more infos

1992-05-18

Loi n° 92-52 du 18 mai 1992 relative aux stupéfiants (UNODC SHERLOC copy) 1 unchanged

1932-01-11

UN Bulletin on Narcotics — Use of maconha (Cannabis sativa L.) in Brazil, 1955, issue 2 2 unchanged

مرسوم بقانون اتحادي رقم (30) لسنة 2021 في شأن مكافحة المواد المخدرة والمؤثرات العقلية — Ministry of Justice compilation (PDF) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Article 14 of Federal Decree-Law 30 of 2021 bans growing, importing, owning or holding the listed plants, or any other plant that yields drugs, at any stage of growth, as well as their seeds. Landowners must report such plants on their land. Licences to grow go only to government bodies and scientific institutes.

dl30

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Law 3/99 punishes anyone who, without authorisation, cultivates, sells, buys, transports or holds plants listed in its tables with eight to twelve years in prison. The law does not mention seeds.

l399

CultivationGrowing cannabis is a crime under the Narcotics Control Act 2018: one to five years in prison for up to 50 plants, five to seven years for up to 500, and seven to ten years above that. Bangladesh had a legal, state-licensed ganja trade until 1989.

nca18, wiki

মাদকদ্রব্য নিয়ন্ত্রণ আইন, ২০১৮ — Narcotics Control Act 2018 (Laws of Bangladesh) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

The Narcotics Control Act 2018 defines cultivation as sowing seed, planting or raising seedlings, or grafting any plant that can be a source of a drug, and section 9 bans it along with sale and possession. Its penalty schedule names germinable opium poppy seed but, for cannabis, only the plant and drugs made from its branches, leaves and flowers.

nca18

Misuse of Drugs Act, Chapter 27, revised edition 2013, as notified to the WTO (PDF) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

The Misuse of Drugs Act defines cannabis as any plant of the genus "or any part of such plant, by whatever name it is called", with no exception for seed, and section 8 makes it an offence to cultivate any plant of the genus cannabis.

mda

Ley 1008 del Régimen de la Coca y Sustancias Controladas, 19 de julio de 1988 (copy held by IAEN, PDF) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Law 1008 prohibits "the production or conservation of plants and seeds" that contain controlled substances (Article 34), counts holding the seeds of such plants as possession, and defines production to include sowing, planting and collecting seeds. Article 46 punishes illegally sowing, planting or growing controlled plants with one to two years in prison, and two to four for a repeat offence.

l1008

Cannabis Act, 2025 (Act No. 20 of 2025), sections 2 to 6 (Attorney General's Chambers, scanned PDF) 4 unchanged

licensed

regulated

licensed

regulated

The Cannabis Act 2025 defines cultivation to include "planting, sowing, scattering the seeds" and gives the National Cannabis Control Authority the power to license cultivation and propagation, for medicinal, scientific, research and industrial purposes only. Its definition of cannabis covers all parts of the plant, while the item on flowering tops leaves out seeds and leaves not accompanied by the tops.

ca25

Закон Республики Беларусь от 13 июля 2012 г. № 408-З «О наркотических средствах, психотропных веществах, их прекурсорах и аналогах» (Etalon-Online) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Article 11 of the 2012 narcotics law bans cultivation, defined as sowing or growing, of plants containing narcotic substances, except where other legislation allows it. The law does not mention seeds.

z408

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Article 7 of Law 30-2025 bans growing plants classed as narcotic by the international conventions anywhere in the country, and obliges whoever owns or occupies land to destroy them. The law does not mention seeds.

l30

Ο περί Ναρκωτικών Φαρμάκων και Ψυχοτρόπων Ουσιών Νόμος του 1977 (29/1977), consolidated text (CyLaw) 4 unchanged

grey

banned

illegal

banned

The narcotics law's definition of cannabis covers the flowering tops, leaves and stalk, not the seeds. Section 7A makes it an offence, with up to eight years in prison, to supply or sell cannabis seeds to someone you know intends to grow illegally, or to import cannabis seeds. Growing, planting or importing any cannabis plant is an offence under section 7; industrial hemp under the 2016 hemp law is exempt.

l29

Ley No. 50-88 sobre Drogas y Sustancias Controladas, as notified to the WTO (PDF) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Law 50-88 defines marijuana as all parts of the plant Cannabis sativa, growing or not, and "its seeds"; only mature stalks, their fibre and oil or paste made from the seeds are left out. Production is defined to include sowing, planting and growing plants that contain controlled substances.

l5088

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Law 182 of 1960 bans growing the plants on its Table V and says no one may import, possess, buy, sell or hand over those plants at any stage of growth "or their seeds", apart from plant parts exempted in a separate table. The copy read did not reproduce the tables, so the entry assumes cannabis is on Table V, as the rest of this profile describes.

l182

Prescription pharmaceutical cannabis products; hemp. Hemp foods, cosmetics and CBD undersupplements within set THC limits are legal, and the hemp limit rose from 0.2% to 0.3% THC in May 2026. The same law banned selling dried hemp flower to consumers, and a July 2026 law banned smokable or vapable plant products with added cannabinoids.

l5302, l5322, eof26, mondaq, boc

Ν. 5302/2026, άρθρο 43 (ΦΕΚ Α' 78/20-05-2026), text on Taxheaven Ν. 5322/2026, άρθρο 84 (ΦΕΚ Α' 117/24-07-2026), text on Taxheaven OENET — ΕΟΦ, απαγόρευση λιανικής πώλησης προϊόντων κάνναβης με μορφή ξηρού άνθους (21 May 2026) 3 unchanged

Decreto 48-92, Ley contra la Narcoactividad, as notified to the WTO (PDF) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Decree 48-92 counts as drugs "the seeds, flowers, plants or parts of them" from which drugs can be extracted. Sowing or growing them without authorisation carries five to twenty years in prison (Article 36), and buying, selling, storing or transporting seeds or plants twelve to twenty years (Article 38).

d4892

Decreto-Lei n.º 2-B/93, de 28 de Outubro — legislação relativa a estupefacientes (UN mission in Guinea-Bissau, PDF) 2 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Decree-Law 2-B/93 punishes anyone who, without authorisation, cultivates, sells, buys, transports or holds plants listed in its first two tables with two to twelve years in prison. The decree-law does not mention seeds.

dl2b93

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, Chapter 10:10, Laws of Guyana (Ministry of Legal Affairs, PDF) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

The narcotics act makes it an offence to cultivate any prohibited plant, and defines cultivating to include "sowing or scattering the seed" and planting the plant "or any part thereof". Its schedule lists cannabis, its preparations and derivatives without naming seed. The 2022 hemp law, which licenses low-THC seed separately, was not read.

cap1010

162/2003. (X. 16.) Korm. rendelet (Nemzeti Jogszabálytár) 3 unchanged

licensed

regulated

licensed

regulated

Government Decree 162/2003 lets only low-THC hemp from the national or EU variety list be grown, sown from sealed certified seed, and only low-THC hemp seed may be put on the market. Breeding, research growing and seed production of high-THC hemp are reserved for organisations holding a licence from the public health authority. The decree does not mention cuttings.

d162

Abdorrahman Boroumand Center — The Law for Combatting Drugs, 1988, as amended on 8 November 1997 (English translation) 3 unchanged

grey

open

grey

unclear

The Anti-Narcotics Law punishes growing cannabis only when it is done "for the purpose of producing narcotic drugs" (Article 2). Article 3 punishes storing or carrying the seeds of the poppy and the flowering or fruiting tops of cannabis, and for cannabis requires proof of intent to produce narcotics; cannabis seed is not named. This is the text as amended in 1997; the 2010 and 2017 amendments were not read.

anl

قانون المخدرات والمؤثرات العقلية رقم (23) لسنة 2016 وتعديلاته (Jordan Food and Drug Administration, PDF) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Article 6 of the 2016 narcotics law bans growing, importing or exporting plants that yield drugs, or their seeds, at any stage of growth, and bans owning, holding, buying or selling them whatever the purpose. The same article allows dealing in such plants or seeds under a licence whose terms are set by regulation.

l23

Law on Control of Drugs, 1996, English text as notified to the WTO (PDF) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Article 2 of the 1996 Law on Control of Drugs prohibits cultivating cannabis indica and cannabis sativa in Cambodia, outside the authorised medical and scientific cases in Article 14. The law does not mention seeds. A later drug law of 2012 was not read.

lcd96

Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 279-I on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors (1998), English text as notified to the WTO (PDF) 3 unchanged

grey

open

illegal

banned

The 1998 narcotics law lists the cannabis plant as any plant of the genus containing THC, "with the exception of seeds and roots, if they are not accompanied by the plant itself or other parts of plant". Sowing and growing hemp counts as cultivating a narcotic plant and is a controlled activity.

l279

Gesetz vom 20. April 1983 über die Betäubungsmittel und die psychotropen Stoffe (BMG), LGBl. 1983 Nr. 38, consolidated (Gesetze.li) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

The Narcotics Act treats cannabis-type material with an average total THC content of at least 1% as a banned narcotic. Growing narcotics needs a permit from the Office of Public Health, and growing without one carries up to three years in prison. The act counts plants and parts of plants as substances but does not mention seeds.

betmg

Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, Chapter 218 — text (FAOLEX PDF) 3 unchanged

licensed

regulated

licensed

regulated

Section 27 of the Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Drugs Ordinance forbids anyone, without a licence from the Minister, to sow, plant, grow or hold a hemp plant, or to collect or hold its seeds, leaves, flowers or any other part. Section 28 bans bringing the plant or its seeds into or out of the country. The copy read is an older consolidated text.

leap, ord

Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014 (Liberia Law, PDF) 2 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Section 14.108 of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014 makes it an offence to plant, cultivate or culture a scheduled plant without a licence from the Minister, and the Act names the cannabis plant in its definition of cultivation. The 2014 text does not mention seeds; the 2023 amendments were not read.

cdsa14

Pluoštinių kanapių įstatymo Nr. XII-336 pakeitimo įstatymas, 10 June 2021, Nr. XIV-386 (e-seimas) 3 unchanged

licensed

regulated

grey

unclear

The Fibre Hemp Law covers only catalogue varieties with up to 0.2% THC, sown from seed that meets the ministry's quality rules. Since 1 November 2021 gardeners may grow such hemp among other garden plants, up to 20 plants per 100 m² on at most 0.1 ha, and must hand the seed-packet labels to the State Plant Service. The law speaks only of sowing seed and does not mention cuttings.

xiv386

Lege nr. 201/2025 cu privire la circulația substanțelor stupefiante, psihotrope și a plantelor care conțin astfel de substanțe, Monitorul Oficial 28 August 2025 (FAOLEX PDF) 3 unchanged

licensed

regulated

licensed

regulated

Law 201/2025 leaves seeds, and leaves without flowering tops, out of its definition of cannabis. Article 14 bans growing cannabis for drugs and allows hemp with up to 0.3% THC only under an authorisation from the food safety agency, using registered varieties. Distributors of seed for sowing may supply it only to authorisation holders.

l201

licensed

regulated

licensed

regulated

The Law on Prevention of Drug Abuse counts acquiring and possessing seed, sowing and planting as part of growing plants for drugs. Hemp may be grown only for food and industrial purposes, by people or firms holding a growing permit and a contract to sell the whole crop to a registered buyer. The text read is the 2011 law as amended in 2013.

zszd

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Article 9 of Law 01-078 bans growing the cannabis plant anywhere in the country and obliges whoever owns or occupies land to destroy any plants that come up. The law defines a narcotic as a drug listed in the schedules of the 1961 convention and does not mention seeds.

l01078

The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law, 1993, English text as notified to the WTO (PDF) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

The 1993 narcotics law counts the cannabis plant itself as a narcotic drug and punishes cultivating it with five to ten years in prison. The law does not mention seeds.

ndps93

Law on Control of Circulation of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 2002, unofficial English translation (legalinfo.mn) 4 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

The 2002 narcotics control law counts planting, collecting and harvesting plants with narcotic effect as manufacture, which needs a licence from the pharmaceuticals authority and is otherwise prohibited. It defines narcotic drugs by reference to the 1961 convention and does not mention seeds.

l2002

Código Penal, Ley N.º 641, Articles 348 and 349 (WIPO Lex) 2 unchanged

grey

banned

grey

banned

Article 349 of the Penal Code punishes anyone who, "for the purpose of exploitation or trade", illicitly sows, grows or harvests plants or seeds from which controlled substances can be obtained, with five to ten years in prison. Financing the growing or sale of such seeds or plants carries ten to twenty-five years under Article 348. The code does not make growing for one's own use a separate offence.

cp641

rd67, gn, oo

ProducingGrowing a listed plant for personal consumptionuse falls under the same one-to-three-year provision of Article 41; producinggrowing for trafficking is punished far more heavily.

rd67, gn

مرسوم سلطاني رقم ٦٧ / ٢٠٢٦ بإصدار قانون مكافحة المخدرات والمؤثرات العقلية — Royal Decree 67/2026 (Qanoon.om) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

The 2026 narcotics law bans growing, holding, buying or selling a listed plant, any part of it at any stage of growth, and its seeds. Cannabis is on the list. Only cannabis seeds treated so they cannot germinate, and stalk fibre, are exempt. The law defines cultivation as starting with sowing for germination, and licences to grow go only to state bodies and recognised research institutes.

rd67

Procuraduría General de la Nación — Condenan a una persona a 80 meses de prisión por delitos relacionados con droga (17 July 2023) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

The Penal Code punishes sowing, growing or keeping the seeds of plants from which drugs are made. In July 2023 a man in Los Santos was sentenced to 80 months for "cultivation and custody of seeds and plants of marijuana" under Article 314, after police found 12 plants and 279 seeds. Licensed medical cannabis producers work under a separate law.

mp23

قرار بقانون رقم (18) لسنة 2015م بشأن مكافحة المخدرات والمؤثرات العقلية (Maqam, An-Najah National University) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Article 2 of Decree-Law 18 of 2015 bans importing, growing, owning, holding, buying or selling plants that yield drugs, or their seeds, at any stage of growth. The law defines cultivation as sowing or planting for germination and any care of the plants or their seeds. Under Article 3 the minister may license growing or seed imports for medical and scientific purposes.

dl18

قانون رقم (9) لسنة 1987 في شأن مكافحة المخدرات والمؤثرات العقلية الخطرة — Law No. 9 of 1987, consolidated (Al Meezan) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Law 9 of 1987 bans growing the listed plants (Article 28) and, in Article 29, importing, owning, holding, buying or selling them at any stage of growth, as well as their seeds; plant parts named in a separate schedule are exempt. The Minister of Public Health may license only government bodies and recognised research institutes to grow them or import seeds.

l9

Harant.ru — lawyers' answers on selling hemp seeds (28 December 2023) Harant.ru — Незаконное выращивание конопли (thresholds under Resolution 934 and Article 231) 2 unchanged

grey

open

illegal

banned

Lawyers answering on a Russian legal advice site say hemp seeds are part of the plant but contain no narcotic, are not on the government's lists, and may be bought and sold for any purpose except sowing. Growing is what the law punishes: fewer than 20 plants is an administrative offence with a fine or up to 15 days' arrest, and 20 or more is a crime under Article 231 of the Criminal Code.

har1, har2

نظام مكافحة المخدرات والمؤثرات العقلية ولائحته التنفيذية — Ministry of Health compilation, 2019 (PDF) 5 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Article 3 of the narcotics law bans growing the listed plants and importing, owning or holding any part of them at any stage of growth, as well as their seeds; anyone who does work needed for seeds or seedlings to grow counts as a grower. Holding or selling seeds with intent to traffic carries five to fifteen years under Article 38. The Interior Minister may license only government bodies and research centres to import and sow seeds.

moh19

Ley Reguladora de las Actividades Relativas a las Drogas, Decreto 153 de 2003 (Universidad de El Salvador, PDF) 2 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

The drug law counts as drugs "the seeds, flowers, plants or parts of them" used as raw material for drugs. Sowing or growing them without authorisation carries five to fifteen years in prison (Article 31), and buying, selling, storing or transporting seeds or plants ten to fifteen years.

lrard

Закон Республики Таджикистан № 873 «О наркотических средствах, психотропных веществах и прекурсорах», 10 December 1999, current text (National Legislation Centre) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Under the 1999 narcotics law, cultivating narcotic-containing plants is a state monopoly. Article 9 allows it only for scientific purposes, by licensed research institutions. The law defines cultivation as sowing and growing and does not mention seeds.

l873

Lei n.º 2/2017 — Lei de Combate ao Tráfico e Consumo Ilícito de Droga, Portuguese and Tetum (Timor-Leste Customs Authority copy) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Law 2/2017 lists cannabis as the leaves and flowering or fruiting tops of the plant, and its articles do not mention seeds. Growing without authorisation is trafficking under Article 7; growing only for one's own use falls under Article 26, with up to six months in prison or a fine. The text read is the 2017 version, before the 2023 amendments.

l2

Закон Туркменистана «О наркотических средствах, психотропных веществах, прекурсорах и противодействии их незаконному обороту», 25 November 2017 (FAOLEX PDF) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Article 19 of the 2017 narcotics law bans cultivation of listed plants, defined as sowing and growing, and allows it only to enterprises holding a permit, within state quotas. The law names hemp among narcotic-containing plants and does not mention seeds.

law17

CultivationGrowing any narcotic plant is banned outright by Article 2 of Law 92-52. Growing for trafficking carries six to ten years in prison and a serious crimefine of 5,000 to 10,000 dinars under Article 5.

l52, hrw

Loi n° 92-52 du 18 mai 1992 relative aux stupéfiants (UNODC SHERLOC copy) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

Law 92-52 covers the listed narcotic plants at any stage of their growth and bans growing, holding, buying or handing them over. The articles do not mention seeds. Landholders must destroy narcotic plants that come up on their own, or pay 50 dinars per plant.

l52

Illicit Drugs Control Act, Chapter 10.15, 2016 Revised Edition (Attorney General's Office, Tonga) 2 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

The Illicit Drugs Control Act lists cannabis seed, cannabis fruit and any part of any plant of the genus cannabis as illicit drugs in its schedule. Possessing, growing or supplying any of them is an offence under section 4. The text read is the 2016 revised edition, before the 2020 amendments.

idca

Закон Республики Узбекистан № 813-I «О наркотических средствах и психотропных веществах», 19 August 1999, current text (Lex.uz) 2 unchanged

grey

unclear

licensed

regulated

Under the 1999 narcotics law, cultivating narcotic-containing plants is a state monopoly. Article 21 allows it only for state institutions for scientific purposes and, since a 2020 amendment, for companies holding a licence for industrial purposes. The law does not mention seeds.

l813

No adult-use shops. Licensed medicinal dispensaries serve patients with a practitioner's recommendation, including visitors. A lounge opened in May 2022 has a doctor on site: a prescription and a one-year cannabis card from the Medicinal Cannabis Authority let the holder buy and consume there.

mci_act, jo22, wiki

The country built one of the Caribbean's first licensed medical cannabis industries in 2018, deliberately bringing in traditional hillside growers through an amnesty law and dedicated licence class. The first licences, more than 30, went out in July 2019, and the first export certificate, for a shipment to Germany, was approved in January 2022.

mci_act, agriculture, tni19, voice22

Jamaica Observer — First cannabis consumption lounge opens in St Vincent and the Grenadines (7 May 2022) TNI — Licences approved as St Vincent's cannabis industry opens (15 July 2019) The Voice — St. Vincent to export medicinal cannabis to Europe (12 January 2022) 9 unchanged

Ley Orgánica de Drogas, Gaceta Oficial 39.510 de 15 de septiembre de 2010 (Legiscomex copy, PDF) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Article 151 of the 2010 Organic Drug Law is headed "illicit trafficking of seeds, resins and plants": sowing, growing, storing, transporting or distributing seeds or plants that contain or reproduce a controlled substance carries twelve to eighteen years in prison. For no more than 300 grams of seed or ten plants the penalty is six to ten years.

lod

Use leads to compulsory rehabilitationA first detection of use brings a fine and a year of police management; traffickingusing again in that time is a crime. Trafficking can carry the death penalty.

Illegal use brings a warning or a fine of 1–2 million dong. People, and people classed as addicted can be sent to compulsory rehabilitation centres for up to. Since 1 July 2025, Article 256a of the Criminal Code makes using again a crime with two to three years in prison for people in or recently out of rehabilitation, and for those caught using during the one-year management period that follows a first detection.

ln1, lv256

LuatVietnam — Tội sử dụng ma túy phải chịu trách nhiệm hình sự như thế nào từ 01/7/2025? Law No. 120/2025/QH15 on Drug Prevention and Control, 10 December 2025 (LuatVietnam English translation) 3 unchanged

grey

unclear

illegal

banned

The 2025 drug law, in force since 1 July 2026, names the cannabis plant as a narcotic plant and bans growing it or teaching others to grow it. Its list of activities that can be licensed leaves cultivation out. The law does not mention seeds.

l120

Law No. 02/L-128 on Narcotic Medicaments, Psychotropes and Precursors, Official Gazette No. 35, 15 August 2008 (Kosovo Agency on Forensics copy) 3 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Law 02/L-128 defines cultivation of plants for narcotics as including the supply and possession of seeds, sowing and growing, and Article 3.2 prohibits cultivating plants from which narcotics can be obtained. The law names cannabis among those plants. The text read is the 2008 gazette version.

l128

قانون رقم (3) لسنة 1993م بشأن مكافحة الاتجار والاستعمال غير المشروعين للمخدرات والمؤثرات العقلية (University of Minnesota Human Rights Library, PDF) 4 unchanged

illegal

banned

illegal

banned

Law 3 of 1993 bans growing the listed plants (Article 28) and, in Article 29, importing, owning, holding, buying or selling them at any stage of growth, as well as their seeds; plant parts named in a separate schedule are exempt. The Minister of Agriculture may license only government departments and scientific institutes to grow them or import seeds.

l3