Context not part of the score
Beyond the penalty
What follows a person beyond the punishment itself: records, drug registers, lost licences, jobs, deportation.
A cannabis conviction often costs more than its sentence. A criminal record can close jobs, licences, travel and housing; some countries keep separate drug registers, take away driving licences or deport foreigners. These sections describe what follows a person beyond the punishment itself, in each country.
Some governments have begun to undo it. In 2022 the US president pardoned everyone convicted of simple possession under federal law, and South Africa’s Cannabis for Private Purposes Act provides for wiping old convictions for use and possession once it takes effect. Clearing records is known in many places as expungement.[1]
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Select a country for its section.
A criminal conviction creates a criminal record until it is extinguished or removed under the code’s rules.
A drug offence can bring imprisonment and flogging, and users can be detained in compulsory treatment camps.
A conviction carries a criminal record.
The 2025 law allows removal of acquired Algerian nationality for crimes under the drug law, following the nationality code's procedures.
A resident’s cannabis conviction can affect where they may live: the CBD flower case ended with five years’ expulsion.
The retained sources describe no consequence beyond the sentence itself, which a court can suspend for a dependent user on condition of treatment;
Convictions for small amounts were to be expunged as part of the reform, and the government formally apologised to the Rastafari community for past persecution.
Cases dismissed under Arriola leave no conviction.
An administrative offence is not a criminal record, but users are placed on a narcological register for observation, for at least a year.
The prosecution instruction calls for confiscation and destruction of drugs and seeks recovery of criminal proceeds.
Victoria removed automatic licence bans for eligible unimpaired medicinal-cannabis drivers in March 2025.
A case put on hold comes with a probation period and any required health measures.
A drug conviction is a criminal record.
The 2024 framework has not removed criminal liability for personal possession.
Courts must order confiscation of seized drugs and equipment used for the offence, subject to protections for innocent third parties.
A conviction is a criminal record.
Paying the fixed penalty discharges liability without a criminal conviction.
Personal possession remains a criminal offence even when the court chooses short custody or restriction of liberty.
The police record made for small possession is not a conviction.
Violations under 10 g are handled by ticket without a criminal conviction.
The retained sources describe no consequence beyond the sentence itself: the 1997 Act fixes minimum fines and prison terms with no alternatives to prison.
People with qualifying cannabis possession convictions predating 20 December 2017 can apply for an expungement order.
A trafficking conviction is a felony with prison, and a felony conviction is a serious criminal record.
A person classified as holding cannabis for immediate personal use faces compulsory treatment until considered rehabilitated.
A Federation possession conviction is a criminal conviction under Article 239(3).
A conviction is a criminal record.
Administrative measures do not create a criminal record.
The law permits forfeiture of drugs and property connected with offences, with special rules for conveyances used or intended for drug trafficking…
Section 24 allows forfeiture of drugs and articles connected with an offence, including where nobody has been convicted, subject to its notice and claim procedures.
The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyond the penalties described above.
For specified production, supply and related offences, the 2018 code allows additional penalties such as loss of civic rights, professional bans and…
The drug provisions require confiscation of controlled plants and substances and equipment used for consumption, manufacture or transport.
Articles 16–17 provide forfeiture of controlled substances, relevant equipment and crime proceeds, subject to stated protections for good-faith third parties.
State-centre treatment and rehabilitation can last six months to two years.
For offences listed in Articles 91–99, courts may impose a country ban on foreigners lasting two to ten years or permanently, and restrictions on…
Drug-impaired driving law uses per-se THC blood limits, so a regular user can be over the limit without being impaired.
After the April 2025 referendum, Premier André Ebanks told Parliament that 55.64% had supported decriminalisation and that the issue would go to the Law Reform Commission.
For specified production, trafficking and supply offences, courts may add restrictions on residence, travel, civic rights, driving or professional activity.
The 2000 pharmacy law requires a five to twenty year residence restriction for facilitating narcotics use and provides confiscation and professional…
Public-use offences can bring suspension of a driving licence and mandatory treatment programmes.
Registration as a drug user brings years of monitoring and random testing, and affects employment and travel.
No record for personal use.
The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyond the penalties described above.
For offences under Articles 40–54, courts can order a foreigner’s expulsion, residence restrictions, driving restrictions and professional bans under Article 61.
No criminal record for personal use.
Judges may add loss of civic rights, a travel ban with passport withdrawal for five to ten years, or a weapons ban.
A misdemeanour is not a criminal record.
A conviction is a criminal record with lasting effects on work and travel.
The 2024 replacement law retained the cannabis prohibitions and medical exceptions, added a sales-advertising restriction and provided a route for…
Possession, growing, supply and use remain criminal offences.
People aged 18–20 remain outside the personal possession and growing permission, which starts at 21.
A fine solely under the controlled-substances law does not appear on either the private or public criminal-record certificate, although a prison sentence does.
For drug offences, courts can impose professional restrictions, suspend or cancel a driving licence and confiscate property.
The 2020 reform provided for existing convictions for small amounts to be expunged.
Long pre-trial detention is common;
Licence holders face withdrawal of their authorisation for breaches, illicit trafficking, recreational diversion or refusing inspection, under…
No record follows if a case is closed as personal use;
A conviction brings a criminal record and, beyond the prison terms and fines above, the severest trafficking sentences in the region's law.
Some 3,000 people were detained on drug charges in 2012, in prisons at two and a half times their capacity.
Article 5(2) of the 1993 decree prescribed professional disqualification for a physician or public official abusing their position, including…
The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyond the penalties described above.
A final decision imposing a penalty for a misdemeanour is entered in the penal register, except a decision in a warning procedure.
A conviction is a criminal record.
The retained sources describe no consequence beyond the sentence itself: personal use brings rigorous imprisonment of up to seven years and a fine of…
The Pharmacy Service tells patients they may not drive while receiving medical cannabis.
Cannabis offences can lead to conviction, fines and imprisonment.
Drug-user fines are recorded in police registers and can affect security clearances, some professions and a driving licence.
Since 20 August 2026, a paid criminal fixed fine for cannabis use generally appears on bulletin no.
The father acquitted in June 2024 had been prosecuted for two years, and the ruling did not allow him to keep growing for his son.
Courts must order confiscation and destruction of drugs seized under the relevant drug provisions.
A conviction is a criminal record.
Administrative fines leave no criminal record.
Old convictions for conduct that is now legal can be deleted from the federal register on application.
A conviction for possession for personal use is a fine, and the record remains.
Possession can lead to a fine, imprisonment or both, depending on the proceedings and sentence.
Personal-use convictions are kept off the standard criminal record, provided no further relevant offence follows within five years.
The current law provides criminal-code measures for breaches and treats specified supply in youth settings as more serious.
Specified minor cannabis convictions qualify for amnesty and automatic expungement.
Adult-use legalisation did not erase penalties already incurred or proceedings begun before the law took effect.
Personal-possession convictions carry a prison sentence and a fine under the drug law.
An individual medical import requires a licence matching the prescription and shipment, so a prescription alone does not complete the import process.
Courts can impose additional penalties for drug offences, including restrictions on travel, residence, civic rights and professional activity.
Articles 16–17 provide forfeiture of drug-related equipment, proceeds and associated assets.
The small-quantity orders are still recorded as an offence.
Beyond the penalties themselves, the court's detoxification or care order is the main alternative outcome for personal-use cases.
A conviction under article 311 is a prison sentence.
Among people under 21 reported to the Central Registry of Drug Abuse in 2025, cannabis was the second most commonly reported drug after etomidate.
A conviction is a criminal record;
Keeping minor possession off the criminal record since 2019 removed the main lasting consequence for users.
An NDPS conviction is a serious criminal record.
Long pre-trial detention, deportation and blacklisting for foreigners.
A drug conviction is a criminal record, and flogging sentences are carried out.
A drug conviction carries a criminal record and a prison term or fine;
A conviction can affect travel and employment.
The government’s 2024 drug-policy report describes how convictions can restrict work, travel and residency, and says these effects can be amplified in a small community.
The administrative fine leaves no criminal record, but a criminal conviction for possession above 15 g, cultivation or supply does.
The sanction for users is itself a civil consequence: loss of a driving licence, passport or residence-permit eligibility for months.
Tickets leave no criminal record, and earlier convictions for small quantities can be expunged.
An arrest typically costs a person their job or university place.
A Parish Hall caution or a Centenier's fine does not appear on the person's criminal record, while a case that goes to court can.
A first personal-use offence leaves no criminal precedent or security record, while prosecution and a sentence remain possible.
Unauthorized possession in the ordinary and large bands is a lesser criminal offence, with fines, work or short arrest;
A conviction creates a criminal record.
Courts may confiscate articles involved in a drug offence: a 2015 sentence forfeited a yacht, engines and radios.
Even the first-offence tier for less than three grams is a criminal offence, punishable by a fine or up to one year in prison, with confiscation of the drugs.
For eligible personal-use cases, prosecutors may order rehabilitation for up to three months instead of starting a prosecution.
The Criminal Code offers an exemption from criminal liability for certain drug offences when a person voluntarily surrenders the drugs and actively…
After the first certified treatment, renewed addiction brings public criticism and a fine.
A repeat offence brings a criminal record.
A drug conviction is a criminal record.
A conviction is a criminal record.
Section 14.100 requires immediate deportation of a non-Liberian convicted of an offence under the drug law after serving the sentence or sanction.
A conviction can be published under Article 46, and licences can be revoked under Article 47.
A conviction is a criminal record.
Small possession is a criminal misdemeanour, so an administrative use fine does not describe the whole exposure of someone also holding cannabis.
Paying a €145 warning and receiving a court-imposed criminal fine are different outcomes under the small-possession procedure.
A conviction is a criminal record.
Conviction brings mandatory confiscation of seized plants and substances, equipment used for the offence and its proceeds;
A conviction is a criminal record.
A cannabis conviction is a criminal record.
Beyond prison, offenders can face whipping, and trafficking means life defined as the remainder of life with no pardon or commutation.
For the offences listed in Articles 94–102, Article 112 allows courts to ban a foreigner from the territory for ten to twenty years and restrict…
People convicted of simple possession before the reform can have the conviction struck from their record.
Drugs may be confiscated, and property used in drug transport, import or export can be seized and forfeited.
Article 17 requires permanent exclusion for foreigners convicted of listed offences, including illicit use, and courts can impose travel bans and suspend licences.
A conviction is a criminal record affecting employment;
The permit creates a record of your use with a federal agency.
National section 1148 and Pohnpei section 4-130 allow qualifying first possession offenders, with consent, to receive probation without judgment.
The 2026 small-possession provision permits a temporary ban on the relevant activity alongside fines.
A cannabis case can affect permission to enter Monaco, although exclusion must have a sufficient public-order basis.
A criminal case brings a record and social stigma.
The Criminal Code requires the confiscation and destruction of drugs and production equipment under its production-and-supply offence.
A drug conviction is a criminal record;
A conviction brings a criminal record and, for trafficking, long prison terms plus fines.
A user who does not enter the required bond, or who breaches it, is sent to a rehabilitation centre for three months.
Section 8 provides forfeiture of drugs, plants and specified property connected with an offence, subject to the Act's safeguards for other interests.
The possession offence requires twelve months to three years in custody.
A drug conviction carries a criminal record.
Tolerated possession leaves no criminal record.
A conviction is a criminal record affecting travel and work.
The minor offence is still recorded.
For the production, trafficking and related offences listed in Articles 94–102, courts may add restrictions on residence, civic rights, travel,…
A conviction is a criminal record;
Unknown.
Article 215(6) excludes criminal punishment for possession exclusively for personal use.
Successful completion of supervised treatment avoids both a sentence and entry of the conviction on the criminal record.
Cannabis excise and surtax brought in $686,979 in fiscal 2024 but only $113,880 by July 2025, against a $517,868 budget.
The fine appears on the criminal record, which can block jobs, visas and a driving licence — the main real-world penalty for Norwegian users.
Article 61 requires permanent deportation of foreigners convicted under the law, except its residual article 56 offences.
A narcotics conviction carries a criminal record.
A citation is recorded but does not mean custody.
A conviction is a criminal record, and the law provides for confiscation of drugs, equipment and proceeds.
A drug conviction is a criminal record;
A conviction produces a criminal record and may bring a fine, imprisonment or both.
No record if the exemption is applied;
Qualifying immediate personal possession within the 8 g marijuana/2 g derivative limits is not punishable;
Foreign nationals are deported after serving their sentence.
A conviction enters the criminal record;
Personal use or possession is an administrative offence rather than a criminal conviction.
Registered medical patients who identify themselves to an employer have statutory protection against discrimination, subject to exceptions involving…
A court may order a non-resident deported after sentence under Penal Code article 77;
Use and possession convictions carry up to one year in prison and a €3,750 fine under the national provisions, with convictions recorded under…
A conviction is a criminal record.
Foreign nationals face expulsion alongside the fine or detention for administrative possession and use.
Community service is a criminal sentence.
The 2019 reforms included expungement of past convictions for small amounts.
The government authorised work on expunging records of people convicted over amounts under 30 g where no violence was involved.
The small-quantity fine does not lead to arrest or a custodial record.
A conviction is a criminal record.
In minor personal-use proceedings, a judge can order health checks, treatment, supervision or community activity.
Someone who voluntarily seeks help from a public or private health service for personal drug use is guaranteed anonymity.
A drug conviction carries a criminal record and the penalties in the tables.
A conviction brings a criminal record.
Small personal possession remains a criminal offence, though the court may waive punishment.
A conviction is a criminal record.
A conviction is a criminal record.
Users can be committed to a Drug Rehabilitation Centre and then placed under supervision with regular urine tests.
The guideline generally reserves requests for a suspended sentence to qualifying resident defendants and specifies three years’ probation.
For eligible lower-level possession and growing offences, a court can withhold punishment while ordering treatment.
Possession of a smaller quantity for one-time personal use is a misdemeanour under the drugs Act.
Section 39(2) requires forfeiture of articles involved in a conviction and permits destruction or other court-directed disposal.
The 1984 decree assigned drug cases to the National Security Court and its regional branches, with transitional rules for pending cases and earlier offences.
The constitution requires crimes and punishments to be laid down by law and presumes accused people innocent until convicted.
A conviction for dagga stays on the criminal record, and many South Africans carry one from decades of mass arrests.
A drug conviction carries heavy social stigma and ends careers.
A conviction is a criminal record.
Fines are not a criminal record.
A conviction is a criminal record, and people arrested in the Yukthiya crackdown could be sent to rehabilitation centres rather than court.
Article 22(2) requires deportation of a foreign national for article 15 or 16 offences and permits it for personal-use offences under article 20(1),…
The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyond the penalties described above.
Fines are entered in the criminal register, visible to some employers, and police report users to licensing authorities, which can cost a driving licence.
Personal possession up to 10 g is unpunished and protected against confiscation for destruction;
Article 59 requires confiscation of drugs, equipment and proceeds, and the law provides for closure of premises used in an offence.
A conviction is a criminal record;
The drug law requires registration after a finding of unlawful drug use and provides follow-up observation after treatment for dependence.
A conviction is a criminal record.
No criminal record follows from lawful medical use, and thousands of earlier cannabis prisoners were released in 2022.
A hotel, café, club or venue operator who permits illicit drug use, production or trafficking, or knowingly fails to prevent it, faces two to eight years in prison.
Courts must confiscate substances and plants involved in small personal-use offences, together with equipment used for the offence, and may order their destruction.
A conviction is a criminal record, which matters for seasonal-work visas abroad.
A conviction for criminal drug possession under Article 226 creates a formal criminal record that restricts employment in civil service, education and law enforcement.
Section 5D provides discharge and expungement routes for earlier small-possession cases;
A conviction is a criminal record that can block public-sector employment and travel.
A year or more of supervision and testing;
The drug law provides for registration and medical monitoring of people diagnosed with drug dependence.
Unlawfully imported or exported cannabis can be seized and forfeited, and the Act permits seizure and destruction of cannabis plants.
A conviction brings a criminal record, and the Act orders conveyances, equipment and proceeds linked to offences forfeited.
Small personal possession is handled under the administrative code, while larger amounts can result in a criminal conviction.
Since 1 January 2026, courts must deport any foreign national convicted under the narcotics law after sentence, except the spouse or first-degree…
A caution or conviction shows on criminal-record checks and can affect work and travel;
Federal section 922(d)(3) prohibits firearm transfers to a person known or reasonably believed to be an unlawful controlled-substance user or addict.
Three state registries hold the identity of every legal buyer, grower and club member.
Government House distinguishes a pardon, which forgives the offence, from expungement, which clears the record.
A diagnosis of drug dependence is entered in a mandatory register shared with law enforcement.
Prison, fines, supervision and community work can follow a cannabis conviction, depending on the case.
People placed under the personal-use procedure can be required to attend rehabilitation and follow-up.
Local police place detected users under ordinary one-year monitoring.
Articles 36 and 43 provide for confiscation of criminal proceeds, drugs and equipment or vehicles used in offences.
A conviction under the narcotics law is a criminal conviction.
Unlawful possession, use and personal cultivation can bring a fine, imprisonment or both.
Country by country
The opening of each profile's section; the country's page has it in full, with sources.
| Country | What the profile says |
|---|---|
| AbkhaziaAsia | A criminal conviction creates a criminal record until it is extinguished or removed under the code’s rules. |
| AfghanistanAsia | A drug offence can bring imprisonment and flogging, and users can be detained in compulsory treatment camps. |
| AlbaniaEurope | A conviction carries a criminal record. No spent-conviction or expungement route for cannabis offences was found in the retained sources. |
| AlgeriaAfrica | The 2025 law allows removal of acquired Algerian nationality for crimes under the drug law, following the nationality code's procedures. |
| AndorraEurope | A resident’s cannabis conviction can affect where they may live: the CBD flower case ended with five years’ expulsion. The appellant said it had cost him his work and home in Andorra, where his partner lived. |
| AngolaAfrica | The retained sources describe no consequence beyond the sentence itself, which a court can suspend for a dependent user on condition of treatment; anonymous healthcare is guaranteed to a user who asks for it. |
| Antigua and BarbudaNorth America | Convictions for small amounts were to be expunged as part of the reform, and the government formally apologised to the Rastafari community for past persecution. |
| ArgentinaSouth America | Cases dismissed under Arriola leave no conviction. Registration in REPROCANN places patients in a government database. The court protected private use in 2009. |
| ArmeniaAsia | An administrative offence is not a criminal record, but users are placed on a narcological register for observation, for at least a year. |
| ArubaNorth America | The prosecution instruction calls for confiscation and destruction of drugs and seeks recovery of criminal proceeds. Repeat offending within five years raises the sentencing request; |
| AustraliaOceania | Victoria removed automatic licence bans for eligible unimpaired medicinal-cannabis drivers in March 2025. |
| AustriaEurope | A case put on hold comes with a probation period and any required health measures. Prosecution can resume if the conditions are breached. |
| AzerbaijanAsia | A drug conviction is a criminal record. Courts may confiscate property for supply offences. The drug law allows restrictions on certain professions and on work with high-risk facilities for people diagnosed with drug dependence. |
| BahamasNorth America | The 2024 framework has not removed criminal liability for personal possession. |
| BahrainAsia | Courts must order confiscation of seized drugs and equipment used for the offence, subject to protections for innocent third parties. |
| BangladeshAsia | A conviction is a criminal record. The 2018 anti-drug drive was accompanied by hundreds of alleged extrajudicial killings, and the narcotics department says cases stay pending for years. |
| BarbadosNorth America | Paying the fixed penalty discharges liability without a criminal conviction. |
| BelarusEurope | Personal possession remains a criminal offence even when the court chooses short custody or restriction of liberty. |
| BelgiumEurope | The police record made for small possession is not a conviction. Roadside saliva tests apply a very low THC threshold. |
| BelizeNorth America | Violations under 10 g are handled by ticket without a criminal conviction. |
| BeninAfrica | The retained sources describe no consequence beyond the sentence itself: the 1997 Act fixes minimum fines and prison terms with no alternatives to prison. |
| BermudaNorth America | People with qualifying cannabis possession convictions predating 20 December 2017 can apply for an expungement order. |
| BhutanAsia | A trafficking conviction is a felony with prison, and a felony conviction is a serious criminal record. Substance-abuse findings lead to compulsory treatment and counselling, and a fourth finding becomes a misdemeanour. |
| BoliviaSouth America | A person classified as holding cannabis for immediate personal use faces compulsory treatment until considered rehabilitated. |
| Bosnia and HerzegovinaEurope | A Federation possession conviction is a criminal conviction under Article 239(3). The state law also provides confiscation of unlawfully held drugs and plants. |
| BotswanaAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record. The low-level possession tier instead provides a notice, a fine of up to P10,000 and prescribed rehabilitation, with alternatives to imprisonment if the fine is not paid. |
| BrazilSouth America | Administrative measures do not create a criminal record. The ruling opened the way to review past convictions for small amounts. |
| British Virgin IslandsNorth America | The law permits forfeiture of drugs and property connected with offences, with special rules for conveyances used or intended for drug trafficking and procedures for owners to seek restoration. |
| BruneiAsia | Section 24 allows forfeiture of drugs and articles connected with an offence, including where nobody has been convicted, subject to its notice and claim procedures. |
| BulgariaEurope | The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyond the penalties described above. |
| Burkina FasoAfrica | For specified production, supply and related offences, the 2018 code allows additional penalties such as loss of civic rights, professional bans and restrictions on travel or residence. |
| BurundiAfrica | The drug provisions require confiscation of controlled plants and substances and equipment used for consumption, manufacture or transport. Courts must order confiscated crops destroyed; |
| Cabo VerdeAfrica | Articles 16–17 provide forfeiture of controlled substances, relevant equipment and crime proceeds, subject to stated protections for good-faith third parties. |
| CambodiaAsia | State-centre treatment and rehabilitation can last six months to two years. The law provides medical conditions, prosecutor or court decisions and appeal routes for compulsory treatment. |
| CameroonAfrica | For offences listed in Articles 91–99, courts may impose a country ban on foreigners lasting two to ten years or permanently, and restrictions on civic rights, travel, driving or professional work; |
| CanadaNorth America | Drug-impaired driving law uses per-se THC blood limits, so a regular user can be over the limit without being impaired. |
| Cayman IslandsNorth America | After the April 2025 referendum, Premier André Ebanks told Parliament that 55.64% had supported decriminalisation and that the issue would go to the Law Reform Commission. |
| Central African RepublicAfrica | For specified production, trafficking and supply offences, courts may add restrictions on residence, travel, civic rights, driving or professional activity. |
| ChadAfrica | The 2000 pharmacy law requires a five to twenty year residence restriction for facilitating narcotics use and provides confiscation and professional bans in specified cases. |
| ChileSouth America | Public-use offences can bring suspension of a driving licence and mandatory treatment programmes. |
| ChinaAsia | Registration as a drug user brings years of monitoring and random testing, and affects employment and travel. The Narcotics Control Law has police register drug users and sets community rehabilitation at three years; |
| ColombiaSouth America | No record for personal use. Police-code fines apply for use in restricted places. |
| ComorosAfrica | The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyond the penalties described above. |
| CongoAfrica | For offences under Articles 40–54, courts can order a foreigner’s expulsion, residence restrictions, driving restrictions and professional bans under Article 61. |
| Costa RicaNorth America | No criminal record for personal use. Use stopped being a crime in 1988. |
| Côte d'IvoireAfrica | Judges may add loss of civic rights, a travel ban with passport withdrawal for five to ten years, or a weapons ban. Completing court-ordered treatment brings an absolute discharge for use offences; |
| CroatiaEurope | A misdemeanour is not a criminal record. The court can impose the fine or up to 90 days' detention, and an unpaid fine can be converted. Croatia makes personal possession a misdemeanour in 2013. |
| CubaNorth America | A conviction is a criminal record with lasting effects on work and travel. Marijuana trials have drawn long exemplary sentences. The 2022 Code broadened aggravations. |
| CuraçaoNorth America | The 2024 replacement law retained the cannabis prohibitions and medical exceptions, added a sales-advertising restriction and provided a route for future exemptions requiring parliamentary approval. |
| CyprusEurope | Possession, growing, supply and use remain criminal offences. Courts may consider youth, exclusive personal use, dependence, remorse and willingness to undergo treatment when sentencing. |
| CzechiaEurope | People aged 18–20 remain outside the personal possession and growing permission, which starts at 21. Driving has a separate rule: reaching 2 ng/ml of delta-9-THC in blood makes a driver legally affected, even when their… |
| DenmarkEurope | A fine solely under the controlled-substances law does not appear on either the private or public criminal-record certificate, although a prison sentence does. Driving is illegal above 0.001 mg THC per kg of blood; |
| DjiboutiAfrica | For drug offences, courts can impose professional restrictions, suspend or cancel a driving licence and confiscate property. |
| DominicaNorth America | The 2020 reform provided for existing convictions for small amounts to be expunged. |
| Dominican RepublicNorth America | Long pre-trial detention is common; foreigners are deported after sentence. Habeas corpus rulings in drug cases wait out the appeal in custody under the 1990 amendments. Habeas appeals kept suspects in custody from 1990. |
| DR CongoAfrica | Licence holders face withdrawal of their authorisation for breaches, illicit trafficking, recreational diversion or refusing inspection, under articles 119 and 120, which also provide a corrective-measures process. |
| EcuadorSouth America | No record follows if a case is closed as personal use; the risk lies in being charged as a dealer in the first place, where the smallest band starts at three years. |
| EgyptAfrica | A conviction brings a criminal record and, beyond the prison terms and fines above, the severest trafficking sentences in the region's law. |
| El SalvadorNorth America | Some 3,000 people were detained on drug charges in 2012, in prisons at two and a half times their capacity. A 2013 debate ended without legalisation. |
| Equatorial GuineaAfrica | Article 5(2) of the 1993 decree prescribed professional disqualification for a physician or public official abusing their position, including specified health and pharmacy personnel. |
| EritreaAfrica | The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyond the penalties described above. |
| EstoniaEurope | A final decision imposing a penalty for a misdemeanour is entered in the penal register, except a decision in a warning procedure. |
| EswatiniAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record. The 1922 Act allows a court to suspend a driver's licence for up to five years where a vehicle was used to convey drugs. |
| EthiopiaAfrica | The retained sources describe no consequence beyond the sentence itself: personal use brings rigorous imprisonment of up to seven years and a fine of up to 50,000 Birr, with no account found of how often ordinary users are jailed. |
| Faroe IslandsEurope | The Pharmacy Service tells patients they may not drive while receiving medical cannabis. It also stresses reporting adverse reactions because trial products are subject to different evidence requirements from approved medicines. |
| FijiOceania | Cannabis offences can lead to conviction, fines and imprisonment. The guidelines for possession of up to 100 g also allow counselling, community service or discharge with a strong warning. |
| FinlandEurope | Drug-user fines are recorded in police registers and can affect security clearances, some professions and a driving licence. |
| FranceEurope | Since 20 August 2026, a paid criminal fixed fine for cannabis use generally appears on bulletin no. 2 (B2) of the criminal record for three years from payment; |
| French PolynesiaOceania | The father acquitted in June 2024 had been prosecuted for two years, and the ruling did not allow him to keep growing for his son. |
| GabonAfrica | Courts must order confiscation and destruction of drugs seized under the relevant drug provisions. Additional penalties can include restrictions on civic rights, residence or professional activity, withdrawal of a passport and… |
| GambiaAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record. |
| GeorgiaAsia | Administrative fines leave no criminal record. A drug conviction can bar certain professions under the Law on Combating Drug-related Crime, and the same law provides five years' deprivation of a driving licence for a… |
| GermanyEurope | Old convictions for conduct that is now legal can be deleted from the federal register on application. The driving limit is 3.5 ng/ml THC in blood serum, with zero tolerance for novice drivers and under-21s. |
| GhanaAfrica | A conviction for possession for personal use is a fine, and the record remains. A conviction for buying for personal use can be a prison sentence of four to ten years. |
| GibraltarEurope | Possession can lead to a fine, imprisonment or both, depending on the proceedings and sentence. Courts can order forfeiture and destruction or disposal of items connected with drug offences. |
| GreeceEurope | Personal-use convictions are kept off the standard criminal record, provided no further relevant offence follows within five years. |
| GreenlandNorth America | The current law provides criminal-code measures for breaches and treats specified supply in youth settings as more serious. |
| GrenadaNorth America | Specified minor cannabis convictions qualify for amnesty and automatic expungement. Ordinary public-use convictions under section 13B do not form part of the criminal record; |
| GuamOceania | Adult-use legalisation did not erase penalties already incurred or proceedings begun before the law took effect. |
| GuatemalaNorth America | Personal-possession convictions carry a prison sentence and a fine under the drug law. The distinction from trafficking depends on a reasonable quantity for immediate consumption and the circumstances; |
| GuernseyEurope | An individual medical import requires a licence matching the prescription and shipment, so a prescription alone does not complete the import process. Small recreational possession can still produce a court fine and conviction. |
| GuineaAfrica | Courts can impose additional penalties for drug offences, including restrictions on travel, residence, civic rights and professional activity. They may permanently exclude a convicted foreigner from Guinea. |
| Guinea-BissauAfrica | Articles 16–17 provide forfeiture of drug-related equipment, proceeds and associated assets. Under article 19, a court may expel a foreign national convicted of trafficking for at least ten years. |
| GuyanaSouth America | The small-quantity orders are still recorded as an offence. |
| HaitiNorth America | Beyond the penalties themselves, the court's detoxification or care order is the main alternative outcome for personal-use cases. The 2001 drug law set these terms. |
| HondurasNorth America | A conviction under article 311 is a prison sentence. The repealed article 26 internment rule is not the current penalty, and the repealed article 27 expulsion rule is not restated here. The 1989 law set the old penalties. |
| Hong KongAsia | Among people under 21 reported to the Central Registry of Drug Abuse in 2025, cannabis was the second most commonly reported drug after etomidate. The registry recorded 5,077 people across all ages and drugs. |
| HungaryEurope | A conviction is a criminal record; even diversion involves six months of mandatory weekly sessions. Hungary reopened diversion for all users in 2003. |
| IcelandEurope | Keeping minor possession off the criminal record since 2019 removed the main lasting consequence for users. |
| IndiaAsia | An NDPS conviction is a serious criminal record. |
| IndonesiaAsia | Long pre-trial detention, deportation and blacklisting for foreigners. |
| IranAsia | A drug conviction is a criminal record, and flogging sentences are carried out. The law also provides for confiscation of property in the most serious trafficking cases. |
| IraqAsia | A drug conviction carries a criminal record and a prison term or fine; trafficking can bring life imprisonment or death. |
| IrelandEurope | A conviction can affect travel and employment. Eligible first-time offenders may instead receive a Health Referral Scheme referral, or an adult caution; neither is a criminal conviction. Health referrals began in September 2026. |
| Isle of ManEurope | The government’s 2024 drug-policy report describes how convictions can restrict work, travel and residency, and says these effects can be amplified in a small community. Cautions can also appear on enhanced background checks. |
| IsraelAsia | The administrative fine leaves no criminal record, but a criminal conviction for possession above 15 g, cultivation or supply does. |
| ItalyEurope | The sanction for users is itself a civil consequence: loss of a driving licence, passport or residence-permit eligibility for months. |
| JamaicaNorth America | Tickets leave no criminal record, and earlier convictions for small quantities can be expunged. Unpaid tickets can lead to a court order for community service. |
| JapanAsia | An arrest typically costs a person their job or university place. Foreigners are deported after a cannabis conviction, and the immigration law bars them from landing again for five years, or ten if they have been deported before. |
| JerseyEurope | A Parish Hall caution or a Centenier's fine does not appear on the person's criminal record, while a case that goes to court can. |
| JordanAsia | A first personal-use offence leaves no criminal precedent or security record, while prosecution and a sentence remain possible. Courts may substitute treatment; |
| KazakhstanAsia | Unauthorized possession in the ordinary and large bands is a lesser criminal offence, with fines, work or short arrest; especially large holdings can bring three to seven years in prison. |
| KenyaAfrica | A conviction creates a criminal record. Cultivation can also cost land or a lease under section 7: owner involvement determines whether non-government land is forfeited or an innocent owner recovers it. |
| KiribatiOceania | Courts may confiscate articles involved in a drug offence: a 2015 sentence forfeited a yacht, engines and radios. |
| KosovoEurope | Even the first-offence tier for less than three grams is a criminal offence, punishable by a fine or up to one year in prison, with confiscation of the drugs. Ordinary unauthorised possession carries a fine and one to three years. |
| KuwaitAsia | For eligible personal-use cases, prosecutors may order rehabilitation for up to three months instead of starting a prosecution. Breaching treatment conditions can lead to prosecution; |
| KyrgyzstanAsia | The Criminal Code offers an exemption from criminal liability for certain drug offences when a person voluntarily surrenders the drugs and actively helps expose or stop drug crimes. |
| LaosAsia | After the first certified treatment, renewed addiction brings public criticism and a fine. After the second, the prison range is three months to one year; after the third, one to three years. |
| LatviaEurope | A repeat offence brings a criminal record. |
| LebanonAsia | A drug conviction is a criminal record. Article 152 requires permanent expulsion for a foreign national convicted of a felony or repeat misdemeanour, and removal for one to five years for a misdemeanour; |
| LesothoAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record. The 2008 Act provides for forfeiture of drugs and property connected with an offence, and the 2018 regulations add licence conditions and seed-to-sale controls for lawful operators. |
| LiberiaAfrica | Section 14.100 requires immediate deportation of a non-Liberian convicted of an offence under the drug law after serving the sentence or sanction. |
| LibyaAfrica | A conviction can be published under Article 46, and licences can be revoked under Article 47. Article 49 allows residence restrictions, banishment and bans on certain professions for repeat felony offenders, and foreigners can… |
| LiechtensteinEurope | A conviction is a criminal record. |
| LithuaniaEurope | Small possession is a criminal misdemeanour, so an administrative use fine does not describe the whole exposure of someone also holding cannabis. |
| LuxembourgEurope | Paying a €145 warning and receiving a court-imposed criminal fine are different outcomes under the small-possession procedure. Driving has a separate offence threshold of 1 ng/mL or more in blood serum. |
| MacauAsia | A conviction is a criminal record. Article 21 adds two-to-ten-year bans on public office and professions, two-to-five-year driving bans and, for non-residents, a five-to-ten-year expulsion and entry ban. |
| MadagascarAfrica | Conviction brings mandatory confiscation of seized plants and substances, equipment used for the offence and its proceeds; drugs found on an illicit user are seized and confiscated even without prosecution. |
| MalawiAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record. Forfeited cannabis is burned or destroyed in front of a police officer of sergeant rank or above. |
| MalaysiaAsia | A cannabis conviction is a criminal record. At 20 g or more, possession also carries mandatory caning; a trafficking conviction can bring life imprisonment and at least twelve strokes, or death. |
| MaldivesAsia | Beyond prison, offenders can face whipping, and trafficking means life defined as the remainder of life with no pardon or commutation. |
| MaliAfrica | For the offences listed in Articles 94–102, Article 112 allows courts to ban a foreigner from the territory for ten to twenty years and restrict civic rights or driving for one to five years. |
| MaltaEurope | People convicted of simple possession before the reform can have the conviction struck from their record. Association membership is recorded, though privacy rules limit access. Driving under the influence remains an offence. |
| Marshall IslandsOceania | Drugs may be confiscated, and property used in drug transport, import or export can be seized and forfeited. Owners have one month to seek recovery through the High Court. The 2020 amendment expressly added cash to seizure powers. |
| MauritaniaAfrica | Article 17 requires permanent exclusion for foreigners convicted of listed offences, including illicit use, and courts can impose travel bans and suspend licences. The law also provides civic-rights bans and confiscation. |
| MauritiusAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record affecting employment; a certificate of character is required for many jobs. |
| MexicoNorth America | The permit creates a record of your use with a federal agency. Cases under 5 g are closed without a conviction. Unauthorised international import/export has a separate ten-to-twenty-five-year statutory range; |
| MicronesiaOceania | National section 1148 and Pohnpei section 4-130 allow qualifying first possession offenders, with consent, to receive probation without judgment. |
| MoldovaEurope | The 2026 small-possession provision permits a temporary ban on the relevant activity alongside fines. Criminal convictions create a criminal-record status until it is extinguished or rehabilitation occurs. |
| MonacoEurope | A cannabis case can affect permission to enter Monaco, although exclusion must have a sufficient public-order basis. |
| MongoliaAsia | A criminal case brings a record and social stigma. |
| MontenegroEurope | The Criminal Code requires the confiscation and destruction of drugs and production equipment under its production-and-supply offence. A person convicted under that offence who reveals their supplier may be excused punishment. |
| MoroccoAfrica | A drug conviction is a criminal record; the pardon removed that burden for many Rif farmers. Foreigners can also face a residence ban of five to ten years and administrative expulsion. |
| MozambiqueAfrica | A conviction brings a criminal record and, for trafficking, long prison terms plus fines. Courts may suspend sentences on treatment conditions, and the Supreme Court reduces excessive trafficking sentences on appeal: seventeen… |
| MyanmarAsia | A user who does not enter the required bond, or who breaches it, is sent to a rehabilitation centre for three months. A flagrant breach of that centre's rules brings unpaid manual work of 45 to 90 hours a week. |
| NamibiaAfrica | Section 8 provides forfeiture of drugs, plants and specified property connected with an offence, subject to the Act's safeguards for other interests. |
| NauruOceania | The possession offence requires twelve months to three years in custody. The 2024 amendment also excluded the general sentencing options for fines, discharge, dismissal and other alternative orders from drug offences. |
| NepalAsia | A drug conviction carries a criminal record. |
| NetherlandsEurope | Tolerated possession leaves no criminal record. Drivers are subject to a per-se THC blood limit, and home growers can lose their tenancy even when not prosecuted. |
| New ZealandOceania | A conviction is a criminal record affecting travel and work. Roadside oral-fluid drug testing was introduced with penalties for THC. |
| NicaraguaNorth America | The minor offence is still recorded. Organised-crime law passed in 2010. |
| NigerAfrica | For the production, trafficking and related offences listed in Articles 94–102, courts may add restrictions on residence, civic rights, travel, driving or professional activity. |
| NigeriaAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record; the agency also pushes drug testing for students, politicians and couples before marriage. |
| North KoreaAsia | Unknown. |
| North MacedoniaEurope | Article 215(6) excludes criminal punishment for possession exclusively for personal use. A conviction for production, supply or enabling another user remains a criminal outcome. |
| Northern CyprusEurope | Successful completion of supervised treatment avoids both a sentence and entry of the conviction on the criminal record. Refusal or breach returns the person to the ordinary sentencing process. |
| Northern Mariana IslandsOceania | Cannabis excise and surtax brought in $686,979 in fiscal 2024 but only $113,880 by July 2025, against a $517,868 budget. In 2025 the commission cut licence fees by 25% and adopted rules for a seed-to-sale tracking system. |
| NorwayEurope | The fine appears on the criminal record, which can block jobs, visas and a driving licence — the main real-world penalty for Norwegian users. |
| OmanAsia | Article 61 requires permanent deportation of foreigners convicted under the law, except its residual article 56 offences. |
| PakistanAsia | A narcotics conviction carries a criminal record. The Act sets mandatory minimum prison terms for possession and trafficking, and the 2023 amendment removed death from the remaining federal drug-law rows while leaving life… |
| PalauOceania | A citation is recorded but does not mean custody. A first marijuana-possession offence may be conditionally discharged and expunged under section 3308, despite the general exclusion of Schedule I and II drugs in the same section. |
| PalestineAsia | A conviction is a criminal record, and the law provides for confiscation of drugs, equipment and proceeds. In Gaza, a court may deport a foreigner and bar their return under article 40(1)(e); |
| PanamaNorth America | A drug conviction is a criminal record; foreigners risk deportation. Penalties were recast in 1986. |
| Papua New GuineaOceania | A conviction produces a criminal record and may bring a fine, imprisonment or both. Courts sometimes make a long default prison term the alternative to a fine, as in the 2026 order of K30,000 or 20 years for 4.7 kg. |
| ParaguaySouth America | No record if the exemption is applied; pre-trial detention is the real risk. |
| PeruSouth America | Qualifying immediate personal possession within the 8 g marijuana/2 g derivative limits is not punishable; the two-drug exclusion applies to that ordinary exemption. |
| PhilippinesAsia | Foreign nationals are deported after serving their sentence. Qualifying defendants may seek a plea bargain under the Supreme Court's drug-case framework, but acceptance is discretionary rather than a right. |
| PolandEurope | A conviction enters the criminal record; once it is legally expunged, the entry is removed and the conviction is treated as having never occurred. |
| PortugalEurope | Personal use or possession is an administrative offence rather than a criminal conviction. Commission sanctions can include restrictions on specified places, activities or travel and periodic reporting. |
| Puerto RicoNorth America | Registered medical patients who identify themselves to an employer have statutory protection against discrimination, subject to exceptions involving safety, essential duties, federal permissions or funding, and unauthorised… |
| QatarAsia | A court may order a non-resident deported after sentence under Penal Code article 77; courts commonly do so in drug cases, but deportation is discretionary rather than automatic. |
| RéunionAfrica | Use and possession convictions carry up to one year in prison and a €3,750 fine under the national provisions, with convictions recorded under national criminal-record rules. |
| RomaniaEurope | A conviction is a criminal record. No spent-conviction or expungement route for drug offences was found in the retained sources. |
| RussiaEurope | Foreign nationals face expulsion alongside the fine or detention for administrative possession and use. A person who voluntarily seeks treatment for drug use can be exempted from the use offence. |
| RwandaAfrica | Community service is a criminal sentence. Under the 2023 general rules, deliberate failure to carry it out properly requires the remaining sentence to be served in a correctional facility. |
| Saint Kitts and NevisNorth America | The 2019 reforms included expungement of past convictions for small amounts. |
| Saint LuciaNorth America | The government authorised work on expunging records of people convicted over amounts under 30 g where no violence was involved. |
| Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesNorth America | The small-quantity fine does not lead to arrest or a custodial record. |
| SamoaOceania | A conviction is a criminal record. Village councils have also used banishment against drug offenders, a sanction the Law Reform Commission criticised as harsh and ineffective. |
| San MarinoEurope | In minor personal-use proceedings, a judge can order health checks, treatment, supervision or community activity. The law also allows conditions on driving licences, passports and other permits. |
| São Tomé and PríncipeAfrica | Someone who voluntarily seeks help from a public or private health service for personal drug use is guaranteed anonymity. |
| Saudi ArabiaAsia | A drug conviction carries a criminal record and the penalties in the tables. Foreign Hajj or Umrah visitors caught with a personal-use amount may be deported instead of prosecuted under Article 47; |
| SenegalAfrica | A conviction brings a criminal record. Refusing court-ordered treatment carries two to five years. |
| SerbiaEurope | Small personal possession remains a criminal offence, though the court may waive punishment. For eligible cases prosecutors can defer prosecution for up to one year while agreed obligations are fulfilled, then dismiss the… |
| SeychellesAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record. |
| Sierra LeoneAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record. |
| SingaporeAsia | Users can be committed to a Drug Rehabilitation Centre and then placed under supervision with regular urine tests. Foreigners are deported after sentence, and a drug record affects employment for life. |
| Sint MaartenNorth America | The guideline generally reserves requests for a suspended sentence to qualifying resident defendants and specifies three years’ probation. |
| SlovakiaEurope | For eligible lower-level possession and growing offences, a court can withhold punishment while ordering treatment. |
| SloveniaEurope | Possession of a smaller quantity for one-time personal use is a misdemeanour under the drugs Act. Unlawfully manufacturing or selling a narcotic is a separate criminal offence carrying one to ten years. |
| Solomon IslandsOceania | Section 39(2) requires forfeiture of articles involved in a conviction and permits destruction or other court-directed disposal. Sections 6 and 10 separately address unlawfully imported substances and destruction of plants. |
| SomaliaAfrica | The 1984 decree assigned drug cases to the National Security Court and its regional branches, with transitional rules for pending cases and earlier offences. |
| SomalilandAfrica | The constitution requires crimes and punishments to be laid down by law and presumes accused people innocent until convicted. |
| South AfricaAfrica | A conviction for dagga stays on the criminal record, and many South Africans carry one from decades of mass arrests. |
| South KoreaAsia | A drug conviction carries heavy social stigma and ends careers. A foreigner sentenced to imprisonment faces deportation under the Immigration Act and a five-year entry ban; a fine may still lead to visa cancellation or departure. |
| South SudanAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record. |
| SpainEurope | Fines are not a criminal record. Roadside saliva tests detect any THC, with a €1,000 fine and six licence points regardless of impairment. |
| Sri LankaAsia | A conviction is a criminal record, and people arrested in the Yukthiya crackdown could be sent to rehabilitation centres rather than court. |
| SudanAfrica | Article 22(2) requires deportation of a foreign national for article 15 or 16 offences and permits it for personal-use offences under article 20(1), in addition to the sentence. |
| SurinameSouth America | The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyond the penalties described above. |
| SwedenEurope | Fines are entered in the criminal register, visible to some employers, and police report users to licensing authorities, which can cost a driving licence. |
| SwitzerlandEurope | Personal possession up to 10 g is unpunished and protected against confiscation for destruction; consuming cannabis can still bring a fine. |
| SyriaAsia | Article 59 requires confiscation of drugs, equipment and proceeds, and the law provides for closure of premises used in an offence. A conviction is a criminal record. |
| TaiwanAsia | A conviction is a criminal record; rehabilitation orders are recorded. A foreigner convicted can also be deported and banned from re-entry. |
| TajikistanAsia | The drug law requires registration after a finding of unlawful drug use and provides follow-up observation after treatment for dependence. |
| TanzaniaAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record. |
| ThailandAsia | No criminal record follows from lawful medical use, and thousands of earlier cannabis prisoners were released in 2022. |
| Timor-LesteAsia | A hotel, café, club or venue operator who permits illicit drug use, production or trafficking, or knowingly fails to prevent it, faces two to eight years in prison. |
| TogoAfrica | Courts must confiscate substances and plants involved in small personal-use offences, together with equipment used for the offence, and may order their destruction. |
| TongaOceania | A conviction is a criminal record, which matters for seasonal-work visas abroad. Nearly 40% of prisoners were serving drug-related sentences in 2026, and the prison population rose from about 250 to 300 in three years. |
| TransnistriaEurope | A conviction for criminal drug possession under Article 226 creates a formal criminal record that restricts employment in civil service, education and law enforcement. |
| Trinidad and TobagoNorth America | Section 5D provides discharge and expungement routes for earlier small-possession cases; a pardon may follow expungement. |
| TunisiaAfrica | A conviction is a criminal record that can block public-sector employment and travel. Courts may also impose up to ten years of administrative surveillance and five to ten years' loss of public office, civic rights and passports. |
| TürkiyeAsia | A year or more of supervision and testing; if probation is completed the case is dropped without a conviction. |
| TurkmenistanAsia | The drug law provides for registration and medical monitoring of people diagnosed with drug dependence. A court can order compulsory treatment where a diagnosed person avoids observation and treatment and continues using; |
| TuvaluOceania | Unlawfully imported or exported cannabis can be seized and forfeited, and the Act permits seizure and destruction of cannabis plants. Its general penalty clause also provides forfeiture of articles involved in an offence. |
| UgandaAfrica | A conviction brings a criminal record, and the Act orders conveyances, equipment and proceeds linked to offences forfeited. |
| UkraineEurope | Small personal possession is handled under the administrative code, while larger amounts can result in a criminal conviction. Voluntary surrender can exempt the administrative offence. |
| United Arab EmiratesAsia | Since 1 January 2026, courts must deport any foreign national convicted under the narcotics law after sentence, except the spouse or first-degree relative of a UAE citizen, or a member of a resident family where deportation would… |
| United KingdomEurope | A caution or conviction shows on criminal-record checks and can affect work and travel; a cannabis warning is recorded but not shown on a standard check. Drug-driving has a very low THC limit. |
| United StatesNorth America | Federal section 922(d)(3) prohibits firearm transfers to a person known or reasonably believed to be an unlawful controlled-substance user or addict. On 18 June 2026, United States v. |
| UruguaySouth America | Three state registries hold the identity of every legal buyer, grower and club member. Driving has a zero-tolerance THC rule, and employers may test for use at work. No criminal record arises from personal use. |
| US Virgin IslandsNorth America | Government House distinguishes a pardon, which forgives the offence, from expungement, which clears the record. |
| UzbekistanAsia | A diagnosis of drug dependence is entered in a mandatory register shared with law enforcement. The register can bar dozens of occupations, including work in food production and education and driving a vehicle, and a diagnosis of… |
| VanuatuOceania | Prison, fines, supervision and community work can follow a cannabis conviction, depending on the case. A suspended sentence can come after months already spent in custody before bail. |
| VenezuelaSouth America | People placed under the personal-use procedure can be required to attend rehabilitation and follow-up. Criminal convictions under the drug law can also bring confiscation of property, and article 178 provides for expulsion of… |
| VietnamAsia | Local police place detected users under ordinary one-year monitoring. A further detection during that monitoring can prompt addiction assessment; |
| YemenAsia | Articles 36 and 43 provide for confiscation of criminal proceeds, drugs and equipment or vehicles used in offences. A conviction for an offence also bars a person from obtaining the drug-trading licence described in article 8. |
| ZambiaAfrica | A conviction under the narcotics law is a criminal conviction. |
| ZimbabweAfrica | Unlawful possession, use and personal cultivation can bring a fine, imprisonment or both. Where addiction is established, the court may impose treatment in addition to or instead of another sentence. |