or adults | 15 | |
| None | No legal cannabis production of any kind | 103 |
Country by country
The opening of each profile's section; the country's page has it in full, with sources.
| Country | Cannabis industry | What the profile says |
|---|---|---|
| AbkhaziaAsia | None | Unlawful cannabis cultivation carries six to eight years in the ordinary tier. The Supreme Court includes creating special conditions for sowing and growing, improving cultivation methods and breeding higher-yield varieties… |
| AfghanistanAsia | None | No licensed production exists. The 2010 law allowed cultivation only under its penalty scale, and the 2023 Taliban decree bans it outright. A pre-2021 plan for a licensed medical cannabis project came to nothing. |
| AlbaniaEurope | Medical only | The law passed on 21 July 2023 creates a national cannabis agency that grants 15-year renewable licences to cultivate and process cannabis for medical and industrial use, with products destined for export. |
| AlgeriaAfrica | Medical only | Controlled-drug production, handling, import, export and cannabis cultivation require authorisation from the health minister for medical or scientific purposes. Applicants must identify the operation, product, quantity and use; |
| AndorraEurope | None | A commercial medicinal crop was still a government plan in September 2026. The proposal envisaged one licence and indoor cultivation, with a separate cannabis bill still to be brought to parliament. |
| AngolaAfrica | None | No licensed production. |
| Antigua and BarbudaNorth America | Medical only | Cultivation, processing and dispensary licences are issued by the Medicinal Cannabis Authority for medical supply only. |
| ArgentinaSouth America | Medical only | A 2022 law created a framework and agency for medical cannabis and industrial hemp production, with licences issued slowly. |
| ArmeniaAsia | Hemp only | The verified production route is licensed industrial hemp with CBD greater than THC and no more than 0.3% THC. |
| ArubaNorth America | None | The medicinal-cannabis agency was created to supervise cultivation, manufacturing, quality and trade, including stocks and exports. |
| AustraliaOceania | Medical only | Federal licences cover cultivation and manufacture of medicinal cannabis and exports; hemp is licensed by the states. No adult-use production. |
| AustriaEurope | State-run | Growing cannabis to obtain the drug for manufacturing medicines is reserved to AGES, the Austrian health and food-safety agency, or a subsidiary at least 75% owned by it. |
| AzerbaijanAsia | None | The drug law prohibits the production of narcotic drugs and the cultivation of drug-containing plants on Azerbaijani territory, except experimental samples of medicines; those are reserved to the competent state bodies. |
| BahamasNorth America | None | The Cannabis Authority exists, but the Act's cultivation, manufacturing, retail, testing, research, transport and religious-use licensing Part has not commenced. |
| BahrainAsia | None | Cultivating listed cannabis plants is prohibited outside the law’s exceptions, with distinct penalties for personal-use growing and growing for trafficking. |
| BangladeshAsia | None | No lawful cannabis production. A state-run ganja trade existed until 1989. |
| BarbadosNorth America | Medical only | The Medicinal Cannabis Industry Act 2019 set up a licensing authority for cultivation, processing, retail and export. |
| BelarusEurope | None | Unauthorised drug manufacture and processing are criminalised, with heavier penalties where supply is intended. Growing drug-containing plants has a separate criminal offence; |
| BelgiumEurope | Medical only | Medical cannabis cultivation is prohibited; the agricultural growing route covers approved industrial-hemp varieties at no more than 0.3% THC. |
| BelizeNorth America | Hemp only | There is no licensed production of higher-THC cannabis. Industrial hemp may be grown in registered commercial fields; the shelved 2022 cannabis bill would have created a broader licensing commission. |
| BeninAfrica | None | No licensed production. Article 8 of Law 97-025 bans growing the cannabis plant anywhere in the country. |
| BermudaNorth America | None | The 2020 policy proposed licences for personal and commercial growing, manufacturing and retail. The UK instructed Bermuda’s governor not to assent to the resulting cannabis licensing bill in 2022. |
| BhutanAsia | None | No lawful cannabis production. Section 130 allows fibre or animal-feed production only as prescribed by rules, but neither the 2024 nor the 2026 narcotics rules contains a cannabis or hemp provision, and no licence was found. |
| BoliviaSouth America | Medical only | The 2017 law requires registration and prior health-ministry permission for production of medicinal controlled substances. Unauthorised cannabis growing remains punishable under the 1988 law. |
| Bosnia and HerzegovinaEurope | Hemp only | The state law allows a foreign-trade ministry permit for hemp grown for fibre and specified seed purposes. |
| BotswanaAfrica | Medical only | The Cannabis Act 2025 licenses cultivation, manufacture, transport, import and export for medicinal, scientific, research and industrial purposes. |
| BrazilSouth America | Medical only | In February 2026 the health regulator published rules allowing companies to cultivate low-THC cannabis (0.3% or less) for medical, pharmaceutical and research purposes under special authorisation, after a 2024 high-court order. |
| British Virgin IslandsNorth America | None | Cannabis cultivation and production require authorisation under the drug law. The published 2020 bill proposed a licensing authority covering cultivation, processing, testing, import, export and distribution. |
| BruneiAsia | None | No lawful cannabis production. Section 8 prohibits cultivating any plant of the genus Cannabis, starting at three years and B$5,000. |
| BulgariaEurope | Hemp only | A registered farmer who declares no conviction for a customs offence under articles 242 to 242a, or a drug offence under articles 354a to 354c, of the Penal Code may grow hemp under a free three-year permit from the agriculture… |
| Burkina FasoAfrica | None | No licensed production. Unauthorised production carries eleven to twenty-one years and a fine of 5–25 million CFA francs. |
| BurundiAfrica | None | No licensed production. |
| Cabo VerdeAfrica | Medical only | Decree-Law 92/92 article 6 expressly prohibits cannabis cultivation but permits Health Ministry licences for scientific or teaching purposes. Its authorisation and manufacturing provisions impose controls on licensed entities; |
| CambodiaAsia | None | The 2012 law allows permissions for research, clinical, scientific or industrial purposes, but no cannabis production permission or operational scheme exists. |
| CameroonAfrica | None | No licensed production exists: article 8 bans growing opium poppy, coca and cannabis anywhere, while ministerial authorisation under article 77 is limited to research, training and forensic work in strictly necessary quantities. |
| CanadaNorth America | Licensed market | Anyone can apply for a federal cultivation or processing licence, including small 'micro' classes, and there is no cap on licence numbers. |
| Cayman IslandsNorth America | Medical only | The Act prohibits unauthorised production, including cultivation; its medical exception provides for extracts and tinctures through doctors, pharmacists and importers. |
| Central African RepublicAfrica | None | No licensed production exists: growing is banned everywhere, while health-minister authorisation is limited to research, teaching and forensic work in strictly necessary quantities. |
| ChadAfrica | None | No licensed production. Illicit cultivation carries two to twelve years and a doubled fine. |
| ChileSouth America | Medical only | Cultivation requires authorisation from the agriculture service, granted only for a few medical and research projects. |
| ChinaAsia | Hemp only | China is one of the world's largest industrial-hemp producers. Hemp is defined under provincial rules as cannabis with less than 0.3% THC and may be cultivated and processed only under licence, in practice mainly in Yunnan and… |
| ColombiaSouth America | Medical only | Since 2016 the state licenses cultivation, manufacture and export of medical cannabis, and many companies hold licences. Nothing may be produced for the adult-use market. |
| ComorosAfrica | None | No licensed production. |
| CongoAfrica | None | No licensed production was found. Article 7 bans growing plants classed as narcotic by the international conventions anywhere in the country, and obliges landowners, operators and occupiers to destroy them. |
| Costa RicaNorth America | Medical only | Law 10113 of March 2022 created licences for medicinal cannabis cultivation and processing, and freed hemp for food and industrial use. Medical cannabis became law in 2022. |
| Côte d'IvoireAfrica | None | No licensed production exists: unauthorised growing, production and manufacture carry five to ten years, and no licensed cannabis production was found in the sources reviewed. |
| CroatiaEurope | Medical only | Hemp cultivation is permitted, and a 2019 change allowed domestic production of medical cannabis. Croatia allowed domestic production of medical cannabis in 2019. |
| CubaNorth America | None | No licensed production operates: unauthorised cultivation draws four to ten years under article 235, and the sources read establish no licensing regime. The 2022 Code kept four to ten years. |
| CuraçaoNorth America | Medical only | Cannabis cultivation is prohibited. The law provides permissions for specified scientific or medicines-related activities and a separate route for exemptions by decree, requiring prior parliamentary approval. |
| CyprusEurope | Medical only | The 2019 medical regulations provide an initial three-producer licensing process, with controls over premises, staff, testing, records and trade. |
| CzechiaEurope | Medical only | There is no legal commercial market for recreational cannabis: growing for others and selling are crimes. |
| DenmarkEurope | Medical only | Denmark licenses cultivation and manufacture of medical cannabis and hosts several export-oriented producers. The medical scheme became permanent in 2026. |
| DjiboutiAfrica | None | No licensed production. |
| DominicaNorth America | None | No commercial licensing is in operation. |
| Dominican RepublicNorth America | None | No licensed production operates. Law 50-88 defines production to include sowing, planting and growing controlled-substance plants, and growing marihuana without authorisation is treated as trafficking. |
| DR CongoAfrica | Medical only | The 2022 order regulates licensed medical and scientific cannabis cultivation and production: industrial plots need at least five hectares, and smaller operations need a prior derogation. |
| EcuadorSouth America | Hemp only | The agriculture ministry issues several classes of licence for non-psychoactive cannabis and hemp (under 1% THC), which has attracted commercial growers. |
| EgyptAfrica | None | No licensed production operates: cultivation is punished with life imprisonment, or death where trafficking intent is established. |
| El SalvadorNorth America | None | No licensed production operates. Sowing or growing drugs without authorisation carries five to fifteen years under article 31, and no licensing regime was established in the sources read. The 2003 law set the growing terms. |
| Equatorial GuineaAfrica | Medical only | The 1993 decree criminalised cultivation and manufacture, while article 2 reserved medical and scientific authorisations to the Health Ministry. |
| EritreaAfrica | None | None. |
| EstoniaEurope | Medical only | Agricultural hemp of EU-listed varieties at no more than 0.3% THC is permitted, but growing cannabis to manufacture a narcotic, including for medical use, is prohibited. |
| EswatiniAfrica | Medical only | The only commercial route reported is a disputed licence for medical and industrial cannabis said to have been granted to US-based Profile Solutions/StemPro in 2019; VOA described it in 2024 as the only authorised grower. |
| EthiopiaAfrica | None | No licensed cannabis production exists; what is grown, including around Shashamane, is unlicensed and falls under the cultivation offences. |
| Faroe IslandsEurope | Medical only | The regulations permit licensed cannabis cultivation for medical manufacturing, raw pharmaceutical materials and supplying other authorised growers. |
| FijiOceania | None | Cabinet approved a policy to develop a medicinal cannabis industry in February 2024, with company approval dependent on the industry being established by law. The separate 2022 amendment concerns a low-THC hemp exemption. |
| FinlandEurope | None | No licensed production exists. The only approved cannabinoid medicine is centrally authorised, and medical flower reaches patients only through individual special-permit imports. |
| FranceEurope | Medical only | Hemp cultivation is long established; medical cannabis production has awaited a permanent legal framework. France started a medical cannabis experiment in 2021. |
| French PolynesiaOceania | Medical only | The only licensed growing is a pilot under the law of 23 August 2024. Arrêtés published in February 2025 allow at most ten approved growers on 1.5 hectares in all: 0.15 hectares each, two per archipelago, and only for people… |
| GabonAfrica | Medical only | The Health Code requires renewable special authorisation for controlled-drug production and other specified activities, exclusively for medical and scientific purposes. Conditions are to be set by regulation. |
| GambiaAfrica | None | None. |
| GeorgiaAsia | None | No licensed production was found. Cannabis is a Schedule I drug, and production, transport and sale are criminal. No medical, fibre or export production route was found in the sources read. |
| GermanyEurope | Medical only | Commercial recreational production is not permitted at all; associations must grow for their own members with member labour. |
| GhanaAfrica | Medical only | Licences are limited to cannabis with no more than 0.3% THC for industrial, medicinal and research use. On 31 July 2026 the Narcotics Control Commission issued the first two, to MG Adom Limited and Juliopta Limited. |
| GibraltarEurope | None | Unauthorised production is criminal, and cultivating cannabis has its own offence. The 2021 medicinal-cannabis Act provides for a wider industry licensing system but is still marked Not In Force; |
| GreeceEurope | Medical only | Greece issues licences for cultivation and processing of pharmaceutical cannabis, simplified by a 2021 law, aimed largely at export. The state monopoly on selling medical cannabis products ended in 2021. |
| GreenlandNorth America | Medical only | Controlled cannabis cultivation, manufacture and conversion must follow Greenland’s medicines rules, including protection against unauthorised access. |
| GrenadaNorth America | None | No licensed production yet; a national cannabis policy and supporting legislation for a commercial sector are in preparation. |
| GuamOceania | Licensed market | The board approved a cultivation licence for Pacific Root LLC, trading as Pacific Cultivation, and conditional approval for Guam Real Deal LLC, trading as Deep Green Guam, in February 2026. |
| GuatemalaNorth America | None | Unauthorised cultivation carries five to twenty years in prison plus a fine; unauthorised drug manufacture or extraction carries eight to twenty years plus a fine. |
| GuernseyEurope | Medical only | Guernsey has a medicinal cannabis cultivation licensing route overseen through its Cannabis Agency. In March 2026 the economic-development committee described its work on revised cultivation licensing with Health & Social Care. |
| GuineaAfrica | None | Ordinary high-risk drug cultivation and production are criminal offences. The retained sources do not identify licensed cannabis producers. |
| Guinea-BissauAfrica | Medical only | Article 3 distinguishes unauthorised cultivation and manufacture from conduct under an authorisation; licence-holders acting outside their authorisation face separate penalties. |
| GuyanaSouth America | Medical only | Industrial hemp was legalised separately in 2022; no cannabis licensing. |
| HaitiNorth America | None | No licensed production operates. Growing cannabis is banned under article 10, with permits only for medical or scientific purposes under article 43. The 2001 drug law set these terms. |
| HondurasNorth America | None | No licensed production. Article 311 punishes sowing, cultivation and harvest. The 2020 code replaced the penalties. |
| Hong KongAsia | None | No licensed cannabis production is documented. Manufacturing a dangerous drug carries up to life imprisonment and HK$5 million; cultivating a cannabis plant is a separate offence carrying up to fifteen years and HK$100,000. |
| HungaryEurope | Medical only | Ordinary farming is limited to listed low-THC hemp varieties grown from certified seed. Section 13 separately permits licensed organisations to breed, conduct cultivation and variety experiments, grow high-THC cannabis for… |
| IcelandEurope | Hemp only | Industrial hemp is a lawful crop under the MAST seed scheme, which permits imports for cultivation of eligible varieties at no more than 0.2% THC. Growers must use seed meeting the EEA catalogue and documentation requirements. |
| IndiaAsia | Medical only | State-licensed hemp cultivation in a growing number of states; Ayurvedic manufacturers use cannabis leaf under licence. |
| IndonesiaAsia | None | None. Cannabis has long been grown illicitly in Aceh, where the army burns fields each year. |
| IranAsia | Hemp only | The legal commercial route that has been announced is industrial hemp. The October 2026 directive allows fibre, seed, oil and CBD production under permit, and leaves a licensed route for cannabis above 0.3% THC for medicine under… |
| IraqAsia | None | No licensed cannabis production exists. Article 24 bans cultivating, importing, exporting, possessing or selling the cannabis plant at every stage, including seeds, except for medical or scientific purposes under the law. |
| IrelandEurope | None | No licensed cannabis production exists: growing any cannabis plant without a ministerial licence is an offence under section 17 of the 1977 Act. |
| Isle of ManEurope | Medical only | The GSC licenses cultivation, storage, transport, manufacture, extraction, import, export and analysis for the medicinal industry. |
| IsraelAsia | Medical only | Licensed medical cultivation, manufacturing, import and export are well developed, with no cap on the number of growers. There is no production for adult use. |
| ItalyEurope | Medical only | Medical cannabis is grown by the military pharmaceutical plant in Florence and imported under state control. Hemp farming for fibre and seed remains legal; flower production does not. |
| JamaicaNorth America | Medical only | The Cannabis Licensing Authority issues cultivator, processor, transporter, retail and research licences in tiers by size. |
| JapanAsia | Medical only | Commercial production is confined to licensed hemp and pharmaceutical raw material; there is no adult-use market. |
| JerseyEurope | Medical only | Commercial growing is limited to licensed medical producers. Northern Leaf, the first local grower approved by the UK medicines regulator, can produce eight tonnes a year and made its first commercial shipment of high-THC flower… |
| JordanAsia | Medical only | Medical, scientific and industrial drug manufacture requires authorisation. Controlled plants and seeds are prohibited except through the licensing authority provided by the amended law. |
| KazakhstanAsia | Medical only | Licensed companies may cultivate approved low-THC hemp for industrial purposes unrelated to making narcotic drugs. Article 22 separately permits licensed scientific cultivation within state quotas; |
| KenyaAfrica | None | None. |
| KiribatiOceania | Medical only | Registered pharmacists in business may manufacture cannabis extracts and tinctures at their shops in the ordinary course of retail business. The preparations must be kept in a locked receptacle. |
| KosovoEurope | Medical only | The drug law prohibits cultivating plants from which narcotics can be obtained and places cannabis in Table I, restricted to scientific research, educational and police purposes. |
| KuwaitAsia | Medical only | Manufacture of controlled drugs and preparations is reserved to licensed pharmaceutical factories, with use restricted to operations authorised by the health ministry. |
| KyrgyzstanAsia | None | The 2024 law includes gathering wild controlled organisms within manufacture or production and requires authority for controlled-drug activities. |
| LaosAsia | Hemp only | Rules issued in December 2022 permit licensed hemp cultivation, processing and trade, with registered seeds and qualified technical staff; medical products are covered separately. |
| LatviaEurope | Medical only | Industrial and garden sowing hemp may be grown outdoors under Article 6(2). Separately, the State Agency of Medicines may permit controlled-plant cultivation for medical or veterinary scientific research, chemical and physical… |
| LebanonAsia | Medical only | Law 178 of 2020 allows licensed cultivation for medical, therapeutic, scientific and industrial purposes, aimed at export. |
| LesothoAfrica | Medical only | Lesotho began licensing cannabis cultivation for medical and scientific use in 2017 and published detailed licensing regulations in 2018. |
| LiberiaAfrica | None | No licensed cannabis production was found. What is grown is unlicensed: the 2023 Act sets no personal plant allowance and treats even non-trafficking growing as a second-degree felony. |
| LibyaAfrica | None | No commercial cannabis production. Article 34 bans importing, exporting, producing, extracting, manufacturing or promoting narcotics, and planting Table 5 plants or seeds, outside the medical and scientific scheme. |
| LiechtensteinEurope | None | No licensed production; industrial hemp has been restricted since 2005. |
| LithuaniaEurope | Medical only | Compliant fibre hemp has an agricultural growing and processing route. Separately, the medicines agency provides licences to manufacture medicinal products containing Schedule I substances; |
| LuxembourgEurope | None | No commercial production of recreational cannabis is permitted. Medical cannabis is imported under state contract. |
| MacauAsia | Medical only | Unauthorised production ordinarily carries five to fifteen years, with a lesser one-to-five-year tier. Licensed chemical and pharmaceutical businesses can seek authorisation to manufacture controlled medicines; |
| MadagascarAfrica | None | No licensed production. Cannabis is in Table I, and the 1997 law's licensing regime applies only to Tables II and III; producing a high-risk drug is punished with forced labour, a fine, or both. |
| MalawiAfrica | Medical only | The Cannabis Regulation Act 2020 created a Cannabis Regulatory Authority that licenses cultivation, processing, storage, export and research for medicinal, industrial and scientific purposes — part of a drive to replace tobacco… |
| MalaysiaAsia | None | No lawful cannabis production. Only a public officer authorised by the Minister may grow, for research, educational, experimental or medical purposes. |
| MaldivesAsia | None | No licensed production. Cultivation is an offence. |
| MaliAfrica | None | The documented industrial-hemp project ended when its authorisation was withdrawn on 25 February 2020, after the producers sought changes to the agreed conditions. |
| MaltaEurope | Licensed market | Only licensed non-profit associations may grow, for their own members, under ARUC supervision and away from schools and youth centres. For-profit recreational production is not allowed. Medical production is separately licensed. |
| Marshall IslandsOceania | Medical only | Planting, cultivation, production and manufacture are prohibited outside the Act’s exceptions. Practitioners handling drugs for professional work, approved research, teaching or analysis require licences specifying the drug and… |
| MauritaniaAfrica | None | No lawful cannabis production. The 1993 law punishes growing high-risk drugs with 15–30 years, and the 2008 law expressly bans cannabis cultivation. |
| MauritiusAfrica | None | No domestic production; medical products are imported with health-ministry authorisation. |
| MexicoNorth America | Medical only | Medical and industrial licences exist on paper since 2021 regulations; adult-use commercial production is not permitted. |
| MicronesiaOceania | None | Sections 1132–1133 provide registration for controlled-substance manufacture and distribution, including controls over Schedule I substances. |
| MoldovaEurope | Hemp only | Authorised industrial hemp is the lawful commercial crop, with uses expanded from fibre, seed and oil to stalks, biomass and other permitted derivatives. |
| MonacoEurope | Medical only | Cannabis businesses need a specific legal exception to operate: the general rule prohibits production, manufacture and trade. |
| MongoliaAsia | None | No licensed cannabis production is documented. Manufacture needs a licence from the pharmaceuticals authority and is otherwise prohibited. |
| MontenegroEurope | Medical only | The drug law allows controlled medical and pharmaceutical production and trade by licensed legal entities. It also provides a permit route for food and industrial hemp and a registered-land exception for scientific institutions. |
| MoroccoAfrica | Medical only | Law 13-21 licenses cultivation, processing, export and sale for medical, pharmaceutical and industrial purposes in Al Hoceima, Chefchaouen and Taounate. |
| MozambiqueAfrica | None | No licensed cannabis production was found: the law punishes unauthorised production and manufacture, excepting only authorised industrial, scientific and therapeutic activities. |
| MyanmarAsia | None | No lawful cannabis production. Cultivation carries five to ten years; production for sale falls under the fifteen-years-to-death trafficking tier. |
| NamibiaAfrica | None | No licensed production operates: the 1971 Act criminalises cultivation and production, and reform petitions — including a 2020 petition to parliament by cannabis and hemp groups — have not changed the law. |
| NauruOceania | None | Producing or manufacturing cannabis without lawful authority carries the same life-imprisonment penalty and ten-year custody requirement as unlawful cultivation and supply. |
| NepalAsia | None | The federal budget for 2024/25 announced legal arrangements for commercial cultivation for medicinal purposes. Gandaki authenticated a cultivation law on 3 August 2026. |
| NetherlandsEurope | Pilots only | For decades coffeeshops could sell cannabis but nobody could legally grow it for them: the 'back door' problem. |
| New ZealandOceania | Medical only | Since April 2020 the Medicinal Cannabis Scheme licenses commercial cultivation and manufacture of medicinal cannabis. |
| NicaraguaNorth America | None | No licensed production. Growing drug plants for exploitation or trade carries five to ten years. The 1999 law set 5 to 15 years for cultivation. |
| NigerAfrica | None | No licensed production. Article 8 prohibits growing cannabis and requires destruction of plants on occupied land. |
| NigeriaAfrica | None | None. Bills to license medical and industrial cannabis have been introduced in the National Assembly without passing; the drug agency opposes them. |
| North KoreaAsia | None | No lawful production of psychoactive cannabis. Low-THC industrial hemp is legally grown at scale for cloth, oil and other goods. |
| North MacedoniaEurope | Medical only | The drug law permits companies to cultivate for medical or scientific purposes with health ministry approval and prior government consent. |
| Northern CyprusEurope | None | Cannabis cultivation is a criminal offence under section 8 of the drug law. Premises used for cannabis smoking or trading are also prohibited. The treatment programme excludes growing, manufacture and supply convictions. |
| Northern Mariana IslandsOceania | Licensed market | Licensed producers grow under canopy classes; the September 2025 list had eight producer licensees, and licensees employed about sixty people. |
| NorwayEurope | None | No licensed cannabis production exists: growing is manufacture of a narcotic under section 231 of the Penal Code, and the medical route runs on approved prescription medicines and case-by-case specialist permits rather than… |
| OmanAsia | None | No licensed commercial cannabis production was found. Article 7 permits growing licences only for specified public bodies, colleges and research institutions, for medical or scientific purposes. |
| PakistanAsia | Medical only | The cannabis regulator publishes an application route for industrial-hemp cultivation, controlled and open-field medicinal cannabis cultivation, extraction, pharmaceutical manufacturing and research. |
| PalauOceania | None | No lawful cannabis production. Planting, cultivation, growing and harvesting fall within "production" and carry up to eight years and a $5,000 fine. No hemp or medical production permission was found. |
| PalestineAsia | Medical only | The health minister may license public or private institutions to grow otherwise prohibited plants and import plants or seeds for medical and scientific purposes under Article 3. |
| PanamaNorth America | Medical only | Law 242 of October 2021 — the first medical cannabis law in Central America — and its regulations created a national directorate that issues a limited number of production licences. Medical cannabis became law in 2021. |
| Papua New GuineaOceania | None | None. The 2023–2027 development plan calls for an industrial-hemp policy framework, but that policy intention did not legalise cultivation. |
| ParaguaySouth America | Medical only | The medical pilot requires licensed production, approved industrial plans, certified seed and traceability from seed to final product. Participation and product information must be notified to DINAVISA; |
| PeruSouth America | Medical only | Licences exist for medical production, import and sale; patient associations can be authorised to cultivate. |
| PhilippinesAsia | None | None. Republic Act 9165 prohibits every form of unauthorised cannabis cultivation. |
| PolandEurope | Medical only | Research institutes supervised by the agriculture minister may grow medical cannabis with permission from the Chief Pharmaceutical Inspector. |
| PortugalEurope | Medical only | INFARMED’s report records 27 valid cultivation authorisations and 24 manufacturing authorisations at its 2 June 2026 update. |
| Puerto RicoNorth America | Medical only | The Medical Cannabis Regulatory Board had issued 498 licences for cultivation, transport, research and sale by 2024. All production serves the medical market. |
| QatarAsia | None | No lawful cannabis production. Article 34 bans importing, producing or growing for trade, and the only exception in article 30 is research by government bodies and recognised scientific institutes. |
| RéunionAfrica | None | Cannabis (zamal) grows wild in several regions, particularly the mid-altitude zones of the west, and is planted in cane fields and gardens; all of it is outside any legal production regime, and cultivation is a serious offence. |
| RomaniaEurope | Medical only | Cultivation, import and sale of cannabis for medical use are allowed under Law 339/2005 with strict government authorisation and supervision. |
| RussiaEurope | Hemp only | The lawful cannabis crop is industrial hemp meeting the registered-variety and 0.1% THC conditions. The same decree authorises opium poppy for medical drug production, while its cannabis permission covers industrial uses. |
| RwandaAfrica | Medical only | The 2021 order licenses medical and research cannabis cultivation and processing. In May 2025, the development board reported off-site infrastructure for the Musanze project 83% complete, with fencing still outstanding; |
| Saint Kitts and NevisNorth America | Medical only | The Cannabis Act provides licences for cultivation, production and supply of medicinal cannabis only. |
| Saint LuciaNorth America | None | The Regulated Substances Authority is building a licensing and traceability system, but the cannabis-specific licensing bill remains a proposal rather than an operating market law. |
| Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesNorth America | Medical only | The country built one of the Caribbean's first licensed medical cannabis industries in 2018, deliberately bringing in traditional hillside growers through an amnesty law and dedicated licence class. |
| SamoaOceania | None | None; a proposal to allow cultivation was rejected by the prime minister. No licensed cannabis production exists. |
| San MarinoEurope | Medical only | Businesses can seek authorisation for medical cannabis cultivation, processing and wholesale trade through the ASCC and Congress of State. |
| São Tomé and PríncipeAfrica | None | Unauthorised cultivation, production, manufacture, extraction or preparation of cannabis falls under trafficking, normally carrying two to twelve years. |
| Saudi ArabiaAsia | None | None. The official schedules prohibit cannabis plants, their fibre and their seeds; there is no licensed cannabis-production programme. |
| SenegalAfrica | None | No licensed production exists: growing cannabis is banned everywhere, and no licensed cannabis production was found in the sources reviewed. |
| SerbiaEurope | Medical only | Agriculture permits cover hemp varieties below 0.3% THC for the purposes listed in Article 60; varieties capable of exceeding 0.3% are prohibited by Article 58. |
| SeychellesAfrica | None | No domestic licensed production; medical products are imported. |
| Sierra LeoneAfrica | Medical only | Licensed companies, manufacturers and approved health organisations may apply to cultivate, harvest and process medical cannabis. Applicants need suitable staff and secure premises; |
| SingaporeAsia | None | None. No licensed production exists, and growing a single plant is a crime with at least three years in prison or a S$5,000 fine. |
| Sint MaartenNorth America | None | Growing cannabis is prohibited by the ordinance. The 2024 committee was tasked with preparing conditions for cultivation, processing, testing and distribution within a proposed regulated system. |
| SlovakiaEurope | Medical only | Hemp cultivation is allowed for industrial fibre and seed, or for research. Research growers need a health-ministry permit. |
| SloveniaEurope | Medical only | The 2025 Medical and Scientific Cannabis Act allows licensed cultivation and processing for medical and research purposes. Nothing for adult use. |
| Solomon IslandsOceania | Medical only | The cultivation ban applies even to private use. Separately, sections 13 and 15 include cannabis extracts and tinctures within the controlled pharmaceutical framework and provide for rules authorising qualified pharmaceutical… |
| SomaliaAfrica | None | The 1970 law puts narcotic production under Health Ministry control and sets annual laboratory quotas. Its cannabis schedule and the 1984 production offence establish controls, but these texts do not establish the present scale… |
| SomalilandAfrica | None | The 1970 law places narcotic production under health-ministry control, with licences, annual production limits for authorised laboratories and records of quantities handled. |
| South AfricaAfrica | Medical only | Cannabis may be grown commercially only for medicine and export, under a licence from the health regulator; just over a hundred such licences had been issued by late 2025, and none allows sales to the public. |
| South KoreaAsia | Hemp only | Hemp is grown under permit for fibre and seed in designated areas, and the Andong regulation-free zone allows hemp below 0.3% THC for CBD extraction as a pharmaceutical raw material. |
| South SudanAfrica | None | No lawful cannabis production. The code only lets named professionals handle controlled drugs where necessary for their professional roles; no production or supply route operates. |
| SpainEurope | Medical only | The medicines agency’s July 2026 list names authorised medical and scientific growers, including Linneo Health, Medical Plants and Ondara. |
| Sri LankaAsia | Medical only | The state supplies cannabis to the Ayurvedic sector, largely from seized stock. In February 2024 the Cabinet approved cultivation and export for medicinal purposes, and in August 2025 seven foreign investors received six-month… |
| SudanAfrica | None | No lawful production was found. The illicit crop is large: Sudanese police rank the El Radoom district of South Darfur first in Africa for cannabis, called bango, much of it made into hashish. |
| SurinameSouth America | None | Reliable national information about lawful cannabis production was not established by the retained sources. |
| SwedenEurope | None | No licensed production of cannabis for medical or recreational use was found. Licensed hemp farming exists, but it is an agricultural route for EU-listed varieties, not a drug-production channel. |
| SwitzerlandEurope | Pilots only | Medical growers need a Swissmedic establishment licence and a separate cultivation licence for each crop, with traceability and a written agreement for the harvest. |
| SyriaAsia | None | No lawful cannabis production. Article 30 bans the listed plants at every stage, including seeds, and the only exception is research by state institutions and recognised research centres. |
| TaiwanAsia | None | No lawful cannabis production. Cannabis plants remain Category 2 narcotics even for fibre or seed, and no industrial-hemp cultivation exception exists. |
| TajikistanAsia | Medical only | Scientific cultivation of drug-containing plants is reserved for licensed research institutions. Manufacture and production of controlled drugs are subject to licensing and state quotas. |
| TanzaniaAfrica | None | Mainland law prohibits unauthorised cannabis cultivation. The drug-law amendments effective 2 October 2026 also broaden seed controls; the existing minimum cultivation sentence is thirty years. |
| ThailandAsia | Medical only | Licences for cultivation, processing, export and sale are available, but they are limited to medical, pharmacy, herbal and cultivation operators rather than an adult-use market. |
| Timor-LesteAsia | None | Cultivation, manufacture, trade and imports of controlled cannabis outside the personal-use offence attract trafficking penalties; no lawful commercial producer was found. |
| TogoAfrica | None | No licensed production exists: the 1998 law bans cannabis cultivation nationwide and obliges landholders to destroy plants, and no licensed cannabis production was found in the sources reviewed. |
| TongaOceania | None | No lawful cannabis production. Cultivation is an offence under section 4, with no commercial or hemp permission. |
| TransnistriaEurope | None | Commercial cannabis production is completely prohibited throughout Transnistria. The territory's legal rules leave no avenue for private commercial cannabis farms, extraction laboratories or processing facilities. |
| Trinidad and TobagoNorth America | None | The 2022 Act would create a Cannabis Licensing Authority and licences for cultivation, processing and sale, once the President proclaims a commencement date. No proclamation is recorded, so commercial cultivation is not licensed. |
| TunisiaAfrica | None | No lawful cannabis production. Article 2 bans all agricultural and industrial operations except authorised medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy and scientific research, and no cannabis cultivation or processing for the market… |
| TürkiyeAsia | Medical only | Hemp may be grown under permit in a list of designated provinces; the state has promoted it for fibre and, more recently, for low-THC medicinal products. |
| TurkmenistanAsia | Medical only | The drug law allows controlled plants to be grown only by permitted enterprises and institutions, within state quotas and for industrial, medical or scientific purposes. |
| TuvaluOceania | Medical only | The 2025 licensing power covers medical and scientific cultivation and manufacture. Applications must describe the drugs involved, the purpose and the proposed period of the licence. |
| UgandaAfrica | Medical only | The health minister may license cultivation or gathering of prohibited plants, with procedures set by regulation; the drug authority licenses medical production and exports. |
| UkraineEurope | Medical only | The 2024 law permits licensed, quota-controlled indoor cultivation of medical cannabis from certified seed under plant-by-plant electronic tracking. |
| United Arab EmiratesAsia | Hemp only | From 1 January 2026 licensed industrial hemp is lawful. Cultivation needs a licence from the Ministry of Climate Change and Environment, a local permit and security clearance, and it is confined to zones that are secured, fenced… |
| United KingdomEurope | Medical only | The Home Office licenses cultivation, mainly for pharmaceutical products and export, plus low-THC hemp. The UK is a large exporter of cannabis-based medicines. GW Pharmaceuticals won a cultivation licence in 1998. |
| United StatesNorth America | Licensed market | States issue commercial licences, some uncapped (Oklahoma, Oregon), many tightly capped and very expensive. On 28 April 2026 a DEA rule moved FDA-approved and state-licensed medical cannabis to federal Schedule III. |
| UruguaySouth America | State-run | Cannabis for pharmacies is grown by a handful of companies chosen by state tender, on state-controlled land, with the state setting price and genetics. |
| US Virgin IslandsNorth America | Licensed market | Commercial cultivation requires a licence, and micro-cultivation has a separate permit route. Regulator Joanne Moorehead reported the first commercial cultivation certificate to operate for a Tier 1 St. |
| UzbekistanAsia | Hemp only | The commercial cannabis route is licensed industrial hemp, not medicine or adult supply. Article 21 of the 1999 narcotics law makes cultivation a state monopoly, allowing it for state scientific institutions and, since 2020, for… |
| VanuatuOceania | Medical only | Medical-cannabis cultivation under the industry law is for export. Its original licensing requirements included relevant experience, a local bank deposit, an agricultural lease and an export market or buyer. |
| VenezuelaSouth America | None | No licensed production operates: the 2010 law criminalises sowing, growing and supply, and no licensing regime was established in the sources read. Supply terms rose in 2010. |
| VietnamAsia | None | No lawful cannabis production. The 2025 drug law counts the cannabis plant as a narcotic plant, prohibits growing it and excludes cultivation from every research or production permission. |
| YemenAsia | None | No lawful cannabis production. The only exception is research growing by government departments and scientific institutes; all other growing is prohibited. |
| ZambiaAfrica | Hemp only | The Cannabis Act was published on 20 May 2021. It comes into operation only on a date the Minister appoints, and ZambiaLII records that it has not come into force. |
| ZimbabweAfrica | Medical only | The 2018 regulations introduced five-year medicinal and scientific production licences. The regulator's 2022 review recorded fifty-nine licences issued and cannabis growing witnessed at five inspected sites, alongside eighteen… |