Cannabis Freedom Index

Changelog 5c21608

exhibitions

28 history entries added15 history entries edited3 scores changed19 articles written28 atlas entries edited51 files of code, design or docs +5,242 −356 lines

Score changes 3 places

  1. Belarus05+5cultivation 0 → 1enforcement 0 → 1
  2. Jordan36+3cultivation 0 → 1
  3. Serbia119−2cultivation 1 → 0

History changes.yaml

Added 28

Edited 15

Serbia creates a separate offence for small personal drug possession

tags

traffickingsentencing, thresholds, home-growing

title

Serbia separatescreates a separate offence for small personal possession from drug production and traffickingpossession

description

Amendments to the Criminal Code took effect on 11 September, creating Article 246aSmall quantities held for unauthorised possession of a small quantity for personal use. It provided became a separate offence carrying a fine or up to three years' imprisonment in prison, allowed punishmentwith a court able to be waived and required confiscationwaive punishment. Possession remained a criminal offence; waiver for personal use hadThe September 2009 amendment also existed in the previous framework. Revised Article 246(2) expressly punished unauthorised cultivation of psychoactive cannabis growing with six months to five years' imprisonment. The later separate large-quantity possession offence is not part of this 2009 recordearlier law had already allowed punishment to be waived for personal use; cultivation sentences and rules for larger stocks became harsher in 2019.

sources

Serbia National Assembly — Criminal Code amendment, Gazette 35/2019 2 unchanged

related

serbia-controlled-substances-act-2010, serbia-drug-sentences-raised-2019, serbia-large-personal-stock-sentence-2024

Belarus cuts minimum prison terms for drug supply by two years

date

2019-0710-27

tags

sentencing, trafficking

title

Belarus lowerscuts minimum sentences under Article 328prison terms for drug supply by two years

description

After a hunger strike by the Mothers 328 movement, a law cut theThe minimum sentenceprison term for basic drug dealingsupply fell from five years to three and for; the minimum for several aggravated offencesupply offences fell from eight years to six. The changes took effect in October after years of campaigning by prisoners’ families. Mothers 328 leader Larisa Zhigar welcomed the reduction but wanted more relief, especially for young prisoners.

unscored

Lowered minimums for dealing onlyThe supply minima fell, but the retained prison ranges remain within the existing lowest sharing band; possession is untouched and passing a joint still counts as distributionpenalties were unchanged.

sources

Belarus law of 18 July 2019 — original amendment clauses and commencement, SPInform public preview Belarus Criminal Code, consolidated through 11 November 2019 — WIPO Lex Current Time — Belarus lowers drug sentences, 13 June 2019 Legalize Belarus — Belarus drug legislation amendments 2019

related

belarus-mothers-328-hunger-strike-2018, belarus-drug-sentencing-options-2025

Serbia’s Green Party proposes medical cannabis

title

A medical cannabis bill reaches Serbia'’s parliamentGreen Party proposes medical cannabis

description

Goran Čabradi, leader and only member of parliament of the Green Party, introduced MP Goran Čabradi submitted a bill to permit cannabis treatment for seriously ill people. He later argued that patients were buying oil in the National Assemblyhiding and should be protected from arrest. Parliament refused his March 2018 request to legalise medical marijuanaput the bill on its agenda, after years of competing patient and ministry proposals.

sources

Serbia National Assembly — verbatim record, 26 March 2018 Radio 021 — Request for cannabis legalisation delivered to the ministry, 19 February 2015 Novosti — Three cannabis-based medicines approved, 16 January 2016 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Serbia

tags

patients, campaign

related

serbia-medical-proposal-2015, serbia-medical-proposals-2016, serbia-medical-agenda-refused-2018

Belarus lists hemp among plants barred from introduction and establishment

category

tighteninghemp

title

Belarus bans growing cannabislists hemp among plants barred from introduction and establishment

description

A banCannabis sativa appeared on cultivating cannabis took effect, closing off hemp farming as wella revised environmental list prohibiting the introduction and establishment of specified plants from 31 December 2016. The Environment Ministry also removed the rule’s earlier reference to wild-growing plants. Drug-producing cultivation was already prohibited under the narcotics law and punished separately in the criminal code.

unscored

Closed off hemp farming; growing for drugs was already a crime with prison.

sources

Belarus Environment Ministry — resolution of 28 October 2016, original gazette PDF via FAOLEX Belarus narcotics law of 13 July 2012 — cultivation clause reproduced by Zakony-by Belarus Criminal Code, consolidated through 11 November 2019 — WIPO Lex Wikipedia — Cannabis in Belarus

related

belarus-narcotics-law-2012

Jordan retains death for international drug-gang trafficking

date

2016-08-15

title

Jordan setsretains death for working withinternational drug gangs-gang trafficking

description

AThe new drugs act made the death penaltydrug law retained mandatory death for collaborating withaggravated trafficking involving international drug gangs or specified links to other international crimes. Ordinary personal use had a separate prison-and-fine offence with possible treatment. The earlier drug law already contained the international-gang death clause, which the 2016 replacement carried forward.

sources

Jordan Food and Drug Administration — Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law 23 of 2016, with amendments Jordan — Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law 11 of 1988, amended text reproduced by Haqqi Jordan Official Gazette 5402 — Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law 23 of 2016 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Jordan

tags

trafficking, sentencing

unscored

Re-enacts an existing aggravated-trafficking death penalty; the earlier law already contained the international-gang clause.

related

jordan-drug-law-1988, jordan-first-offence-prosecution-2016, jordan-drug-penalty-tiers-2021

Serbia’s health committee backs three cannabinoid medicines

date

2016-01

title

Serbia considers cannabis-based’s health committee backs three cannabinoid medicines

description

A government expertHealth Ministry committee proposed allowing three cannabis-based drugssupported dronabinol, nabilone and Sativex while keepingopposing legal cannabis oil illegal, Novosti reported in January. A bill to legaliseMinistry officials said medicine registration and arrangements for authorised prescribers were still being pursued. Patients’ campaigners had asked for a wider medical cannabis was introducedroute in the National Assembly on 23 June 20172015, and did not passGoran Čabradi introduced a cannabis bill the following year.

sources

Novosti — Three cannabis-based medicines approved, 16 January 2016 Serbia National Assembly — verbatim record, 26 March 2018 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Serbia

tags

patients

related

serbia-medical-proposal-2015, serbia-medical-bill-2017, serbia-medical-agenda-refused-2018

Jordan sends first-time drug users to treatment without prosecution

date

20152013-05-16

title

Jordan treatssends first-time drug users differentlyto treatment without prosecution

description

An amendment distinguishedPeople caught using drugs for the first time between someone caught using drugs oncewere to be sent for treatment within twenty-four hours, without prosecution or a judicial precedent. Interior Minister Awad Khleifat argued that treatment would protect people drawn into drug use; the Senate approved the change despite its legal committee’s opposition. The rule took effect in May 2013 and was replaced by a repeat offendercourt-directed treatment option in 2016.

before

possession 0 · cultivation 01 · enforcement 0 · sharing 0 · consumption 1 · access 0

sources

Jordan Official Gazette 5222 — amending Narcotic Drugs Law 7 of 2013 Petra — Senate agrees with Lower House on the drug-law amendment, 24 March 2013 Jordan Official Gazette 5402 — Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law 23 of 2016 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Jordan

tags

treatment, sentencing

related

jordan-drug-law-1988, jordan-first-offence-prosecution-2016

Belarus toughens drug-supply penalties and lowers the prosecution age

date

20142015-1201-01

tags

sentencing, youth, trafficking

title

Belarus raisestoughens drug sentences to 25 years-supply penalties and lowers the prosecution age

description

Presidential Decree No. 6 on urgent measures against the illegalBelarus’s drug trade lifted the maximum sentencecrackdown took effect on 1 January 2015, allowing prosecution for drug offencessupply from age fourteen. The tougher regime included twelve to 25twenty-five years where unlawful supply caused a person’s death through drug consumption. A later state-linked study traced the crackdown to a surge in synthetic-drug poisonings; families subsequently campaigned against long sentences.

sources

Belarus presidential decree of 28 December 2014 — public text and commencement metadata, SPInform Institute of Sociology, Belarus National Academy of Sciences — drug-policy assessment, Minsk 2021, hosted by UN Belarus Belarus Criminal Code, consolidated through 11 November 2019 — WIPO Lex Legalize Belarus — The war on drugs in Belarus

related

belarus-mothers-328-hunger-strike-2018, belarus-article-328-amended-2019

Belarus keeps drug-plant growing prohibited in its new narcotics law

title

Belarus passeskeeps drug-plant growing prohibited in its new narcotics law

description

Law 408-Z on narcotic drugsBelarus’s new narcotics law, psychotropic substancessigned in July 2012, precursors and analogues bansprohibited sowing or growing plants that contain narcotic substancesand fungi containing controlled drugs, except where othersubject to exceptions in legislation allows it. Cannabis growers remained subject to the criminal code’s separate cultivation offence. An environmental rule later listed Cannabis sativa among plants barred from introduction and establishment.

sources

Belarus narcotics law of 13 July 2012 — cultivation clause reproduced by Zakony-by Belarus Criminal Code, consolidated through 11 November 2019 — WIPO Lex Belarus Environment Ministry — resolution of 28 October 2016, original gazette PDF via FAOLEX Закон Республики Беларусь от 13 июля 2012 г. № 408-З (Etalon-Online)

tags

home-growing

related

belarus-cultivation-ban-2016

Serbia keeps hemp growing under licence and bans high-THC crops

date

2010-12-22

tags

hemp, seeds, thresholds, eradication

title

Serbia passes its Act on Psychoactive Controlled Substanceskeeps hemp growing under licence and bans high-THC crops

description

The Act bannedParliament adopted a controlled-substances law allowing licensed hemp crops for fibre, animal-feed seed, propagation and specified seed activities. It prohibited growing cannabis varieties that can containcapable of containing more than 0.3% THC and left the penaltiesrequired landholders to the criminal lawdestroy wild drug-producing plants. Hemp could be grown only with a licence from the agriculture ministry, for fibre, seedThe law replaced earlier drug-production and propagation. It was amendedtrade legislation; detailed hemp permit conditions followed in 20182013.

sources

Serbia National Assembly — Act on Psychoactive Controlled Substances, adopted 22 December 2010 Serbia Agriculture Ministry — Rulebook on conditions for growing hemp, 2013, reproduced by Agroklub 1 unchanged

related

serbia-personal-possession-offence-2009, serbia-hemp-permits-2013, serbia-medical-bill-2017

Serbia’s patients ask the health ministry to permit cannabis treatment

date

2015-02-1918

category

medicaldebate

tags

patients, campaign

title

A SerbianSerbia’s patients' group asks ask the health ministry to legalise medicalpermit cannabis treatment

description

Lekalizacija Srbije, formed in Belgrade a month earlier, submitted a proposalrequest to the health ministry citingbring cannabis into medical treatment, with documentation concerning several hundred casespatients and examples of treatmentregulation abroad. Milan Savić, the association’s vice-president and director of Belgrade’s Sveti Sava hospital, delivered it to the Health Ministry. The health minister had voiced support for medical marijuanacampaign sought a year before. Earlychange in 2016 an expertthe law; a ministry committee proposed allowinglater supported three cannabinoid medicines and keepingwhile rejecting cannabis oil illegal.

sources

Radio 021 — Request for cannabis legalisation delivered to the ministry, 19 February 2015 Novosti — Three cannabis-based medicines approved, 16 January 2016 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Serbia

related

serbia-medical-proposals-2016, serbia-medical-bill-2017, serbia-medical-agenda-refused-2018

Belarus’s drug prisoners’ mothers go on hunger strike for shorter sentences

tags

campaign, sentencing, youth

title

Mothers ofBelarus’s drug prisoners in Belarus’ mothers go on hunger strike for shorter sentences

description

Fourteen members of Mothers 328Twenty-four women joined hunger strikes seeking shorter drug sentences, case reviews and a movement of parents of people convicted under Article 328 of the Criminal Code, held a hunger strikemeeting with President Lukashenko. Around 16,000 people in Belarus had been convictedMost ended their protest on drug charges. The presidential administration received the movement only11 May after independent media covered the strike, and the authorities said they were readygovernment forwarded proposed amendments to ease punishment for drug usersparliament. A cut of two years in theThe campaign continued, and lower minimum sentences followedtook effect in October 2019, which the movement's leader, Larisa Zhigar, called good but minimal.

sources

Krytyka Polityczna — Drug wars in Belarus: interview with mothers on strike, 26 November 2018 Belarus law of 18 July 2019 — original amendment clauses and commencement, SPInform public preview Charter97 (Radio Svaboda, Valery Karbalevich) — commentary on the mothers' hunger strike, 6 May 2018 1 unchanged

related

belarus-decree-6-2014, belarus-article-328-amended-2019

Jordan’s Lower House backs broader first-offence record protection

date

2021-09-01

category

easingdebate

title

Jordan'’s Lower House widens leniency forbacks broader first-time drug offendersoffence record protection

description

The Lower House approved a draft amending the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Law so that abacked extending first-time offender is not charged with criminal intent foroffence record protection to a longer list of personal-use acts that includes using, producingincluding importing, storingtransporting and cultivating narcotics or the plants they come fromstoring drugs. A former head of the Anti-Narcotics Department called the decision appropriate if paired with routineIts proposal also expanded drug testing-control offences, including distribution without payment. The amendment was published later in September and said firsttook effect in October, while personal-time users need treatment more than punishmentuse prosecution remained possible. The report does not say whether the Senate approved it.

sources

Petra — Lower House passes the drug-law amendment, 1 September 2021 Petra — publication of drug-law amendment 24 of 2021, 23 September 2021 Jordan Food and Drug Administration — Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law 23 of 2016, with amendments Jordan News — report on parliament's amendment for first-time drug offenders, September 2021

tags

treatment, sentencing, home-growing

related

jordan-drug-penalty-tiers-2021, jordan-first-offence-prosecution-2016

Belarus’s lower house backs sentence cuts for first-time drug offenders

category

otherdebate

title

Belarus'’s amnesty billlower house backs sentence cuts a year fromfor first-time drug sentencesoffenders

description

The House of Representatives adopted in two readings a bill onBelarus’s lower house approved an amnesty forbill that would cut a year from eligible first-time drug sentences. The proposal accompanied the 80theightieth anniversary of victory in the Second World War, submitted by and still needed to complete the government six days earlierlegislative process. People with no prior convictions serving sentences for the drug-trafficking crimes covered by the bill have their sentence reduced by one year. Cases under part 5 of Article 328 of the Criminal CodeThe final law took effect on 8 May, where a person died from taking the drug, are excludedwidening eligibility while retaining exclusions and individual conditions. Preliminary estimates put the number of convicts eligible for amnesty or clemency of all kinds at 7,630.

sources

Belarus amnesty law of 6 May 2025 — public text and commencement metadata, SPInform LawPike — Amnesty 2025: changes and exclusions Minsk lawyer Kristina Asryan — Amnesty law 2025 1 unchanged

related

belarus-first-drug-offence-amnesty-2025

Robert Mitchum is jailed for smoking cannabis at a Laurel Canyon party

description

Detectives burst into a small party in the Laurel Canyon area of Los Angeles and arrested … box-office hit. The arrest may have been staged to publicise the police's anti-drug work. The actress Lila Leeds, whose house it was, was arrested with him and given the same jail term; her film career did not recover, and in 1949 she played a showgirl ruined by marijuana in the exploitation film She Shoulda Said No!

related

us-louis-armstrong-arrest-1930, us-gene-krupa-arrest-1943, us-anita-oday-arrest-1947

Countries and states 3 files

Belarus countries/by.yaml

cultivation 0 → 1enforcement 0 → 1

summary

Notoriously harsh drug law (Article 328) with multi-year sentencesPersonal possession can bring short custody, restriction of liberty or two to five years in prison. A 2025 reform widened sentencing options; growing for small amountsdrugs and recreational supply remain crimes.

segments › possession › text

Under Article 328 of the Criminal Code, acquiringAcquiring or possessing drugs without intent to distribute is punished withsupply can bring short custody, restriction of liberty for up to five years, or imprisonment for two to five years in prison. There is no smallThe short-amount exception:custody option was added in March 2025; the code defines that sentence as one documented case brought five yearsto three months in a maximumstrict isolation. The offence gives no small-security colony for 0personal-amount exemption.164 g of marijuana.

segments › possession › sources

lbcode25, code19, explanation25

segments › cultivation › text

Cultivation falls under the same articleSowing or growing drug-containing plants for sale or to obtain drugs is a separate offence. The basic penalty is a fine, with the sameshort custody, restriction of liberty for up to three years or prison for up to three years. Repeat and group cases carry heavier termspenalties. There is no personal home-growing allowance.

segments › cultivation › sources

lbcode19, law12

segments › enforcement › text

Several thousand people a year are imprisoned under Article 328, with average sentencesThe 2025 reform added short custody for personal offences and restriction of around eight years according to the 'Mothers 328' movementliberty for basic supply. In June 2026 prosecutors reported restriction of prisoners' familiesliberty made up 48% of drug sentences in the previous year, most often in personal-use cases. Bills to ease penalties have been introduced following their campaignThis means supervised obligations and can involve an open correctional institution or supervision outside one.

segments › enforcement › sources

kpprosecutor26, pzexplanation25, code19

segments › sharing › text

Passing a joint to a friend counts as distributionUnlawful supply is criminalised. Young people caught with a gram or two while smoking together have receivedThe basic supply offence now carries restriction of liberty for three to five years or prison for three to eight years, with an optional fine on the prison sentence. Aggravated supply carries longer terms.

segments › sharing › sources

lb, kpcode25

segments › consumption › text

Use inPublic drug use and specified drug-related public or appearing in public under the influence isworkplace intoxication can lead to criminal punishment when repeated within a year after an administrative penalty for the same conduct: a fine, short custody or restriction of liberty for up to two years. Possession is a separate criminal offence; in practice users are charged with possession.

segments › consumption › sources

lbcode19

segments › access › text

NoneRecreational acquisition and supply remain criminal offences. The Health Ministry’s list places marijuana, hashish and cannabis oil among dangerous narcotic drugs not used for medical purposes.

segments › access › sources

lbcode25, list25

context › production › text

NoneUnauthorised drug manufacture and processing are criminalised, with heavier penalties where supply is intended. Growing drug-containing plants has a separate criminal offence; the environmental list also names Cannabis sativa among plants barred from introduction and establishment.

context › production › sources

lbcode25, code19, hemp16

context › products › text

NoneMarijuana, hashish and cannabis oil appear in list 5 of the Health Ministry’s controlled-drug list, headed dangerous narcotic drugs not used for medical purposes. The marijuana definition covers THC-containing cannabis plant parts, with specific exclusions for whole seeds unaccompanied by other plant parts and for root systems.

context › products › sources

lblist25

context › medical › text

No medicalMarijuana, hashish and cannabis oil are classified as dangerous narcotic drugs not used for medical purposes in the reviewed Health Ministry list, consolidated through February 2025.

context › medical › sources

lblist25

context › consequences › text

Convicts serve sentencesPersonal possession remains a criminal offence even when the court chooses short custody or restriction of liberty. Restriction of liberty imposes supervised obligations and can be served in separate coloniesan open correctional institution or without placement there. The May 2025 amnesty widened eligibility for people with marked uniformsno previous convictions, and a record follows them afterwardssubject to individual conditions.

context › consequences › sources

kpcode19, code25, amnestyGuide

context › planting › text

Article 11 of the 2012The narcotics law bans cultivation, defined asprohibits sowing or growing, of plants drug-containing narcotic substancesplants, except where othersubject to exceptions in legislation allows it. Growing to obtain drugs is punishable under a separate cultivation offence. The law does not mentionmarijuana definition excludes whole seeds when unaccompanied by other plant parts; that exclusion gives no permission to germinate them.

context › planting › sources

z408law12, code19, list25

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known,Collective drug cultivation and recreational supply fall under the law leaves no room for them:criminal prohibitions on growing cannabisdrug-containing plants and supplying it to another person are both prohibiteddrugs. The basic supply offence includes restriction of liberty or prison.

context › clubs › sources

lblaw12, kpcode25

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreational supply for anyone. Under Article 328 of the Criminal Code, acquiring or possessing drugs without intent to distributePersonal possession is punished with restriction of liberty for up to five yearscriminalised and can bring short custody or imprisonment for two to five years, with no exception for a small amount in prison. The criminal code excludes foreign citizens and stateless people without permanent residence from the restriction-of-liberty sentence available to eligible residents.

context › visitors › sources

lbcode25, code19

sources

Belarus Criminal Code, consolidated through 11 November 2019 — WIPO Lex Belarus narcotics law of 13 July 2012 — cultivation clause reproduced by Zakony-by Belarus Environment Ministry — resolution of 28 October 2016, original gazette PDF via FAOLEX National Legal Portal of Belarus — New in criminal legislation, 25 February 2025, reproduced by Seldon Belarus Criminal Code drug offence — text reproduced by Legalize Belarus, updated 27 July 2025 Belarus Prosecutor General’s Office — sentencing practice after the 2025 reform, 23 June 2026 LawPike — Amnesty 2025: changes and exclusions Belarus Health Ministry — controlled-drug list through 24 February 2025, hosted by Eurasian Economic Commission Закон Республики Беларусь от 13 июля 2012 г. № 408-З «О наркотических средствах, психотропных веществах, их прекурсорах и аналогах» (Etalon-Online) Legalize Belarus — Article 328 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus Krytyka Polityczna — Drug wars in Belarus: interview with Mothers on Strike Pozirk — Łukašenka introduces bill to ease punishment for drug-related crimes 1 unchanged

Jordan countries/jo.yaml

cultivation 0 → 1

summary

One to three years forCannabis remains criminal: personal plant possession can bring one to six months, though a first offence leavesJOD200–500 fine, or both; resin carries one to three years plus a fine. First offences leave no criminal precedent or security record. Separate rules cover prescription CBD products and hemp seed foods.

segments › possession › text

Under Article 9 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 23 of 2016current schedules, cannabis plant material is in table 3: possession for personal use carries one to three yearssix months in prison and, a JOD200–500 fine of, or both. Cannabis resin is in table 1: personal possession carries one to three years and a JOD1,000 to –3,000 dinarsfine. A first offence is not counted as acreates no criminal precedent or security record — a distinction introduced in the 2010s.

segments › possession › sources

jll23, schedules26

segments › cultivation › text

ProducingGrowing cannabis for personal use is illegala separate, and the law makes no distinctionlesser offence from growing for CBD or for medical usetrafficking. The sources read give no sentence forcurrent table-3 plant classification gives personal-use growing; a 2016 Act sets the death penaltysame one-to-six-month prison term, JOD200–500 fine, or both as personal plant possession. Growing for working with international drug gangstrade carries at least fifteen years of temporary hard labour plus a fine. The law separately allows plant and seed handling under licences governed by regulation.

segments › cultivation › sources

wikil23, schedules26

segments › enforcement › text

Prison even for firstPersonal-time usersuse offences can lead to prison. Courts may substitute inpatient or outpatient treatment, though withoutand a lastingfirst offence leaves no criminal precedent or security record. People who seek treatment themselves or through family before being caught are protected from prosecution.

segments › enforcement › sources

jll23

segments › sharing › text

TraffickingThe law defines drug distribution to include giving drugs without payment. The distribution offence carries long sentences withat least five years of temporary hard labour and at least a JOD5, up to life or death in aggravated000 fine, with higher minimums where minors are involved. Trafficking carries at least fifteen years plus a fine; specified international-gang cases carry mandatory death.

segments › sharing › sources

wikil23

segments › consumption › text

Use is punishedand acts intended for personal use are criminal offences, with the punishment depending on the same terms as possessionsubstance’s schedule. PeopleCourts may order treatment instead of punishment. A person who seekseeks treatment voluntarily before arrest are not prosecutedbeing caught, directly or through family, is protected from prosecution.

segments › consumption › sources

jll23, wikischedules26

segments › access › text

None: under Article 9Recreational supply remains prohibited. Separate 2023 rules provide for approval of the Narcotic DrugsCBD natural medicines and Psychotropic Substances Law Nopreparations containing no more than 0. 23 of 2016 even possession for personal use carries prison3% THC, dispensed on a valid medical prescription, with regulatory controls on imports and exports.

segments › access › sources

jll23, cbd23

context › death penalty › text

Trafficking carries long sentences with hard labour, up to lifeArticle 20 requires death for specified aggravated trafficking offences involving international drug gangs or links to other international crimes. Ordinary personal use is dealt with separately under article 9. The international-gang death clause also appeared in aggravated casesthe law replaced in 2016.

context › death penalty › sources

wikil23, oldlaw

context › production › text

NoneMedical, scientific and industrial drug manufacture requires authorisation. Controlled plants and seeds are prohibited except through the licensing authority provided by the amended law. The 2023 CBD rules set manufacturing and raw-material requirements for medicines, external-use cosmetics and medical devices.

context › production › sources

wikil23, cbd23

context › products › text

Reliable national information about legally available cannabis products was not established byThe regulator’s schedules exclude CBD-dominant oils, extracts and preparations containing no more than 0.3% delta-9 THC from the retained sourcescontrolled-drug tables. The 2023 instructions separately require product approval and prescriptions for CBD natural medicines and preparations. They also regulate external-use cosmetics and devices and permit specified hemp seed foods with THC and CBD limits.

context › products › sources

schedules26, cbd23

context › medical › text

NoThe 2023 instructions provide approval and prescription rules for CBD natural medicines and preparations containing no more than 0.3% THC. Imports and exports of these medical cannabisproducts require a stamped invoice from the regulator’s controlled-substances section. Product classification, manufacturer approval and quality testing form part of the route.

context › medical › sources

wikicbd23

context › consequences › text

TheA first personal-use offence rule protects employment prospects; later offences create a fullleaves no criminal andprecedent or security record, while prosecution and a sentence remain possible. Courts may substitute treatment; the law protects the identity and treatment information of people receiving it and penalises disclosure.

context › consequences › sources

jll23

context › planting › text

Article 6 of the 2016The amended narcotics law bans growing, importing or exportingprohibits controlled plants that yield drugs, orand their seeds, at any stage of throughout growth, and bans owning, holding, buying or selling them whatever the purposewith an exception for licensed handling under regulation. Personal-use cultivation has a separate penalty from cultivation for trade. The same article allows dealing in such plants or2023 food rules concern hulled, nonviable hemp seeds under a licence whose terms are set by regulationand specified seed products.

context › planting › sources

l23, cbd23

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are knownCollective recreational supply falls under offences against unauthorised distribution, and the law leaves no roomincluding gifts. Cultivation for them: growing cannabistrade carries at least fifteen years of temporary hard labour and supplying it to another person are both prohibited, anda fine; the law provides for the death penalty for the most serious drug offencespersonal-use growing offence is separate.

context › clubs › sources

wikil23

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreationalRecreational supply for anyoneremains prohibited. Under Article 9 of Law No. 23 of 2016,Personal cannabis plant possession for personal use carries one to six months, a JOD200–500 fine, or both; cannabis resin carries one to three years in prison andplus a fine of 1JOD1,000 to –3,000 dinars; afine. A first offence is not counted as aleaves no criminal precedent or security record.

context › visitors › sources

jll23, schedules26

sources

Jordan Food and Drug Administration — Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law 23 of 2016, with amendments Jordan Food and Drug Administration — controlled drug schedules, updated 30 September 2026 Jordan Food and Drug Administration — instructions 1 of 2023 for CBD and low-THC preparations, extracts and oils Jordan — Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law 11 of 1988, amended text reproduced by Haqqi قانون المخدرات والمؤثرات العقلية رقم (23) لسنة 2016 وتعديلاته (Jordan Food and Drug Administration, PDF) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Jordan Jordan Lawyer — Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law with amendments (Arabic) 4 unchanged

Serbia countries/rs.yaml

cultivation 1 → 0

summary

Personal possessionA small amount for personal use carries a fine or up to three years, usually resolved bywith possible waiver or deferred prosecution;. Cannabis growing and selling mean mandatory prisoncarries two to eight years; a large stock carries three to ten years even when held for personal use.

segments › possession › text

Possessing a small amount for personal use iscarries a crime under Article 246a of the Criminal Code, punishable by a fine or up to three years in prison. Courts may remit the punishment, with possible waiver of punishment. A large quantity carries three to ten years even when intended for personal use. The Supreme Court upheld three years for about 372 g in January 2024 and prosecutors commonlysaid judges assess quantity case by case. Prosecutors may defer prosecution in exchange for a paymenteligible small-possession cases subject to charity or community workaccepted obligations.

segments › possession › sources

kpucode, stock24, prosecutor

segments › cultivation › text

GrowingUnauthorised growing of psychoactive cannabis is production under Article 246carries two to eight years in prison, with a minimum of severalraised from six months to five years; even in December 2019. Drug production and supply have a few plants are prosecutedseparate three-to-twelve-year range. A 2019 judgment treated drying and packaging cannabis for sale as production. Licensed low-THC hemp crops have separate agricultural rules.

segments › cultivation › sources

parcode, kpuamendment19, harvest19, zpks

segments › enforcement › text

Fines andSmall personal possession can receive a fine, waiver of punishment or deferred prosecution for most users; harshthe latter may require a payment for public purposes, mandatorycommunity work or treatment. Growing cannabis carries a two-to-eight-year statutory range. Large possession can bring prison despite personal use, as in the three-year sentence upheld for growers and sellersabout 372 g in 2024.

segments › enforcement › sources

kpucode, parprosecutor, stock24

segments › sharing › text

SaleGiving another person drugs to consume, or providing a place for their use, carries six months to five years under the facilitating-consumption offence. Unauthorised sale and other supply carry three to twelve years, with aggravated offences for minors, specified locations and abuse of professional roles.

segments › sharing › sources

parcode

segments › consumption › text

Use itself is not an offence;The controlled-substances law prohibits unauthorised use. The Criminal Code punishes possession isfor personal use and separately punishes giving drugs to another person to consume or providing premises for use.

segments › consumption › sources

kpuzpks, code

segments › access › text

No legal sourceRecreational supply remains prohibited. Goran Čabradi’s medical-cannabis bill failed to secure a place on parliament’s agenda in March 2018.

segments › access › sources

kpucode, assembly18

context › production › text

Reliable national information about lawfulLicensed hemp cultivation is allowed for fibre, animal-feed seed, propagation and specified seed activities. The agriculture permit rules require registered varieties below 0.3% THC and a permit for one production year. Unauthorised psychoactive cannabis cultivation and drug production was not established by the retained sourcescarry separate prison ranges.

context › production › sources

zpks, hemp13, code

context › products › text

Reliable national information about legally availableHemp cultivation rules cover licensed crops and specified fibre-and-seed purposes. Cannabis and resin remain on controlled-drug lists 1 and 2. The government’s 2018 consultation report rejected proposals to legalise medical cannabis products was not established by the retained sourcesoil.

context › products › sources

hemp13, schedules26, proposal18

context › medical › text

No medicalThe current schedules place cannabis programme;and resin on both lists 1 and 2. The law permits list-2 substances for research and exceptionally for therapy under its controls. It also allows the Criminal Code makes no distinction between cannabisminister to authorise imports of unregistered controlled medicines for a named patient or group through a licensed wholesaler. Patient campaigners and other narcoticslawmakers have sought a wider medical cannabis route.

context › medical › sources

kpuschedules26, zpks, assembly18

context › consequences › text

A conviction isSmall personal possession remains a criminal record; deferredoffence, though the court may waive punishment. For eligible cases prosecutors can defer prosecution avoidsfor up to one year while agreed obligations are fulfilled, then dismiss the complaint. Those obligations can include a public-purpose payment, community work or drug treatment.

context › consequences › sources

kpucode, prosecutor

context › planting › text

The Act on Psychoactive Controlled Substances bans growing cannabisCannabis varieties that can containcapable of containing more than 0.3% THC are prohibited. Hemp may be grown only with a licence from the agriculture ministryLicensed hemp growers must use registered varieties below 0.3%, for fibre, forwith properly documented seed and an agriculture permit covering one production year. Seed production for further propagation, and the also requires registration as a seed trade is part of that licensed activityproducer.

context › planting › sources

zpks, hemp13

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known,Collective recreational growing and supply fall under the law leaves no room for them: growing cannabisoffences against unauthorised cultivation, production and supplying itdistribution. Giving drugs to another person are both prohibitedfor use or providing premises for use is separately punishable by six months to five years.

context › clubs › sources

par, kpucode

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreationalRecreational supply for anyoneremains prohibited. Possessing a small amount forSmall personal use ispossession carries a crime under Article 246a of the Criminal Code, punishable by a fine or up to three years in prison, though courts may remit thewith possible waiver of punishment. Large possession carries three to ten years; the Supreme Court has upheld that offence even when cannabis was held for personal use.

context › visitors › sources

kpucode, stock24

sources

Serbia — Criminal Code, current consolidated text reproduced by Paragraf Serbia National Assembly — Criminal Code amendment, Gazette 35/2019 Serbia Supreme Court — Kzz 27/2024, judgment of 25 January 2024 Serbia Supreme Court of Cassation — Kzz 1521/2018, judgment of 23 January 2019 First Basic Public Prosecutor’s Office in Belgrade — frequently asked questions Serbia Agriculture Ministry — Rulebook on conditions for growing hemp, 2013, reproduced by Agroklub Radio 021 — Request for cannabis legalisation delivered to the ministry, 19 February 2015 Novosti — Three cannabis-based medicines approved, 16 January 2016 Serbia National Assembly — verbatim record, 26 March 2018 Serbia Government — proposed controlled-substances amendment and consultation report, 2018 Serbia — Controlled-substance schedules, Gazette 12/2026, reproduced by Paragraf Paragraf — Krivični zakonik, član 246 (Serbian Criminal Code) University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies — Two decades of criminal justice reforms in combatting illegal drugs 3 unchanged

Articles and atlas entries 47

Anasha culture/language/anasha.md

text

*Anasha* (анаша) is Russian slang for cannabis and hashish, borrowed from Central Asian l … /) | The Soviet Union bans the unauthorised growing of "Indian hemp" and the opium poppy, [in Kazakhstan](/history/kazakhstan-soviet-ban-1934/) and the other republics as in Russia | | [1960](/history/russia-rsfsr-article-225-1960/) | … nnabis was not only a Western import: its best-known source lay in the Union's own south.

Bhang culture/language/bhang.md

text

Bhang is the leaf of the cannabis plant, ground to a green paste and eaten or drunk. Indi … there because [India's delegates insisted on it](/history/india-bhang-exemption-1961/). The treaty did let countries keep other traditional uses of cannabis for a while, but only for 25 years. India claimed that grace period, and it [ran out in December 1989](/history/single-convention-phase-out-1989/); bhang, made from the leaves the treaty does not count, was untouched. Historical usage was less exact than the statutory distinction. Mills reproduces the 1894 … it three pages in 1596. The British [taxed it from 1798](/history/india-bhang-tax-1798/), and heldwherever they ruled it went into the excise books: [taxed in Malacca from 1826](/history/malaya-bhang-tax-1826/), its sale [licensed in British Guiana in 1861](/history/guyana-licensing-1861/). Bombay's [excise law of 1878](/history/india-bombay-abkari-act-1878/) defined it, with ganja, as an inquiryintoxicating drug, and from [1913](/history/india-bombay-possession-limit-1913/) a person there could hold no more than twenty tolas. A century laterafter the first tax they held an inquiry. The [Indian Hemp Drugs Commission](/history/india-hemp-drugs-commission-1894/) heard nea … (/history/india-gujarat-bhang-2017/) | | Maharashtra | Banned without a licence under the [prohibition act of 1949](/history/india-state-prohibition-laws-1949/) | | Assam | [Banned since 1958](/history/india-assam-ganja-bhang-act-1958/), yet drunk openly at the Ambubachi Mela | In 2022 [Karnataka's High Court ruled](/history/india-karnataka-bhang-ruling-2022/) that bhang does not fall under the national narcotics act at all. In a national survey of 2019, more people reported taking bhang than smoking ganja or charas.

sources

Wikipedia — Cannabis in Malaysia Wikipedia — Cannabis in Guyana TNI / GDPO — The Rise and Decline of Cannabis Prohibition (2014) Ganja and the Government of India: Cannabis, Excise, and Colonial Administration in the Late Nineteenth Century 7 unchanged

Dagga culture/language/dagga.md

text

Dagga is what cannabis is called in South Africa and its neighbours. It is a Khoekhoe wor … ade Indian indentured labourers to smoke, use or possess "any portion of the hemp plant". In [1887](/history/natal-law-tightened-1887/) a commission on Indian immigration asked for that law to be used to ban cannabis among them outright; no rule seems to have followed. After that the statutes say dagga. | Year | Law | |---|---| | [1903](/history/orange-rive … ca-national-ban-1922/) | National prohibition of growing, selling, possessing and using it. A month later officials told police to [go easy in remote African areas](/history/south-africa-enforcement-compromise-1922/), where an older man's morning pipe was almost a religious rite | | [1923](/history/south-africa-league-request-1923/) | South Africa asks the League of Nations to put dagga on its list of dangerous drugs | African opinion was divided too. In [1907](/history/natal-dube-insangu-editorial-1907/) John Dube, editor of *Ilanga lase Natal* and later a founder of the African National Congress, listed insangu with beer, spirits and polygamy among the customs holding Africans back. In the Transvaal of those years it was sold "openly and normally" by storekeepers to miners, and … ](/history/south-africa-private-purposes-act-2024/): the legislators preferred the Latin.

sources

Prohibition & Resistance: A Socio-Political Exploration of the Changing Dynamics of the Southern African Cannabis Trade, c. 1850–the present 7 unchanged

Ganja culture/language/ganja.md

text

Ganja is the Hindi word for the flowering tops of the cannabis plant. It is one of the ol … , pressed by the churches, was the [Ganja Law of 1913](/history/jamaica-ganja-law-1913/). British Guiana had [licensed the sale of ganja and bhang](/history/guyana-licensing-1861/) as early as 1861, before anyone there thought it a problem. In Dutch Suriname, where it was banned early in the century, the immigrants' association [asked in 1921](/history/suriname-ganja-petition-1921/) for the ban to be lifted and for a concession to import and sell it. The [Rastafari](/culture/traditions/rastafari-sacrament/), whose movement arose in Jamaica … he 1913 law, and of the plant in the [reform of 2015](/history/jamaica-ganja-reform-2015/), which came fourteen years after a [national commission recommended decriminalisation](/history/jamaica-ganja-commission-2001/) | | [Trinidad and Tobago](/country/tt/) | The name of the 1915 and 1925 ordinances | | [Thailand](/country/th/) | The everyday and official word |

sources

Wikipedia — Cannabis in Guyana Wikipedia — Cannabis in Suriname 8 unchanged

Hashish culture/language/hashish.md

text

*Ḥashīsh* is an ordinary Arabic word for dried grass or fodder. As the name of a drug it … ory/france-paradis-artificiels-1860/) | Baudelaire published *Les Paradis artificiels* | Britain had no such circle of note. In [1896](/history/uk-hashish-poets-1896/) a temperance journal mentioned "a club founded in London for hashish smoking", probably the poets of the Rhymers' Club, Yeats and Dowson among them, but use stayed confined to a few writers and occultists. By the end of the century preparations of it were in pharmacies across Europe and North Am … untry/pk/), [India](/country/in/) | Long traditions of use under the names bang and charas. Iran's [first modern penal law, of 1926](/history/iran-penal-law-1926/), punished public intoxication with bang but left the plant itself legal | The social meaning was not uniform even within Morocco. In a chapter published in 1975, … , a form also known as *prensado*. Its blocks should be distinguished from pressed resin.

sources

Cannabis Britannica: Empire, Trade, and Prohibition, 1800–1928 8 unchanged

Kif culture/language/kif.md

text

Kif comes from the Arabic *kīf*: joy, pleasure, well-being. The word named the feeling be … rowing in its zone, except for the monopoly's own crops around Kenitra and Marrakech | | [1935](/history/morocco-spanish-zone-decree-1935/) | A decree in the Spanish zone limited growing to Ketama, Beni Seddat and Beni Khaled, the villages the sultan had allowed; the Rif still points to it as its permission | | [1949](/history/morocco-kif-seizures-1949/) | The French zone seized 7.6 tonnes of kif sold outside the monopoly, most of it near the Spanish zone | | [1954](/history/morocco-french-zone-ban-1954/) | France ended the monopoly's sales and bann … ds less water than imported seed. Smoking kif remains illegal, as it has been since 1956.

sources

TNI — The Rise and Decline of Cannabis Prohibition (2014) United Nations — The cannabis situation in the Sherifian Empire (French Zone), E/CN.7/286/Add.11 (1956) 3 unchanged

Kush culture/language/kush.md

text

*Kush* began as a place. The [Hindu Kush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush) is th … Kush, OG Kush. At the [Cannabis Cup](/culture/traditions/the-cannabis-cup/) in Amsterdam, [first held in 1988](/history/netherlands-cannabis-cup-1988/), a Hindu Kush cross was the "Master Kush" winner in 1992 and 1993. In 2011 Canadian researc … annabis itself, as [diamba](/culture/language/diamba/), has been grown for two centuries.

history

afghanistan-nominal-ban-1957, afghanistan-hashish-fertiliser-edicts-1969, afghanistan-ban-1973, afghanistan-top-producer-2010, netherlands-cannabis-cup-1988, sierra-leone-drug-emergency-2024

sources

Wikipedia — Cannabis Cup 4 unchanged

Ma culture/language/ma.md

text

*Má*, 麻, is the Chinese word for hemp and among the oldest names for the plant recorded a … 1948](/history/japan-cannabis-control-act-1948/) is in Japanese the *Taima* Control Act. It put growing under licence, yet in [1950](/history/japan-hemp-farms-1950/) some 25,000 farms still raised hemp; by 2016 there were 37.

Maconha culture/language/maconha.md

text

*Maconha* is the Brazilian word for cannabis, conventionally traced to Kimbundu, a langua … ny of these were enforced is unclear. Rio's is among the earliest cannabis laws anywhere. Across the Atlantic the pattern was the same: in [1857](/history/angola-livingstone-observation-1857/) David Livingstone noted that in Portuguese Angola cannabis use by slaves was considered a crime, though *diamba* was sold openly at the market in Luanda. ## The revenge of the defeated Slavery ended in 1888, and the association outlived it. In … Afro-Brazilian. The word of the 1830 ordinances is now the one on the marchers' banners.

history

brazil-rio-pango-ban-1830, angola-livingstone-observation-1857, brazil-federal-ban-1932, b … 915, brazil-decree-law-891-1938, brazil-planet-hemp-arrest-1997, brazil-supreme-court-2024, sierra-leone-cannabis-long-in-use-1851

Wiet culture/language/wiet.md

history

netherlands-toleration-1976, netherlands-regulated-supply-only-2025, netherlands-residents-only-2012

Bob Marley culture/people/bob-marley.md

text

Bob Marley took reggae out of the yards of Kingston and onto the world's stages, and with … ived at 42 Oakley Street in Chelsea and finished the album *Exodus*. | | Jamaica, 1968 | [London, 1977](/history/uk-marley-cannabis-fine-1977/) | |---|---|---| | Arrest | Possession of ganja | Car stopped in Ladbroke Grove; two joints … Jamaica decriminalised small amounts and recognised the sacramental use of the Rastafari.

Jindřich Vobořil culture/people/jindrich-voboril.md

text

Jindřich Vobořil was twice Czechia's national drug coordinator, the official who steers t … wing and sale of cannabis for adults. Coalition politicians would not go that far, and he [left office under pressure](/history/czechia-voboril-steps-down-2024/). Parliament [adopted a narrower personal-use reform](/history/czechia-law-passed-2025/) in 2025, effective from 1 January 2026. His think tank's claimed role in drafting an amend … licy](/history/czechia-tightening-plan-2026/). Vobořil called it a return to before 1989.

Joep Oomen culture/people/joep-oomen.md

text

Joep Oomen built a legal argument out of a single plant. Belgian law tolerated an adult g … he reasoned, "you could also have that plant cared for by someone else." On that idea he [founded Trekt Uw Plant](/history/belgium-trekt-uw-plant-2006/), "pull your plant", in Antwerp in 2006: the first [cannabis social club](/culture/traditi … l cause. In 2020 Trekt Uw Plant was still the largest of Belgium's five registered clubs.

Keith Stroup culture/people/keith-stroup.md

text

Keith Stroup started from a simple idea: people who smoked marijuana were consumers, and … e, and while Stroup ran NORML, until 1979, eleven states adopted decriminalisation laws. He found an unlikely fundraiser in an old scare film. In 1972 he learned that *Reefer Madness*, the 1930s melodrama of teenagers ruined by marijuana, was in the public domain, and [bought a print at the Library of Congress for 297 dollars](/history/us-reefer-madness-campus-revival-1972/). He showed it on college campuses after his lectures. Students who were meant to be frightened laughed, and the film became a joke about prohibition itself; its story is told in the exhibition [Reefer Madness](/reefer-madness/). | | | |---|---| | 1970 | Founds NORML | | 1970–1979 | Executive director; eleven states de … on in a book, *It's NORML to Smoke Pot: The 40-Year Fight for Marijuana Smokers' Rights*.

history

us-norml-founded-1970, us-reefer-madness-campus-revival-1972, us-california-legalisation-vote-1972, us-shafer-commission-1972, us-oregon-decriminalisation-1973, us-carter-decriminalisation-message-1977, us-willie-nelson-norml-cochair-1994

history cards

us-norml-founded-1970, us-reefer-madness-campus-revival-1972

sources

Hazlitt — Is Reefer Madness for real? 2 unchanged

Mezz Mezzrow culture/people/mezz-mezzrow.md

text

Few people have given their name to cannabis. Milton Mesirow, a Jewish clarinettist from … a 1928 Armstrong record | | Viper | A smoker of it | | Tea | Marijuana | In 1940 he was [arrested with sixty joints](/history/us-mezzrow-arrest-1940/) at the entrance to a jazz club at the New York World's Fair, and charged with intent to di … y years of his life there, died in 1972 and is buried in Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.

history

us-louis-armstrong-arrest-1930, us-mezzrow-arrest-1940

history cards

us-mezzrow-arrest-1940

Raphael Mechoulam culture/people/raphael-mechoulam.md

text

Raphael Mechoulam was the chemist who found out what in cannabis acts on the mind. In 1964, with Yehiel Gaoni, he [isolated tetrahydrocannabinol, THC,](/history/israel-mechoulam-thc-1964/) and determined its structure. Morphine had been isolated from opium and cocaine from coca … little reason to pay for the clinical trials medicine requires. He died in 2023, aged 92.

Robert Randall culture/people/robert-randall.md

text

Robert C. Randall (1948–2001) was an American medical cannabis advocate with severe glauc … is sight justified his otherwise unlawful possession. He became the first American in the [modern prohibition era](/history/us-marihuana-tax-act-1937/) to receive federally authorised cannabis for medical treatment. The November 1976 photogr … n, with O'Leary, in *Marijuana Rx: The Patients' Fight for Medical Pot*. He died in 2001.

William O'Shaughnessy culture/people/william-oshaughnessy.md

text

William Brooke O'Shaughnessy was the doctor who made cannabis a Western medicine. Working … tioners use, tested it on animals, on himself, on colleagues and on patients, and in 1839 [published his results](/history/india-oshaughnessy-cannabis-tincture-1839/). Within a few years British doctors were prescribing tincture of Indian hemp. Born in Li … id practically no harm, and India went on taxing and licensing it rather than banning it.

Bhang at Holi culture/traditions/bhang-at-holi.md

text

At Holi, the spring festival of colours, much of north India drinks cannabis. The leaf is … /history/india-bhang-exemption-1961/). India promised in return to limit exports, and was [given 25 years to end other non-medical use](/history/single-convention-phase-out-1989/). **1985.** At the end of those 25 years India passed its [national narcotics act](/histo … 015 the police left the bhang drinkers alone while fining two people for smoking tobacco. In 2022 [Karnataka's High Court ruled](/history/india-karnataka-bhang-ruling-2022/) that bhang does not fall under the national narcotics act at all. Gujarat, which prohibits alcohol, [took bhang off its list of intoxicants in 2017](/histor … has received complaints of misuse of prohibition act against those found drinking bhang."

Cannabis social clubs culture/traditions/cannabis-social-clubs.md

text

A cannabis social club is a private, non-profit association whose members grow cannabis t … ed | |---|---| | Early 1990s | ARSEC, the first association, is founded in Barcelona | | [1993](/history/spain-canamo-magazine-1993/) | The movement gets its magazine, *Cáñamo* | | [1997](/history/spain-arsec-conviction-1997/) | Four of its members are sentenced to four m … try | | 2006–2007 | Club members in Andalusia are acquitted and their crops returned | | [2012](/history/spain-rasquera-plantation-2012/) | The Catalan village of Rasquera votes on leasing land to a Barcelona club with 5,000 members, to pay its debts. The plan misses the required majority, and a court revokes the agreements in 2013 | | [2015](/history/spain-supreme-court-clubs-2015/) | The Supreme Court convicts the organiser … ) | Associations may grow for their members: up to 7 grams a day and 50 grams a month each. The [first ones opened in 2024](/history/malta-first-associations-2024/), and [stricter rules followed in 2025](/history/malta-cannabis-amendments-2025/) | | [Switzerland](/country/ch/) | [2021](/history/switzerland-pilot-law-2021/) | Not regul … n associations of up to 500 members; up to 25 grams a day and 50 grams a month each | In Belgium, where an adult may grow one plant, [Joep Oomen](/culture/people/joep-oomen/) founded the first club, [Trekt Uw Plant](/history/belgium-trekt-uw-plant-2006/), in Antwerp in 2006. It was prosecuted and acquitted, but no law followed. In South Africa, clubs calling themselves Dagga Private Clubs have appeared since the Constit … cannabis, and put much of it down to the legal grey area in which most clubs still work.

sources

HeraldNet / Associated Press — Spain hamlet votes on pot-growing to pay off debt (10 April 2012) The Local Spain — Cannabis town gives Catalan judge bad vibes (31 May 2013) ARUC — Authority for the Responsible Use of Cannabis The Malta Independent — Parliament unanimously passes new cannabis legislation amendments (12 May 2025) Deutscher Hanfverband — Belgien, Trekt Uw Plant freigesprochen (7 March 2010) 4 unchanged

The Global Marijuana March culture/traditions/global-marijuana-march.md

text

On the first Saturday of May, people in hundreds of cities march for the legalisation of cannabis. The Global Marijuana March [began in 1999](/history/global-marijuana-march-1999/) and has been held in more than a thousand cities in 85 countries and territories. In some … sh-bash/), which is older, and with the gatherings of [20 April](/culture/language/420/).

Kif and the sebsi culture/traditions/kif-and-the-sebsi.md

text

The sebsi is Morocco's cannabis pipe: a long thin stem of wood with a clay bowl no bigger … sold kif alongside tobacco, and continued to under the French and Spanish protectorates. A Spanish decree of [1935](/history/morocco-spanish-zone-decree-1935/) limited growing to Ketama, Beni Seddat and Beni Khaled, and the French zone pursued kif sold outside the monopoly: in [1949](/history/morocco-kif-seizures-1949/) it seized 7.6 tonnes, most of it near the Spanish border. | Zone | End of legal kif | |---|---| | French zone | [1954](/history/morocco-french-zone- … erbal remedy and not as a dangerous drug, an argument that leans on exactly this history.

sources

TNI — The Rise and Decline of Cannabis Prohibition (2014) United Nations — The cannabis situation in the Sherifian Empire (French Zone), E/CN.7/286/Add.11 (1956) 6 unchanged

Pusher Street culture/traditions/pusher-street.md

text

Pusher Street was the main street of [Freetown Christiania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki … n a Bullshit shop, the gang was cleared out. Biker jackets were banned in Christiania | | [2003](/history/denmark-fight-against-drugs-plan-2003/) | The government's action plan *The Fight Against Drugs* ends the tolerance of small-scale possession and calls for closing the market in Christiania | | 2002–2004 | The government pressed to make the trade less visible. Sellers draped their st … cal cannabis pilot](/history/denmark-medical-pilot-2018/), which it later made permanent.

sources

Transnational Institute — Cannabis Regulation in Europe, Country Report Denmark (2019) 3 unchanged

The Rastafari sacrament culture/traditions/rastafari-sacrament.md

text

For many Rastafari, ganja is a sacred herb used for meditation, prayer, spiritual communi … d Rastafari places of worship, with cultivation and exempt events subject to authorization. It came fourteen years after a [national commission recommended it](/history/jamaica-ganja-commission-2001/) | | [Antigua and Barbuda](/country/ag/) | [2018](/history/antigua-cannabis-act-2018/) | Re … the emperor gave them at [Shashamane](/history/ethiopia-shashamane-settlement-1965/), the [criminal code](/history/ethiopia-criminal-code-2005/) makes no exception, and the United States has [warned Rastafari travelling there](/history/ethiopia-us-warning-rastafari-2005/) that possession can mean prison. In Namibia the head of the Rastafari United Front, Brian Jaftha, [asked the High Court in 2021](/history/namibia-constitutional-challenge-2021/) to strike down the ban, arguing that it was aimed partly at the Rastafari; the court dismissed the case in 2026. In Grenada a [bill tabled in 2021](/history/grenada-bill-2021/) would have allowed Rastafari use in places of worship, but lapsed when parliament was dissolved.

sources

Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation 414/2004 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Ethiopia The Namibian — Attempt to legalise cannabis fails in High Court (12 July 2026) NOW Grenada — Marijuana decriminalisation legislation to go before Parliament (26 February 2025) 9 unchanged

Sambe culture/traditions/sambe.md

text

*Sambe* is Korean hemp cloth. For most of Korean history it was what ordinary people wore … lso where South Korea is trying out a hemp industry. Elsewhere the law has only hardened: [South Korea warns its citizens](/history/south-korea-abroad-warning-2018/) that they can be prosecuted at home for using cannabis in countries where it is legal.

The diamba circles culture/traditions/the-diamba-circles.md

text

In the interior of Maranhão, in the north of [Brazil](/country/br/), smokers of [diamba]( … ors made of it | Writer | Year | What França records | |---|---|---| | Rodrigues Dória | [1915](/history/brazil-doria-paper-1915/) | Cannabis used in sorcerers' brews, *candomblés*, *catimbós*, *sambas* and *batuques* | | … bel: there is no confirmation that participants themselves called their meetings "clubs".

The smoker's cough culture/traditions/the-smokers-cough.md

text

Anyone who has watched people share a strong pipe knows the cough. In much of nineteenth- … d further inland, in today's DR Congo, the [Bena Riamba](/culture/traditions/bena-riamba/), whom German explorers [met in 1881](/history/dr-congo-bena-riamba-1881/), made cannabis smoking the centre of a whole movement. ## After the bans The habit descri … ace, as Duvall points out in a footnote: it opens Black Sabbath's 1971 song "Sweet Leaf".

The spit-bubble game culture/traditions/the-spit-bubble-game.md

text

Smoking [dagga](/culture/language/dagga/) through a water pipe makes the mouth fill with … uth Africa's national ban](/history/south-africa-national-ban-1922/) both date from 1922. [Officials told police to go easy](/history/south-africa-enforcement-compromise-1922/) on [older men's pipes](/culture/traditions/the-morning-pipe/) in remote areas, but du Toit … ms were long gone; none of the sources read for this entry records a revival of the game.

Code, design and documents 51 files

.gitignore +1 −0
@@ -11,2 +11,3 @@ tmp/
 /books/
 renders/
+/*.mkv

astro.config.mjs +2 −0
@@ -56,4 +56,6 @@ export default defineConfig({
   site: process.env.SITE || "https://cannabisfreedom.fyi",
   base,
+  // exhibitions moved from culture/exhibitions/ to exhibitions/, and each one to the shortest address, <slug>/
+  redirects: { "/culture/exhibitions": "/exhibitions", "/culture/exhibitions/reefer-madness": "/reefer-madness" },
   // Icons are Iconoir (https://iconoir.com/), through astro-icon and Iconify: `<Icon name="iconoir:…" />`
   // inlines the SVG at build time, so only the icons a page uses end up in it.

docs/CULTURE.md +4 −0
@@ -230,4 +230,8 @@ The site turns that into a figure with the caption and credit underneath. Rules:
   appear in the atlas entry's history list. If the text names a law that has no history entry,
   add the entry to `changes.yaml` first.
+- Every id in `history` must be mentioned and linked in the text (`/history/<id>/`), and every
+  history entry the text links to must be in `history`. The build fails otherwise. When a new
+  history entry concerns a person, word or tradition that has an atlas entry, add it to that
+  entry's `history` (and `history_cards` if it is about them) and write it into the text with a link.
 - `history_cards` selects which of those events should show this entry under **In the cultural
   atlas** on the history page. Use it only when the event is specifically about the word,

docs/research/history-belarus-gap-2026-10-22.md +130 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# Belarus history expansion, 22 October 2026
+
+Belarus had eleven events and no articles at the start of this batch. It now has fourteen
+events and six articles. Project totals are 2,833 events and 722 articles. The ongoing history
+coverage goal remains open.
+
+Read `docs/WRITING.md` and the current category rules in `docs/DATA-MAINTENANCE.md` before
+editing. All nine added or revised events have vocabulary-checked tags and country-first,
+plain-language titles below eighty characters. Articles have an unheaded opening and four
+sections, with 390–407 words each.
+
+## Changes made
+
+| Event | Treatment |
+| --- | --- |
+| `belarus-narcotics-law-2012` | Retained signature date, 13 July 2012; specified that this was signing, retained `other`, added home-growing tag and accessible statutory clause. |
+| `belarus-decree-6-2014` | Stable ID retained; moved to operative date, 1 January 2015. Narrowed the maximum-sentence claim to supply causing death and the age change to supply. Added article. |
+| `belarus-cultivation-ban-2016` | Retained 31 December commencement; changed category to `hemp`. Replaced generic first-growing-ban claim with the environmental list’s actual scope. Added article. |
+| `belarus-mothers-328-hunger-strike-2018` | Kept month-level date; replaced conflicting participant totals and unsupported prisoner totals. Added article and links to later reform. |
+| `belarus-article-328-amended-2019` | Moved from July to 27 October commencement. Distinguished basic supply, aggravated supply and organised-group offences. Added article. |
+| `belarus-victory-amnesty-2025` | Retained 30 April lower-house stage; changed category to `debate`, effects conditional, and linked final act. |
+| `belarus-drug-sentencing-options-2025` | New scored `easing` event, 3 March, with article. |
+| `belarus-first-drug-offence-amnesty-2025` | New conditional-clemency `easing` event, 8 May, with article and an explicit unscored reason. |
+| `belarus-drug-sentence-report-2026` | New `enforcement` event, 23 June; official sentencing report, with all-drug scope explicit. |
+
+## Legal sources read and their limits
+
+Research downloads, extracted text, the visually inspected environmental gazette page,
+baseline snapshots, source metadata, apply script and verifier are retained in
+`tmp/history-belarus-gap-2026-10-22/`. The build output has been removed.
+
+- **2019 Criminal Code:** WIPO Lex record 20145 and its full statutory text. Read articles
+  54–55, 328, 328² and 329. This is a historical consolidation, not a complete 2026 code.
+  It distinguishes short custody, restriction of liberty, personal possession, supply,
+  repeat public-use offences and cultivation. The cultivation clause was also read in the
+  public AVCD reproduction and agrees on the basic fine/short-custody/up-to-three-year
+  alternatives. AVCD’s separate drug-possession page is stale and was rejected as a source
+  for the 2025 changes despite its current-year page title.
+- **2012 cultivation clause:** Read article 11 in Zakony-by’s statutory reproduction.
+  The original Etalon page was region-blocked. Alta’s full reproduction was partly readable
+  earlier but later timed out; no article relying on unread sections was added. The entry
+  uses the signed date, not an assumed commencement date.
+- **2014 decree:** The President’s site returned its caption without operative body.
+  SPInform’s free preview supplied the preamble, early paragraphs and commencement metadata.
+  The detailed policy discussion comes from printed page 8 onwards of the 2021 Institute
+  of Sociology assessment hosted by UN Belarus. The title page identifies ministries, the
+  academy institute and OHCHR; its disclaimer does not make every research conclusion a UN
+  institutional position. Later code wording supplies the precisely qualified sentence
+  ranges. The free preview was not treated as the full decree.
+- **2016 environment rule:** Downloaded the original two-page gazette PDF from FAOLEX,
+  extracted it and visually inspected page 1. Resolution 35 amends the 2008 rule, removes
+  its wild-growing qualifier, replaces the plant list and specifies commencement. The
+  heading concerns introduction/acclimatisation. The text does not itself establish all
+  the crop-growing, sale, destruction and scientific-exception claims repeated in news
+  reports. Those broader claims were omitted. It does not prove that every listed species
+  was newly prohibited in 2016.
+- **2019 amendment:** Read the actual drug amendment in SPInform’s public preview of law
+  220-Z. Article 1(2) lowers the two minima; metadata gives 27 October commencement.
+  Read the Current Time vote report for campaign reaction. Its June vote date is not the
+  final operative date, and its description of the group tier is less precise than the law.
+- **2025 reform:** Read the public amendment metadata for law 61-Z, the National Legal
+  Portal explanation reproduced by Seldon, the updated statutory reproduction at Legalize
+  Belarus, and the official prosecutor’s public post. The original national legal-register
+  sites were region-blocked; no access restriction or paid preview was bypassed. The
+  legal-portal explanation supplies the operative date and rationale. The three independent
+  accessible texts agree on the drug-sentencing changes.
+- **2025 amnesty:** Read law 70-Z’s public opening articles and commencement metadata,
+  LawPike’s reproduced exclusions, and Minsk lawyer Kristina Asryan’s explanation of the
+  relief routes and implementation. Eligibility is conditional; the first-conviction
+  exception for the principal drug offence’s first four parts does not also appear in
+  part 5. Other eligibility exceptions exist, so no blanket claim that every death-related
+  case was excluded was made. Later clauses outside the legal database’s preview were
+  not represented as personally read in the original act.
+- **2025 controlled-drug list:** Downloaded the Health Ministry consolidation hosted by
+  the Eurasian Economic Commission. Read its title/amendment history and list 5 entries
+  5.1, 5.4 and 5.5. The explicit whole-seed exclusion replaces the profile’s unsupported
+  claim that the narcotics legislation says nothing about seeds. Holding seed status and
+  trade status were preserved; no permission to sow was inferred.
+
+## Reporting and attribution
+
+The 2018 Krytyka Polityczna interview was read for the campaign and participant’s account.
+Its synthetic-drug family case is identified as such. Its numerical mapping of proposed
+penalties conflicts with the enacted law and was not used to describe the offences.
+Advocacy prisoner totals and claims about typical marijuana sentences were removed from
+the current profile rather than repeated as official statistics.
+
+The 2026 sentencing figures come from the Prosecutor General’s own public Telegram post
+13713, timestamped 23 June. They cover drug offences generally. The article and profile do
+not relabel restriction of liberty as probation or assume it is always served at home.
+Secondary first-half-2026 court statistics were left out because the underlying court data
+were not recovered. A separate Supreme Court joint-purchase interpretation remains a lead;
+it was not turned into a new sharing exception or score change without the ruling.
+
+## Profile and score treatment
+
+Replaced the profile’s stale possession and supply ranges with the 2025 alternatives.
+Explained the difference between short custody and restriction of liberty, corrected the
+separate cultivation offence, and included the repeated-public-use criminal rule. Removed
+unsupported claims about typical prison sentences, uniforms and club nonexistence.
+Preserved recreational and medical classifications, planting and club/visitor statuses,
+and the independent UNODC seizure block verbatim.
+
+Current cultivation is corrected from 0 to 1 because the separate basic offence includes a
+fine and shorter alternatives. This is a calibration correction, not a claim that growing
+was newly liberalised in 2025: the 2015 step no longer invents a cultivation decline.
+The March 2025 event raises enforcement from 0 to 1 for the new shorter sentencing options,
+supported by later official practice. Possession, sharing, consumption and access stay 0.
+
+The resulting rounded chain is 1934: 100→19; 1974: 19→8; January 2015: 8→3;
+March 2025: 3→5. The chain checker flags no discontinuities. The inherited 1934 and 1974
+entries still need stronger primary sourcing; this batch did not independently authenticate
+those first-restriction claims. The inherited personal-possession component of the 2015
+scoring also needs a separate historical review: the WIPO 2010 consolidation already
+contains the two-to-five-year personal-possession prison range. This batch does not claim
+that the decree first created that range.
+
+## Verification and cleanup
+
+- `verify.mjs`: all existing events outside the six selected IDs are deeply unchanged
+  against the start-of-batch snapshot. Existing selected `before` records are preserved.
+  Checked tags, categories, dates, sources, related IDs, article length/structure and
+  independent profile data.
+- One production build: **3,587 pages, 57.04 seconds**.
+- Generated checks passed for the nine events, six article bodies, citations, section
+  headings, internal links, tag pages, JSON export, country page and both affected score
+  steps. `node scripts/data-status.cjs chain by` passed.
+- Deleted `tmp/history-belarus-gap-2026-10-22/site` after verification. Research material
+  and the build log remain. No staging, commits, package installation or changes to the
+  concurrent exhibition/front-end work were performed.

docs/research/history-guatemala-gap-2026-10-22.md +2 −0
@@ -37,2 +37,4 @@ Profile now uses primary legal clauses for possession, cultivation, supply, cons
 
 The batch verifier checks allowed categories/tags, dates, related IDs, citations, five article lengths and four-section structure, unchanged unrelated history, all existing before vectors/current scores, current status values and the separate UNODC seizure block. Generated-page verification and temporary-build cleanup are recorded below after completion.
+
+Source verification passed, and `node scripts/data-status.cjs chain gt` reported **zero flagged steps**. `npm run build -- --outDir tmp/history-guatemala-gap-2026-10-22/site` succeeded: **3,564 pages in 26.92 seconds**. The generated verifier passed for Guatemala's timeline and history export, tag pages, all five articles, citations, section headings, internal links, statutory penalties and conditional proposal wording. Scoped `git diff HEAD --check` passed. The temporary `site` build was deleted after verification; audits found no remaining temporary site/build directories or generated `history/index.html` files under `tmp`. Research files and build log are retained.

docs/research/history-jordan-gap-2026-10-22.md +63 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Jordan history gap — 22 October 2026
+
+Added six articles, four history events and revisions to three existing events. The selected country had eleven events and no articles. Project totals after this batch: 2,825 events and 709 articles. Each added or revised event has tags; the current writing and category rules were reread before editing.
+
+## Material corrections
+
+- The existing `jordan-first-time-users-2015` event now dates the first-use treatment guarantee to **16 May 2013**, keeping its existing ID and URL. The original amendment requires referral within twenty-four hours without prosecution or a judicial precedent. It also requires a special administrative register: this is not erasure of every record.
+- The 2016 replacement permits prosecution of first-time users and judicial substitution of inpatient or outpatient treatment. Its original first-offence record protection already includes personal growing and manufacture. The 2021 amendment therefore did not first protect those acts or remove criminal intent.
+- The 2016 death provision retains an international-gang trafficking clause present in the earlier amended drug law. It is a tagged, explicitly unscored retention event, with a new article explaining ordinary trafficking, aggravated trafficking and personal use separately.
+- The September 2021 Lower House vote is now **debate**, dated 1 September, distinct from the enacted amendment operative **23 October 2021**. The enacted change is **other**, reflecting its mixture of penalty tiers, record protection, wider distribution control and licensing authority.
+- The regulator’s September 2026 schedules put **cannabis plant material in table 3**, with personal-use punishment of **one to six months OR JOD200–500 OR both** under article 9(a)(4). **Resin remains in table 1**, with **one to three years AND JOD1,000–3,000** under article 9(a)(1). The old profile’s blanket one-to-three-year statement was wrong for current plant material.
+- The 2023 instructions supply a product approval/prescription route for CBD natural medicines/preparations at no more than 0.3% THC, alongside external-use cosmetics/devices and hemp seed foods. Two events and articles distinguish those product routes. Medical CBD is filed under medical by the category priority; its narrow product rules are explicitly unscored.
+
+## Sources actually read
+
+Source URLs and locators are preserved in the selected entries, article front matter and `tmp/history-jordan-gap-2026-10-22/sources.json`. Downloads, extracted text and PDF renders remain in that folder as research material.
+
+1. **Original 2013 amendment, law 7/2013**, Official Gazette 5222, pp. 2153–2154. Both law pages were visually read in the official DocuWare public viewer, document **33212**. Article 1 takes effect on publication. The issue cover in the official index document **33211** was visually checked: **Thursday 16 May 2013**. The 4 April signature date is not used as commencement. Viewer metadata/storage dates were not used as gazette dates.
+2. **Petra, Senate approval, 24 March 2013**. Full relevant report read: Taher Masri presided; the Senate adopted the Lower House version despite its legal committee’s objection. Interior Minister Awad Khleifat described a social reform and treatment/education rationale. Names and political context in the 2013 article come from this report.
+3. **Original 2016 law**, Official Gazette 5402, public viewer document **44887**. Original printed pages 3197–3199 were visually read: plant prohibition, personal-use acts and punishment, first-offence record protection, third-offence mitigation floor, court treatment substitution, confidentiality and voluntary treatment protection. The earlier accidentally opened document **44910** contains appointments, is not the drug law, and is not cited.
+4. **JFDA consolidated law**: both the previously retained URL and the current law-index download were fetched and extracted. Rendered pages 3–4 and 7 were visually read for penalty tiers, first-offence protection and capital clause numbering. Text was read for related clauses. Official final notes explicitly give **15 August 2016** commencement and **23 October 2021** amendment commencement; these are preferred over a secondary 14 August date.
+5. **Earlier law 11/1988, amended compilation on Haqqi**: relevant PDF text was read through the web tool, including articles 8–10 and 14. The copy includes 2003/2006 amendments and predates the 2013 diversion clause. It proves the international-gang death clause predates the 2016 replacement, and that own-use cultivation was already treated separately from trafficking. It is not an unamended original 1988 facsimile. Local fetches were blocked; no local PDF is claimed.
+6. **2021 amendment, law 24/2021**, Adaleh transcription reproduced by ChemReg: downloaded and relevant text read. Articles 2, 5, 8, 13 and 15 cover unpaid distribution, licensing, personal-use bands and the wider record-protection list. This is a transcription, not a gazette facsimile. JFDA’s primary consolidation agrees with the pertinent amended clauses.
+7. **Petra, Lower House vote 1 September and publication 23 September 2021**: both full relevant reports read. The first is a legislative stage. Publication and commencement are separately dated.
+8. **JFDA schedules updated 30 September 2026**: retrieved using the actual regulator-index href. Table 1, PDF page 2, was read as extracted text and visually for resin/extracts/tinctures. Table 3, page 8, was visually read for the whole cannabis plant, CBD-dominant preparations above 0.3% delta-9 THC, and exclusion of CBD-dominant preparations at or below 0.3% from all tables. These current schedules establish the present classifications, not the date of the plant’s reclassification.
+9. **JFDA instructions 1/2023**, Official Gazette 5844, pp. 912–916: retrieved through the regulator’s actual instructions-index href. All five original facsimile pages were rendered and visually read. A Hasana transcription supplied clearer searchable text, but claims are anchored to the regulator’s facsimile. Health Minister Firas Ibrahim Hawari signed. Article 1 operates on publication; only the year is used because the issue’s precise publication day was not checked.
+10. **7iber, Ezz al-Din al-Natour, 21 July 2016**, contemporary reporting with interviews: read in full. The government’s legislation bureau head Nofan al-Ajarmeh described abandoning the three-year experiment; rights lawyer Hala Ahed criticised the reversal. The account explicitly describes mandatory first-use treatment as the law still in force before the 2016 replacement. The article’s occasional two-year sentence references are not used over the original statute’s one-to-three-year text.
+
+## CBD and food details
+
+- CBD natural medicines/preparations at no more than **0.3% delta-9 THC** require classification/approval and a valid medical prescription. Medical import/export requires a controlled-substances-section stamped invoice. Manufacturer approval, quality evidence and stability testing are specified.
+- Finished external-use cosmetics/devices in a non-abusable form have a particular exemption from separate controlled-substances import/export approval; this is not general permission for all CBD retail. Other product rules still apply. Cosmetic/device manufacture under these instructions is external-use only, with raw-material controls and annual quantity/buyer reports.
+- Food ingredients are hulled, **nonviable** hemp seeds and specified derivatives, with a source-plant maximum of **0.1% THC in leaves and flowering tops**. That crop condition is not a general permission for personal growing.
+- Annex food limits: hulled seeds/hemp hearts **5 mg THC/kg**; seed oil **10 mg/kg**; hemp seed milk/beverages **0.2 mg/kg**; flour/protein/seed cake **5 mg/kg**. Each listed category has a **75 mg CBD/kg** ceiling. Seed oil requires an unsuitable-for-cooking label. Plant imagery is prohibited except seed pictures, with restrictions on hemp promotion and psychoactive claims in packaging and advertising.
+- No named registered medicine, actual pharmacy availability or visitor/foreign-prescription import route was established. No broad medical-flower programme is claimed.
+
+## Scores and status treatment
+
+Current cultivation changes **0 → 1** as a correction to the legal baseline: own-use growing has a lesser offence than cultivation for trafficking, as shown by the earlier amended law, original 2016 text and current law. This distinction existed before the 2013 treatment amendment. The 2013 event’s `before.cultivation` is consequently rebased to 1, and the new 2016 step retains it. This is a calibration correction, not an invented 2013 cultivation reform. The estimated first restriction and its wide historical uncertainty remain; this batch establishes no precise early date for the separate-own-use penalty.
+
+The scored timeline is now estimated first restriction **100 → 4**, the 2013 first-use diversion **4 → 8**, and the 2016 return to prosecution **8 → 6**. Enforcement rises from 0 to 2 for the first-use diversion guarantee, then falls to the retained current 1 when prosecution returns. The middle value represents partial first-offence protection while repeat offences remain punishable, not a claim that fines were empirically typical in 2013.
+
+Other current segment values remain unchanged, including possession 0 because imprisonment remains possible and resin still attracts the longer range. No claim about typical cannabis sentencing frequency is added. Current recreational death remains tied to aggravated trafficking. Medical **none** and access **0** remain: the schema expressly excludes CBD/hemp alone from establishing cannabis medical status. The new CBD article explains the narrow product route. The 2021 mixed event is unscored context: exact historical table placement for cannabis in 2021 was not established, and the wider record list is too narrow to move an additional whole segment point beyond the existing first-offence protection.
+
+## Boundaries and outstanding leads
+
+- Do not date cannabis plant reclassification to the 2026 schedule file update. Recover an earlier gazetted table change before adding a dated easing event.
+- News reports in May 2014 described a repeal of first-use diversion, reproducing a Legislation and Opinion Bureau text without an enacted law number. No enactment was recovered. Contemporary 2016 interviews explicitly describe the three-year diversion policy being reversed then. The 2014 reports are not used as proof of an operative amendment or as a new event.
+- The 1988 entry remains unrevised: the available consolidated copy cannot establish every original penalty. Earlier 1937 and estimated first-restriction entries also remain untouched.
+- New food and CBD events use **2023**, not an invented exact date. Recover the cover of gazette 5844 for greater precision.
+- Research-production claims reported in October 2026 were not added without an actual licence or primary official confirmation.
+- Arrest, UNODC seizure and driving sections were preserved exactly as parsed from the baseline, including source references. They were not revalidated as part of this legal-history batch.
+- Concurrent frontend, package, source-archive and staged changes were preserved. No staging, reset, commit or package installation was performed.
+
+## Verification
+
+Source verifier passed: all six articles are 350–500 words with four sections, their citations and country links are present, seven touched events have valid tags/categories/related IDs, and all unrelated history entries match the saved baseline. Only cultivation changes in current scores; the one previously scored event is rebased explicitly. Independent profile sections and status flags are preserved.
+
+Build, generated-page checks and cleanup are recorded below after completion.
+
+The production build passed: **3,579 pages in 29.20 seconds** (including concurrent frontend work). The generated verifier passed for history JSON, both scored steps, the country timeline, all seven events’ tag links and tag pages, and all six articles’ citations, headings and internal links. Rendered country text and the food table contain the checked penalty ranges and product limits. The six article word counts are **406, 437, 397, 406, 408 and 454**.
+
+The temporary output directory `tmp/history-jordan-gap-2026-10-22/site` was deleted after verification. A subsequent search found no temporary site/build/dist/prerender directories and no generated `history/index.html` files under `tmp`. Source downloads, extracts, research renders, scripts and the build log were retained. Scoped `git diff HEAD --check` passed. The broad history-coverage goal remains active; this batch is verified progress.

docs/research/history-serbia-gap-2026-10-22.md +54 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# Serbia history gap — 22 October 2026
+
+Serbia had eleven history entries and no articles. This batch adds **seven articles**, **five events** and revisions to **five existing events**, all with tags and plain titles. Current project totals: **2,830 events and 716 articles**. The previous Jordan turn was verified progress; this batch continues the broader active coverage goal.
+
+## Changes and corrections
+
+- The 2009 small-personal-possession event now explains the fine/up-to-three-year offence, existing possibility of waiver, separate cultivation offence and later 2019 changes. It remains **other**, because separating offences was not itself decriminalisation and personal-use waiver already existed.
+- The controlled-substances law entry uses **22 December 2010**, the Assembly’s adoption date, and explicitly describes adoption. Its original text, not just the 2018 consolidation, confirms the cannabis threshold, licensed hemp purposes and destruction duties. Commencement is not equated with adoption.
+- Added the **1 August 2013** hemp rulebook, requiring registered varieties **below 0.3% THC**, an application before sowing/by **30 April**, seed and land records, eligibility documents and a permit for one production year. This is hemp regulation, not adult home-growing legalisation.
+- The patients’ request is corrected to **18 February 2015**: the report published on 19 February says it was delivered the previous day. The event is **debate**, replacing the previous medical category, and identifies Milan Savić and the association’s request without endorsing the claimed treatment outcomes.
+- The ministry committee’s 2016 recommendation is **debate**, dated **January**, as the exact committee decision day was not established. Contemporary reporting says registration and prescribing arrangements were still being pursued. The article does not claim pharmacies actually stocked the medicines.
+- The 2017 Green Party bill now has a parliamentary source. Added the **26 March 2018** agenda refusal, with **ten supporting votes and 149 MPs not voting**. This was refusal to schedule consideration, not a merits vote rejecting the bill. The article connects the earlier patient campaign, medicine proposals, bill and agenda outcome.
+- Added the **23 January 2019** court judgment upholding Marko Luković’s three-year sentence for production/possession for sale after collecting flowers near the Morava, drying and packaging them. The judgment distinguishes cultivation from further processing. It does not establish that he grew those plants, so no such claim is made.
+- Added the **1 December 2019** amendment: cultivation raised from **six months–five years to two–eight years**; large possession newly carries **three–ten years**; smaller personal possession retains a fine/up to three years/possible waiver. It also changes aggravated supply and equipment offences. There is no fixed gram or plant allowance.
+- Added the **25 January 2024** Supreme Court judgment upholding Senad Makaji’s three-year sentence for about **372 g** for personal use. The original trial sentence was thirteen months; the appeal applied the large-quantity offence. Judges assess large quantity case by case. Neither 372 g nor any smaller quantity is presented as a universal legal cutoff.
+- The profile now separates cultivation from production and distinguishes giving drugs for consumption (**six months–five years**, article 247) from production/supply (**three–twelve years**, article 246). It removes unsupported blanket claims that most cases receive deferred prosecution and that no clubs are known.
+
+## Sources actually read
+
+URLs and precise locators are in entry citations, article front matter and `tmp/history-serbia-gap-2026-10-22/sources.json`. Downloads, extracted text and key-page renders are retained in that directory.
+
+1. **Constitutional Court Bulletin 2/2009**, printed pp. 62–64, especially 63. Downloaded with ordinary certificate-validating curl after Python’s certificate chain failed. The relevant text was extracted and p. 63 visually read. It confirms the former personal-use waiver and **11 September 2009** commencement of the separation into two offences.
+2. **Criminal Code through Gazette 94/2016**, published by the Serbian public prosecution service. Relevant articles 246–247 were read, including editorial annotations identifying provisions from 72/2009. It supplies the pre-2019 cultivation and possession wording.
+3. **Original 2010 controlled-substances law**, official Assembly archive. The enacted-laws index identifies adoption **22 December 2010**, Gazette 99/2010. Its actual PDF link downloads a ZIP containing `3210_10LAT.pdf`; that PDF was extracted as `act2010.pdf`. Relevant articles 5, 58–60 and 116–117 were read; p. 22 was visually inspected for hemp purposes and licensing. This is original parliamentary text, not a gazette facsimile. The current Paragraf consolidation was also read for the amended law.
+4. **2013 agriculture rulebook**, three-page ministerial text reproduced by Agroklub and also found on FAOLEX. FAOLEX’s PDF was readable through the web tool but the local fetch was blocked; the discovered Agroklub PDF downloaded successfully. All relevant articles 1–9 were read as extracted text and p. 1 was visually inspected for the threshold, publication date and application deadline. The document identifies publication on **24 July 2013** and operation on the eighth day, giving **1 August 2013**. It was signed on **15 July** by **Goran Knežević**. No 0.2% limit or human-food permission is imported from inconsistent secondary summaries.
+5. **Radio 021, 19 February 2015**, full relevant report read. It reproduces the association’s statement and identifies delivery the previous day by Milan Savić. Several-hundred-patient documentation is described as submitted material, not independently verified efficacy.
+6. **Novosti, B. Radivojević, 16 January 2016**, original report read after locating it through the Paragraf reproduction. Health Ministry statements describe committee support for dronabinol, nabilone and Sativex and pending registration/prescriber arrangements. The headline says approved, but the article’s actual conditions do not prove completed medicine registration or sales.
+7. **Assembly verbatim record, 26 March 2018**, PDF p. 41. Downloaded, extracted and visually read in full for this item. It confirms the bill submission **23 June 2017**, Čabradi’s speech and the **10/149** vote. The previous item on p. 40 had a different **15/144** vote; those numbers are not assigned to the cannabis motion. Čabradi’s patient-count and international comparisons are political claims and are not reproduced as verified statistics.
+8. **Government 2018 controlled-substances amendment proposal**, official Assembly PDF, especially printed pp. 26–27. The consultation report accepts objections to reducing the hemp THC ceiling and rejects suggestions to legalise cannabis oil, citing clinical-evidence concerns and existing cannabis-based medicines. This does not establish local product availability. The original 2017 Čabradi bill text was not recovered; no detailed licence, diagnosis or plant allowance is invented for it.
+9. **Original 2019 Criminal Code amendment**, official Assembly PDF, articles 21–23 and 42. Downloaded and read; p. 4 visually confirms the exact cultivation increase and large-possession wording. Article 42 explicitly gives **1 December 2019** commencement. The enacted-laws index records Assembly adoption **21 May 2019**, kept distinct from commencement.
+10. **Kzz 1521/2018, 23 January 2019**, original Supreme Court of Cassation judgment, three-page official PDF. Full relevant text read for Luković’s sentence, flowers, drying, packaging and sale purpose. This is application of the existing offence, so the event is **enforcement** with a court tag.
+11. **Kzz 27/2024, 25 January 2024**, full relevant official Supreme Court judgment read and saved as HTML/text. It gives **372.42 g** in one confiscation passage and **372.40 g** in the facts passage; the site uses **about 372 g**. It expressly says large quantity is assessed in each case and that personal purpose does not prevent application of the large-possession offence. This is **enforcement**, with no new scored step.
+12. **Belgrade First Basic Public Prosecutor’s Office FAQ**, full deferred-prosecution section read after ordinary curl succeeded. It explains Criminal Procedure Code article 283: eligible fine/up-to-five-year offences, accepted obligations, at most one year for compliance and dismissal after completion. This supports an available route, not a claim about how frequently cannabis cases use it.
+13. **2026 controlled-drug schedules**, Gazette **12/2026**, reproduced by Paragraf: relevant text downloaded and read. Cannabis and resin appear in **both lists 1 and 2**. A third-party claim based only on list 1 omits the overlapping list-2 control. Article 12 of the law permits list-2 substances for research and exceptionally for therapy under its conditions. Article 69 permits minister-authorised imports of unregistered controlled medicines through a licensed wholesaler for a patient or group. The profile now states these general legal authorities, without claiming routine cannabis access or a registered product.
+
+## Scores, scope and open questions
+
+Current **cultivation changes 1 → 0**, tied to the new scored **1 December 2019** tightening. The statutory minimum rose from six months to two years, with a two-to-eight-year range and no personal plant allowance. The higher prison exposure is severe enough to remove the earlier one-point credit for the lesser cultivation penalty. The profile still explains that cultivation and production are legally distinct; the score is not a claim that they are identical offences.
+
+All other current score values remain, as do every earlier `before` vector and recreational/medical/status values. The timeline is **100 → 14 in 1930**, **14 → 11 in 1950**, **11 → 9 in December 2019**, with no direction mismatch. New context, bills and individual sentences do not themselves change a score.
+
+Medical **none** and access **0** are retained pending evidence of an operational or specifically authorised cannabis-medicine route. General controlled-medicine authorisation powers are recorded in the prose; they are not turned into an assumed cannabis programme. The 2016 support report alone cannot establish registration or patient access. Recover a current ALIMS registration or an actual ministerial cannabis-medicine authorisation before making a stronger availability/status claim. The 2026 schedule is not evidence of a newly introduced cannabis reform, and no such dated event is added.
+
+The 1930 first-restriction entry, 1932 and 1950 Yugoslav entries, first march and treaties remain untouched. An original 1930 text still needs checking before revising that early score drop or writing its article. The attempted 2021 Supreme Court bulletin download had a broken page tree and was not read or cited; individual original judgments supplied the needed evidence.
+
+Driving and black-market sections, their source references and parsed values are preserved exactly. This batch does not revalidate their independent observations. Concurrent Jordan, frontend, package, source-archive, staged and media-download changes were preserved; no staging, reset, commit or package installation was performed.
+
+## Verification
+
+The source verifier passed for all seven 350–500-word articles with four sections, ten tagged entries, dates, citations, related IDs, unchanged unrelated history and preserved independent profile blocks. Current cultivation is the only profile-score change, tied to the new 2019 event. Build, generated-page verification and temporary-build cleanup follow below.
+
+The production build passed: **3,584 pages in 1 minute 35 seconds**, including concurrent frontend work. Generated-page checks passed for all ten events, tags and tag pages, the history JSON export, the **11 → 9** score step, the country profile and all seven articles’ citations, headings and internal links. Article lengths are **402, 406, 407, 405, 404, 401 and 401 words**.
+
+The temporary directory `tmp/history-serbia-gap-2026-10-22/site` was deleted after verification. A subsequent audit found no temporary site/build/dist/prerender directories or generated `history/index.html` files under `tmp`. Research downloads, extracts, key-page renders, scripts and the build log remain. Scoped whitespace checks and the final Serbia chain check passed. The broader coverage goal remains active.

package-lock.json +30 −0

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package.json +3 −0
@@ -20,4 +20,7 @@
     "@fontsource-variable/inter": "^5.3.0",
     "@fontsource-variable/jetbrains-mono": "^5.3.0",
+    "@fontsource/limelight": "^5.3.0",
+    "@fontsource/old-standard-tt": "^5.3.0",
+    "@fontsource/special-elite": "^5.3.0",
     "@iconify-json/iconoir": "^1.2.12",
     "astro": "^7.3.5",

public/exhibitions/reefer-madness/trailer-poster.jpg +0 −0

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public/exhibitions/reefer-madness/trailer.en.vtt +89 −0

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public/exhibitions/reefer-madness/trailer.mp4 +0 −0

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source-archive.json +161 −5

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src/assets/exhibitions/reefer-madness/machinery/fbn-badge-1930.png +0 −0

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src/assets/exhibitions/reefer-madness/machinery/killer-drug-poster.jpg +0 −0

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src/assets/exhibitions/reefer-madness/machinery/locoed-weed-1915.jpg +0 −0

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src/lib/culture.js +6 −0
@@ -39,4 +39,10 @@ export const cultureEntries = (await getCollection("culture"))
       return ch;
     });
+    // every history entry the text relies on is linked in the text, and every history entry the
+    // text links to is listed in `history`, so the entry, its history list and the history pages
+    // stay interlinked (docs/CULTURE.md, Countries and links)
+    const linked = new Set([...(entry.body ?? "").matchAll(/\]\(\/history\/([^/)#]+)/g)].map((m) => m[1]));
+    for (const id of d.history) if (!linked.has(id)) throw new Error(`${file}: "${id}" is in history but the text never links to /history/${id}/; mention and link it in the text`);
+    for (const id of linked) if (!d.history.includes(id)) throw new Error(`${file}: the text links to /history/${id}/ but "${id}" is not in history`);
     // links in the text to pages of this site must lead somewhere
     for (const [, kind, id] of (entry.body ?? "").matchAll(/\]\(\/(history|country)\/([^/)#]+)\/?[^)]*\)/g)) {

src/lib/exhibitions.js +45 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Exhibitions: self-contained experiences, each about one episode in humanity's relationship with
+// cannabis, each with a look of its own (src/pages/<slug>.astro, so its address is as short as it can be),
+// listed under Culture. Charts measure,
+// Culture documents, Exhibitions ask why and how something happened. An exhibition is built on
+// the same sourced history as the rest of the site and keeps three things apart: primary
+// evidence, documented connections, and interpretation.
+//   history: the history entries an exhibition is about; their pages link back to it with a banner
+export const EXHIBITIONS = [
+  {
+    slug: "reefer-madness", no: "001", theme: "Propaganda", title: "Reefer Madness", line: "The invention of a monster",
+    about: "The original trailer, a newspaper front page, an investigation board, a court docket and an evidence room: how a plant was sold to America as a killer, who sold it, and what later research found.",
+    open: true,
+    history: ["us-reefer-madness-1938", "us-assassin-of-youth-1937", "us-marihuana-tax-act-1937", "us-tax-bill-introduced-1937", "us-el-paso-ban-1915",
+      "us-anslinger-crime-claim-1931", "us-federal-bureau-of-narcotics-1930", "us-la-guardia-report-1944", "us-fbn-plays-down-marijuana-1938",
+      "us-isbell-testimony-1951", "us-shafer-commission-1972", "league-russell-anslinger-exchange-1938", "us-anslinger-petty-cases-memo-1937", "us-first-tax-act-convictions-1937",
+      "us-house-passes-tax-bill-1937", "us-uniform-state-narcotic-act-1932", "us-pharmacopeia-1942", "us-siler-report-1933", "panama-canal-zone-committee-1926",
+      "india-hemp-drugs-commission-1894", "us-boggs-act-1951", "us-fifth-circuit-judges-1954", "us-leary-1969", "geneva-egypt-proposal-1924",
+      "egypt-russell-hashish-report-1930", "mexico-salazar-marijuana-myth-1938", "mexico-regulation-suspended-1940",
+      "us-mezzrow-arrest-1940", "us-gene-krupa-arrest-1943", "us-anita-oday-arrest-1947", "us-mitchum-arrest-1948", "us-lee-otis-johnson-1968", "us-little-boggs-acts-1953", "us-reefer-madness-campus-revival-1972",
+      "us-locoed-weed-headline-1915", "us-licata-murders-1933", "us-production-code-drugs-1934", "us-road-to-ruin-1934", "us-marihuana-film-1936", "us-assassin-of-youth-film-1937",
+      "us-ama-woodward-testimony-1937", "us-devils-harvest-film-1942", "us-she-shoulda-said-no-1949", "us-reefer-madness-musical-1998", "us-schlosser-reefer-madness-2003"],
+    // the rooms, in order: id is the anchor on the page; also listed in search
+    rooms: [
+      { id: "claims", no: "I", name: "The Claims", learn: "Ten claims of the era, each checked against what later research found." },
+      { id: "machinery", no: "II", name: "The Machinery", learn: "Who spread the story, and how the press, the bureau, Congress and the film fed one another." },
+      { id: "cycle", no: "III", name: "The Cycle", learn: "The other drug films of the time, and why they were all made outside Hollywood." },
+      { id: "gallery", no: "IV", name: "The Gallery", learn: "Posters and paperback covers that sold the panic, and the tricks they used." },
+      { id: "defendants", no: "V", name: "The Defendants", learn: "Real people sentenced under the new laws, and how long the sentences grew." },
+      { id: "export", no: "VI", name: "The Export", learn: "How the same picture of the drug reached international law, and who argued against it." },
+      { id: "afterlife", no: "VII", name: "The Afterlife", learn: "How the film became a joke, and its title the name for any drug scare." },
+      { id: "evidence", no: "VIII", name: "The Evidence Room", learn: "Every document behind the exhibition, labelled for what kind of evidence it is." },
+    ],
+    // a still for banners elsewhere on the site, from public/
+    cover: "exhibitions/reefer-madness/trailer-poster.jpg",
+  },
+  { slug: "genealogy-of-prohibition", no: "002", theme: "Institutions", title: "The Genealogy of Prohibition", line: "How laws learned to reproduce", about: "A forensic tracing of how national, imperial and treaty law copied one another.", open: false, history: [] },
+  { slug: "a-thousand-names", no: "003", theme: "Language", title: "A Thousand Names for One Plant", line: "The linguistic archaeology of cannabis", about: "The words for the plant as a living specimen: where each came from and where it travelled.", open: false, history: [] },
+  { slug: "the-crime-of-gardening", no: "004", theme: "Criminalisation", title: "The Crime of Gardening", line: "When growing a plant became an offence", about: "One person, one plant, many countries and decades, and what the same act cost in each.", open: false, history: [] },
+  { slug: "medicine-contraband", no: "005", theme: "Medicine", title: "The Medicine That Became Contraband", line: "How institutions changed what counted as knowledge", about: "Pharmacopoeias, physicians and regulators: how cannabis left medicine and how it came back.", open: false, history: [] },
+];
+// the page's path below the site's base, e.g. "reefer-madness/"
+export const exhibitionPath = (e) => `${e.slug}/`;
+export const openExhibitions = EXHIBITIONS.filter((e) => e.open);
+// history entry id → the open exhibitions about it
+export const exhibitionsOf = (id) => openExhibitions.filter((e) => e.history.includes(id));

src/lib/search-icons.js +3 −3
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ export const PAGE_ICONS = {
   "culture/": "iconoir:palette", "culture/people/": "iconoir:community", "culture/stories/": "iconoir:book", "sources/": "iconoir:bookmark-book",
 };
-// pages that come in families: a part of the cultural atlas, a map view, a history period, a history tag
-export const CULTURE_SECTION_ICON = "iconoir:palette", MAP_VIEW_ICON = "iconoir:map", PERIOD_ICON = "iconoir:calendar", TAG_ICON = "iconoir:hashtag";
+// pages that come in families: a part of the cultural atlas, a map view, a history period, a history tag, an exhibition
+export const CULTURE_SECTION_ICON = "iconoir:palette", MAP_VIEW_ICON = "iconoir:map", PERIOD_ICON = "iconoir:calendar", TAG_ICON = "iconoir:hashtag", EXHIBITION_ICON = "iconoir:frame-alt";
 
 export const SEARCH_ICONS = [...new Set([
-  ...Object.values(RESULT_KIND_ICONS), ...Object.values(PAGE_ICONS), CULTURE_SECTION_ICON, MAP_VIEW_ICON, PERIOD_ICON, TAG_ICON,
+  ...Object.values(RESULT_KIND_ICONS), ...Object.values(PAGE_ICONS), CULTURE_SECTION_ICON, MAP_VIEW_ICON, PERIOD_ICON, TAG_ICON, EXHIBITION_ICON,
   ...Object.values(CHANGE_CATEGORIES).map((k) => k.icon),
 ])];

src/pages/culture/index.astro +17 −1
@@ -7,4 +7,6 @@ import CultureCards from "../../components/CultureCards.astro";
 import DidYouKnow from "../../components/DidYouKnow.astro";
 import { CULTURE_SECTIONS, cultureEntries, cultureIn } from "../../lib/culture.js";
+import { openExhibitions, exhibitionPath } from "../../lib/exhibitions.js";
+import "@fontsource/limelight";
 
 const base = import.meta.env.BASE_URL;
@@ -13,5 +15,6 @@ const countryCount = new Set(cultureEntries.flatMap((e) => e.countries)).size;
 // as a large lead card; the rest are a click away.
 const preview = (id) => cultureIn(id).slice(0, 5);
-const count = (s) => (s.entries ? `${cultureIn(s.id).length} ${cultureIn(s.id).length === 1 ? "entry" : "entries"}` : s.soon ? "In preparation" : "Collecting soon");
+const count = (s) => (s.entries ? `${cultureIn(s.id).length} ${cultureIn(s.id).length === 1 ? "entry" : "entries"}`
+  : s.soon ? "In preparation" : "Collecting soon");
 ---
 <Base title="Culture" description="A cultural atlas of cannabis around the world: the words people have for it, the rituals and traditions it belongs to, and the people behind the laws.">
@@ -35,4 +38,17 @@ const count = (s) => (s.entries ? `${cultureIn(s.id).length} ${cultureIn(s.id).l
     </section>
 
+    <section class="section cu-exhibits">
+      {openExhibitions.map((e) => (
+        <a class="cu-exhibit" href={`${base}${exhibitionPath(e)}`}>
+          <small>Exhibition {e.no} · {e.theme}</small>
+          <b>{e.title}</b>
+          <span class="cu-exhibit-line">{e.line}</span>
+          <span class="cu-exhibit-about">{e.about}</span>
+          <span class="cu-exhibit-go">Enter the exhibition →</span>
+        </a>
+      ))}
+      <p class="cu-all front-go"><a class="go" href={`${base}exhibitions/`}>All exhibitions <span aria-hidden="true">→</span></a></p>
+    </section>
+
     <section class="section cu-dyk"><DidYouKnow group="culture" /></section>
 

src/pages/exhibitions/index.astro +61 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+// Exhibitions: the lobby. Each exhibition is a page of its own with its own look; this
+// page only shows the doors, the open ones first.
+import Base from "../../layouts/Base.astro";
+import { EXHIBITIONS, exhibitionPath } from "../../lib/exhibitions.js";
+import "@fontsource/limelight";
+const base = import.meta.env.BASE_URL;
+---
+<Base title="Exhibitions" description="Exhibitions: self-contained experiences, each about one strange episode in humanity's relationship with cannabis. The first is Reefer Madness, the invention of a monster.">
+  <main class="exh-lobby">
+    <header class="exh-lobby-head">
+      <p class="exh-kicker">Exhibitions <span>· also in <a href={`${base}culture/`}>Culture</a></span></p>
+      <h1>Why and how it happened</h1>
+      <p class="exh-lede">The map shows what is happening, the charts what patterns exist, the rest of the culture atlas what people made and said. Each exhibition takes one episode and asks why and how, in a form of its own. Every room keeps primary evidence, documented connections and interpretation apart.</p>
+    </header>
+    <ol class="exh-doors">
+      {EXHIBITIONS.map((e) => (
+        <li class:list={["exh-door", { open: e.open }]}>
+          {e.open ? (
+            <a href={`${base}${exhibitionPath(e)}`}>
+              <span class="exh-no">Exhibition {e.no} · {e.theme}</span>
+              <span class="exh-title">{e.title}</span>
+              <span class="exh-line">{e.line}</span>
+              <span class="exh-about">{e.about}</span>
+              <span class="exh-enter">Enter the exhibition →</span>
+            </a>
+          ) : (
+            <div>
+              <span class="exh-no">Exhibition {e.no} · {e.theme}</span>
+              <span class="exh-title">{e.title}</span>
+              <span class="exh-line">{e.line}</span>
+              <span class="exh-about">{e.about}</span>
+              <span class="exh-soon">In preparation</span>
+            </div>
+          )}
+        </li>
+      ))}
+    </ol>
+  </main>
+</Base>
+
+<style>
+  .exh-lobby { max-width: 1180px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 56px 24px 96px; }
+  .exh-kicker a { color: inherit; }
+  .exh-kicker { margin: 0; font: 400 12px var(--mono); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .12em; color: var(--muted); }
+  .exh-lobby-head h1 { margin: 10px 0 0; font: 400 clamp(44px, 7vw, 96px)/.95 var(--display); letter-spacing: -.03em; }
+  .exh-lede { max-width: 62ch; margin: 18px 0 0; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.55; color: var(--text-2); }
+  .exh-doors { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(320px, 1fr)); gap: 18px; margin: 56px 0 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; }
+  .exh-door > a, .exh-door > div { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; height: 100%; min-height: 300px; padding: 26px 24px; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 4px; color: var(--text); box-sizing: border-box; }
+  .exh-door.open > a { background: #0b0a08; color: #efe6d2; border-color: #0b0a08; position: relative; overflow: hidden; transition: transform .2s; }
+  .exh-door.open > a::after { content: ""; position: absolute; inset: 0; background: radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% 120%, rgba(179, 38, 30, .45), transparent 60%); pointer-events: none; }
+  .exh-door.open > a:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); }
+  .exh-door.open .exh-title { font-family: "Limelight", var(--display); letter-spacing: .02em; color: #e8d9b0; }
+  .exh-no { font: 400 11px var(--mono); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .1em; opacity: .7; }
+  .exh-title { font: 400 34px/1.05 var(--display); }
+  .exh-line { font: italic 400 19px var(--display); opacity: .85; }
+  .exh-about { margin-top: auto; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; opacity: .8; }
+  .exh-enter { font: 500 13px var(--mono); color: #e05a4f; position: relative; z-index: 1; }
+  .exh-door:not(.open) > div { color: var(--text-2); border-style: dashed; }
+  .exh-soon { font: 400 11px var(--mono); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .1em; color: var(--muted); }
+</style>

src/pages/history/[id].astro +26 −12
@@ -11,4 +11,6 @@ import { Image } from "astro:assets";
 import { cultureOfChange, cultureSection } from "../../lib/culture.js";
 import { relatedTo } from "../../lib/related.js";
+import { exhibitionsOf, exhibitionPath } from "../../lib/exhibitions.js";
+import "@fontsource/limelight";
 
 // One history entry: what happened, large; the score before and after when it moved one; how
@@ -38,4 +40,5 @@ const span = c ? 3 : 5;
 const nearby = at < 0 ? [] : own.slice(Math.max(0, Math.min(at - span, own.length - 2 * span - 1)), Math.max(at + span + 1, 2 * span + 1));
 const related = relatedTo(ch, nearby);
+const exhibits = exhibitionsOf(ch.id);
 // an entry about one state or province: that state's card beside it, its country's under it
 const unitGroup = ch.unit ? subunitsOf(c.id) : null;
@@ -51,4 +54,15 @@ const ledeInBody = !article;
     </div>
 
+    {exhibits.map((e) => (
+      <a class="ev-exhibit" href={`${base}${exhibitionPath(e)}`} style={e.cover ? `--cover:url(${base}${e.cover})` : undefined}>
+        <span class="ev-exhibit-text">
+          <small>Exhibition {e.no} · {e.theme} · this event is part of it</small>
+          <b>{e.title}</b>
+          <span>{e.line}</span>
+        </span>
+        <span class="ev-exhibit-go">Enter the exhibition <span aria-hidden="true">→</span></span>
+      </a>
+    ))}
+
     <header class={`ev-top${ch.score ? "" : " ev-plain"}`}>
       <div>
@@ -87,4 +101,16 @@ const ledeInBody = !article;
         </section>
       )}
+      {article && (
+        <section class="ev-article">
+          <p class="ev-label">The story{article.data.model && <span class="ev-by"> · written by {article.data.model}{article.data.written && <>, <time datetime={article.data.written.toISOString().slice(0, 10)}>{formatDate(article.data.written.toISOString().slice(0, 10))}</time></>}</span>}</p>
+          {article.data.image && (
+            <figure>
+              <Picture src={article.data.image.src} alt={article.data.image.alt} style={article.data.image.fit === "contain" ? "object-fit: contain" : undefined} formats={["webp"]} widths={[480, 800, 1280]} sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 760px" />
+              <figcaption>{article.data.image.caption} <span>{article.data.image.credit_url ? <a href={article.data.image.credit_url} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">{article.data.image.credit}</a> : article.data.image.credit}{article.data.image.license_url && <> · <a href={article.data.image.license_url} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Licence</a></>}</span></figcaption>
+            </figure>
+          )}
+          <div class="prose"><Article /></div>
+        </section>
+      )}
       {culture.length > 0 && (
         <section class="ev-culture" aria-label="In the cultural atlas">
@@ -102,16 +128,4 @@ const ledeInBody = !article;
         </section>
       )}
-      {article && (
-        <section class="ev-article">
-          <p class="ev-label">The story{article.data.model && <span class="ev-by"> · written by {article.data.model}{article.data.written && <>, <time datetime={article.data.written.toISOString().slice(0, 10)}>{formatDate(article.data.written.toISOString().slice(0, 10))}</time></>}</span>}</p>
-          {article.data.image && (
-            <figure>
-              <Picture src={article.data.image.src} alt={article.data.image.alt} style={article.data.image.fit === "contain" ? "object-fit: contain" : undefined} formats={["webp"]} widths={[480, 800, 1280]} sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 760px" />
-              <figcaption>{article.data.image.caption} <span>{article.data.image.credit_url ? <a href={article.data.image.credit_url} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">{article.data.image.credit}</a> : article.data.image.credit}{article.data.image.license_url && <> · <a href={article.data.image.license_url} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Licence</a></>}</span></figcaption>
-            </figure>
-          )}
-          <div class="prose"><Article /></div>
-        </section>
-      )}
       {ch.score && (
         <section>

src/pages/reefer-madness.astro +1367 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,1367 @@
+---
+// Exhibition 001 · Reefer Madness. An entrance with the original trailer and a programme that
+// introduces the subject, then seven rooms, each in its own form: a newspaper front page whose headlines open into case files with a verdict (the
+// claims), an investigation board (the machinery), a wall of lobby cards (the exploitation cycle),
+// a court docket (the defendants), a stack of telegrams (the export), a film strip (the afterlife)
+// and an archive of index cards (the evidence room). Everything rests on the site's sourced history entries and the sources
+// listed with each item; every item says whether it is primary evidence, a documented connection
+// or an interpretation, and disputed points are marked as disputed.
+import Base from "../layouts/Base.astro";
+import { Image } from "astro:assets";
+import { EXHIBITIONS } from "../lib/exhibitions.js";
+import "@fontsource/limelight";
+import "@fontsource/special-elite";
+import "@fontsource/old-standard-tt/400.css";
+import "@fontsource/old-standard-tt/700.css";
+import "@fontsource/old-standard-tt/400-italic.css";
+import poster from "../assets/culture/reefer-madness-1936.jpg";
+import magazine from "../assets/culture/assassin-of-youth-1937.jpg";
+import anslingerPhoto from "../assets/culture/harry-anslinger-1938.jpg";
+import taxStamp from "../assets/culture/marihuana-tax-stamp-1937.jpg";
+import locoedWeed from "../assets/exhibitions/reefer-madness/machinery/locoed-weed-1915.jpg";
+import killerDrug from "../assets/exhibitions/reefer-madness/machinery/killer-drug-poster.jpg";
+import fbnBadge from "../assets/exhibitions/reefer-madness/machinery/fbn-badge-1930.png";
+import oliphantPhoto from "../assets/exhibitions/reefer-madness/machinery/oliphant-1937.jpg";
+
+const base = import.meta.env.BASE_URL;
+const h = (id) => `${base}history/${id}/`;
+// a page of the cultural atlas, e.g. c("people/harry-anslinger")
+const c = (path) => `${base}culture/${path}/`;
+
+// where the claims and connections come from
+const SRC = {
+  afi: ["American Film Institute Catalog — Tell Your Children", "https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/7885"],
+  wiki: ["Wikipedia — Reefer Madness", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_Madness"],
+  archive: ["Internet Archive — Reefer Madness (1938), the film", "https://archive.org/details/reefer_madness1938"],
+  loc: ["Library of Congress — Marihuana, Topics in Chronicling America", "https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-marihuana"],
+  licata: ["Wikipedia — Victor Licata", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Licata"],
+  fee: ["FEE — How an axe murderer helped make weed illegal", "https://fee.org/articles/how-an-axe-murderer-helped-make-weed-illegal/"],
+  assassin: ["Marijuana, Assassin of Youth — transcription of the July 1937 article", "https://www.cannabis-marijuana.com/assassin-of-youth.html"],
+  hashmuseum: ["Hash Marihuana & Hemp Museum — Reefer Madness collection", "https://hashmuseum.com/en/collection/reefer-madness/"],
+  stanford: ["Stanford Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising — Reefer Madness", "https://tobacco.stanford.edu/marijuanas/reefer-madness/"],
+  taxact: ["Wikipedia — Marihuana Tax Act of 1937", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937"],
+  laguardia: ["Wikipedia — LaGuardia Committee report", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Committee_report"],
+  nyam: ["New York Academy of Medicine — Mayor LaGuardia commissions the Academy's report", "https://nyam.org/175th/175th-timeline/mayor-laguardia-commissions-academy-report-marijuana-usage"],
+  shafer: ["Wikipedia — Shafer Commission", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafer_Commission"],
+  avclub: ["The A.V. Club — An oral history of Reefer Madness: The Movie Musical", "https://www.avclub.com/reefer-madness-the-movie-musical-oral-history"],
+  roadToRuin: ["Wikipedia — The Road to Ruin (1934 film)", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Ruin_(1934_film)"],
+  devilsHarvest: ["American Film Institute Catalog — Devil's Harvest (1942)", "https://catalog.afi.com/Film/27604-DEVIL'S-HARVEST"],
+  stroupFind: ["Hazlitt — Is Reefer Madness for real?", "https://hazlitt.net/node/848471"],
+  schlosser: ["Salon — review of Eric Schlosser's Reefer Madness (2003)", "https://www.salon.com/2003/05/15/reefer/"],
+  colorized: ["Film Threat — Reefer Madness: Special Addiction (DVD)", "https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/reefer-madness-special-addiction-dvd/"],
+  ngram: ["Google Books Ngram Viewer — “reefer madness”, English, 1960–2022", "https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=reefer+madness&year_start=1960&year_end=2022&corpus=en&smoothing=0&case_insensitive=true"],
+  schaefer: ["Eric Schaefer — “Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!”: A History of Exploitation Films, 1919–1959 (1999)", "https://books.google.com/books?id=CSBZqe0zPaMC"],
+  conviction: ["Richard Bonnie and Charles Whitebread — The Marijuana Conviction (1974)", ""],
+  marihuanaFilm: ["Wikipedia — Marihuana (1936 film)", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_(1936_film)"],
+  shoulda: ["Wikipedia — She Shoulda Said No!", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Shoulda_Said_No!"],
+  bigsteal: ["American Film Institute Catalog — The Big Steal (1949), on Mitchum's sentence", "https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/25852"],
+  code: ["Britannica — Motion Picture Production Code", "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Motion-Picture-Production-Code"],
+  caldwell: ["Wikipedia — Samuel R. Caldwell", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_R._Caldwell"],
+  mezzrow: ["Wikipedia — Mezz Mezzrow", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezz_Mezzrow"],
+  krupa: ["Wikipedia — Gene Krupa", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Krupa"],
+  boggs: ["Wikipedia — Boggs Act", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggs_Act"],
+  leary: ["Wikipedia — Leary v. United States", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leary_v._United_States"],
+  salazar: ["Wikipedia — Leopoldo Salazar Viniegra", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Salazar_Viniegra"],
+  campos: ["Isaac Campos — Reefer Madness Past and Present: Dr. Leopoldo Salazar Viniegra, Mexico, and the United States (2021)", ""],
+  ama: ["Wikipedia — Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, on the AMA's opposition", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937"],
+  ihdc: ["Wikipedia — Indian Hemp Drugs Commission", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hemp_Drugs_Commission"],
+  legal: ["Wikipedia — Legal history of cannabis in the United States", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States"],
+  siler: ["J. F. Siler and others — Mariajuana Smoking in Panama, The Military Surgeon (1933)", "https://www.druglibrary.net/schaffer/Library/studies/panama/panama1.htm"],
+  panama: ["Wikipedia — Cannabis in Panama", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Panama"],
+  uniform: ["Wikipedia — Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_State_Narcotic_Drug_Act"],
+  league: ["Squaring a Circle: Cannabis and the Dubious Legacy of the League of Nations", ""],
+};
+
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