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Sub-Saharan Africa, Cannabis, and Contemporary Drug Policy 2 unchanged

Sub-Saharan Africa, Cannabis, and Contemporary Drug Policy 1 unchanged

Sub-Saharan Africa, Cannabis, and Contemporary Drug Policy 1 unchanged

PRIDE International and Drug War Diplomacy: The Parent Movement’s Global Battle against Marijuana in the United States, ca. 1970–1985 1 unchanged

Taming the Orient: France and the First Global Movement to Medicalize Cannabis, ca. 1800–1850 2 unchanged

PRIDE International and Drug War Diplomacy: The Parent Movement’s Global Battle against Marijuana in the United States, ca. 1970–1985 2 unchanged

Forces of Necessity: Lay Advocacy and the Remedicalization of Cannabis in the UK, 1973–2004 1 unchanged

Forces of Necessity: Lay Advocacy and the Remedicalization of Cannabis in the UK, 1973–2004 2 unchanged

Squaring a Circle: Cannabis and the Dubious Legacy of the League of Nations Reefer Madness Past and Present: Dr. Leopoldo Salazar Viniegra, Mexico, and the United States, ca. 1938–2018 2 unchanged

Squaring a Circle: Cannabis and the Dubious Legacy of the League of Nations 1 unchanged

Sub-Saharan Africa, Cannabis, and Contemporary Drug Policy 2 unchanged

Ganja and the Government of India: Cannabis, Excise, and Colonial Administration in the Late Nineteenth Century Ganja Madness: Cannabis, Insanity, and Indentured Labor in British Guiana and Trinidad, 1881–1912 1 unchanged

The colonySection 70 of Natal's Law No. 2 of 1870 prohibited the smoking, use and possession of any part of the hemp plant by Indian indentured labourers from smoking, usingand its sale, barter or possessing daggagift to them, one of the earliest cannabis laws anywhere. Other provinces followed with restrictions of their own before the national ban of 1922.

Dagga: How South Africa Made a Dangerous Drug, 1902–1928 1 unchanged

Trafficking carries upNo current sentence for trafficking was found. British travel advice says to twenty yearsexpect a long jail sentence and heavy fines for possessing, using or smuggling drugs. A 1977 report recorded only fines, of 100 to 100,000 francs, for growing, transporting or possessing cannabis, and said enforcement was rare.

crfcdo, wiki

TraffickingBritish travel advice says trafficking in illegal drugs is a serious offence that can carry upresult in a lengthy prison sentence and heavy fines. Benin serves increasingly as a transit point: seizures of cannabis rose from 82 kg in 2006 to life imprisonment2,444 kg in 2021.

tbfcdo, wiki

Cultivation is illegal, although cannabis grows wildprolifically across Bhutan and was traditionally used as pig feedto fatten pigs and, less often, for textile fibre. The sources read give no penalty. Seizures rose from 4 kg in 2010 to 75 kg in 2011.

tripwiki

Wikipedia — Cannabis in Bhutan 4 unchanged

FinesBy one summary, offenders may be fined or sentenced to up to five years in prison for usersproducing, selling or possessing cannabis. No account of enforcement was found; long sentences for traffickersuse is low, since the legal stimulant khat is preferred.

crwiki

Sale and supply are punished far more heavilycarries the same range, reportedlya fine or up to lifefive years by one summary. The port is a transit point for cannabis moving from Asia to Africa, the Middle East and Europe.

crwiki

Legal since 1 November 2018, but only doctors on the specialist register may initiate it, and the NHS funds it for a handful of patients. In November 2019 the medicines watchdog NICE approved two cannabis-based medicines, for two forms of epilepsy and for multiple sclerosis, and declined to recommend them for other conditions such as chronic pain. The private route costs patients a consultation fee plus the product.

bmj, pp, cgh

Forces of Necessity: Lay Advocacy and the Remedicalization of Cannabis in the UK, 1973–2004 11 unchanged

Trafficking carries upThe law is described as carrying severe penalties for production and sale; the sources read give no sentences. A report in 2000 said nobody had been arrested for smoking or dealing cannabis in living memory, and some of what is grown is trafficked to twenty yearsGabon.

crwiki

NoneNo legal source. British travel advice says there are severe penalties for trafficking, and that drug use can bring three to nine months in a rehabilitation centre.

crfcdo

CultivationProducing cannabis is illegal, and the law makes no distinction for CBD or for medical use. The sources read give no sentence for growing; a serious crime2016 Act sets the death penalty for working with international drug gangs.

crwiki

In 2017 Lesotho became the first African country to license cannabis cultivation for medical and scientific purposes. Licences are expensive and went mainly to foreign-backed companies;: one went to a South African firm, the Toronto-based Supreme Cannabis Company invested in the industry, and a 2021 study put the licence at 10,000 US dollars, more than smallholders can afford. The sector has been dogged by allegations over how theylicences were awarded, and traditional growers remain outside it.

wiki, pe, cgh

Sub-Saharan Africa, Cannabis, and Contemporary Drug Policy 5 unchanged

Unlicensed cannabis is one of Lesotho's most significant cash crops, though it appears in no official economic statistics. Farmers treat it as a crop to fall back on when other income declines, and for some it is the centre of their livelihood. A 2021 study of the region describes the trade as quasi-legal: growing and selling remain crimes, enforcement does not match the scale of production, and the law is applied only now and then. No figures for Lesotho's output were found.

cgh

None. Bills to license medical and industrial cannabis have been introduced in the National Assembly without passing; the drug agency opposes them. When the governor of Ondo State, where much cannabis is grown, was reported to have urged the federal government to take medical cultivation seriously after a visit to Thailand with the agency's head, the agency denied it and said the trip had been about moving farmers away from drug crops.

om, cgh

Sub-Saharan Africa, Cannabis, and Contemporary Drug Policy 8 unchanged

Under 5 g is a minor offence punished with day-fines and community service; above that, five5 to fifteen20 g brings up to three years in prison and more than that up to eight.

Law 735 of 2010 criminalises cannabis, but the Penal Code treats possession of less than 5 … 100 day-fines and 30 to 60 days of community service at two hours a day, with no prison. Above thatUnder Article 358, possession is charged under the trafficking provisions with fivemore than 5 g and less than 20 g brings six months to fifteenthree years in prison, and more than 20 g three to eight years.

clr, cp641

Cultivation isGrowing drug plants for exploitation or trade carries five to ten years in prison and a crimefine under Law 735Article 349 of the Penal Code.

crcp641

A fine and community service under 5 g —, described by one analysis as de facto decriminalisation —, then prison in two steps: up to three years below 20 g and a very steep jumpup to eight above it.

clr, cp641

Sale and transport carrySelling or distributing drugs carries five to fifteen years under Article 359 of the Penal Code, and ten to twenty when it is international; transporting them carries five to fifteen under Article 352. Penalties rise by a third when minors are involved or the offence is near a school.

crcp641

SupplyTransferring narcotics is a crimean offence under section 1 of the Narcotic Drugs Punishments Act, with up to three years in prison and at least six months where the drugs are meant for sale. A minor offence brings a fine or up to six months, more when aggravateda gross one two to seven years and an exceptionally gross one six to ten.

tbnsl

Trafficking carries prisonCannabis is covered by the 1971 penal code; sharia courts in some regions addthe sources read give no statutory sentences. Where armed groups rule they have applied their own punishments: after Al-Shabaab took Kismayo in 2008, three men arrested for hashish were publicly flogged.

crwiki

TraffickingCannabis is on List II of the narcotics law. Selling, delivering, supplying or transporting it carries up to twelvethirteen years in prison, and importing or exporting it life or up to twenty for organised supplyyears, with heavy fines (Article 11).

crwvm

PersonalIllegal. The sources read for this profile give no penalties for possession is a minor offence; trafficking carries four to twelve yearsor supply.

Illegal under a 2008 law on drug trafficking and consumption. PossessionThe sources read give no penalties and no threshold for personal use is treated as an administrative or minor criminal offence depending on quantity; the one source describing this gives no figures.

crwiki

Trafficking carries four to twelve yearsIllegal; cannabis is described as trafficked illicitly. The sources read give no sentences.

crwiki

ConsumptionIllegal. The sources read do not say how use is covered by the 2008 lawpunished.

crwiki

Cultivation carries five to ten yearsIllegal. No reliable figure for the penalty was found. A UN report for 2006 counted about 31 hectares of wild cannabis and just over one hectare of illicit cultivation, up to 25most of it for large-scale growingpersonal use.

crwiki

Trafficking carries very long sentencesA summary of Tajik law gives twenty-five years, or death, for selling; the death penalty has been under moratorium since 2004figure could not be checked against the Criminal Code.

crwiki

Cultivation is punished with correctional labour or up to three yearsIllegal under the Criminal Code, more ifwhich the country describes as a zero-tolerance policy. The sources read give no penalties for salegrowing.

crwiki

Manufacture, storage or transportIllegal under the Criminal Code's zero-tolerance policy. The sources read give no sentences for distribution carries three to ten years, rising to twelve to twenty with confiscation of propertysupply.

crwiki

UseCannabis is covered byillegal under the possessionDangerous Drugs Act. The sources read do not say whether use is an offence separate from possession; no drug-related crimes were reported in 2019 or 2020.

tripwiki

Statutory Instrument 62 of 2018 allows licensed production of cannabis for medicinal and scientific use, administered by the medicines regulator; hemp was later added as an alternative to tobacco. The government presented the law as making Zimbabwe a hub for cannabis research, and its first licence went to a Harare company for a cannabis farm. Licences are costly and mainly export-oriented.

lex, cgh

Sub-Saharan Africa, Cannabis, and Contemporary Drug Policy 7 unchanged