Cannabis Freedom Index

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40 history entries added28 history entries edited10 country profiles edited44 articles written4 articles edited1 dataset updated19 files of code, design or docs +8,807 −1,266 lines

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Added 40

Edited 28

Burundi sets three to five years for drug use

title

Burundi's revised Penal Code sets distinct penaltiesthree to five years for narcoticdrug use

description

Decree-Law 1/6 prohibited cultivation, sale, transport, possession and consumption of narcotics except under health-ministry conditions. Article 326Burundi set a general penalty of three months to five years of penal servitude and a fine up to 250,000 francs, or either alone. Article 328 separately punished unlawfulin prison for illicit drug use with three to five years and, a fine of 50,000– to 100,000 francs, or either alone. Theboth, when its rewritten criminal code left drug classification to ministerial orders. Signedtook effect on 4 April, it expressly entered into force on 1 May 1981 under Article 444. This recordsThe government said the revised framework rather thandrug rules would protect public health amid concern about trafficking, bringing narcotics offences into a verified first cannabis bancode that replaced scattered earlier laws. Growing, selling, transporting, holding and consuming controlled drugs remained prohibited outside health-ministry conditions; the 2009 revision later lowered the prison minimum for use.

tags

sentencing, trafficking, youth

related

burundi-drug-penalties-supervision-revision-2009

Burundi lowers the minimum for drug use but toughens production penalties

title

Burundi revises narcotics penalties and adds supervisionlowers the minimum for consumption offencesdrug use but toughens production penalties

description

Law 1/05 revisedBurundi lowered the Penal Code's narcotics provisions. Article 494 set oneminimum prison term for illicit drug use from three years to one, while keeping the five years of penal servitude-year maximum and allowing a fine instead of 50prison. Illicit production,000–100 import,000 francs, manufacture or either alone, for illicit consumption or possession. Article 492 separately setexport now carried ten to fifteen years and a fine up to one million francs for illegal production, import, manufacture or export, doubling thewith doubled penalties for organised groups. Article 497 required socio-judicialJudges also had to add supervision as an additional sentence for consumption offences, which could include treatment or training backed by further imprisonment if refused. This was a mixedThe revision within prohibition;replaced the date identifies the law1981 code, rather than a newly verified cannabis scheduling orderand its core drug penalties continued in 2017.

sources

Burundi Official Bulletin — criminal code 1981 Burundi Official Bulletin — criminal code 2017 UNHCR Refworld — national legislation record for Law 1/05 UNODC SHERLOC — original Article 492 of the revised 2009 Penal Code 1 unchanged

tags

sentencing, trafficking, treatment, youth

Guam clears its first commercial cannabis grower to operate

title

Guam issuesclears its first permitcommercial cannabis grower to operate a cannabis business

description

Seven years after adult use was legalised, theThe Cannabis Control Board unanimously approved the firstan operating permit to operate, for the cultivator Deep Green Guam after inspections and agency clearances. FurtherThe grower had received conditional licence approval in February, seven years after adult use became legal. The tax department said further steps were still neededrequired before it could begin production and sales could begin, and no dispensary had been licensedwhile home cultivation continued to supply residents.

sources

Guam Judiciary — Cannabis Control Board regulations, compiled 19 June 2026 2 unchanged

related

guam-cultivation-licences-2026, guam-testing-exemption-extension-2026, guam-cannabis-industry-act-2019

Guam legalises adult use of cannabis

tags

thresholds, home-growing, retail

description

The governor signed the Guam Cannabis Industries Act, taking immediate effect: adultsAdults 21 and over maycould possess and transfer up to 1 ozone ounce of flower or 8 gcannabis, eight grams of concentrate or infused products containing up to 800 mg THC, and growgive cannabis to another adult without payment. The law also allowed six plants per residence, with no more than three of them matureflowering, in an enclosed, and locked spacegrowing area. A board was to write rulesGovernor Lou Leon Guerrero signed it with immediate effect, citing patients’ long wait for licensed businesses within a yearaccess and the illicit market; business rules and operating permits followed over the next seven years.

sources

Guam Legislature — Cannabis Industry Act, Public Law 35-5 Governor of Guam — Leon Guerrero signs adult-use law (4 April 2019) NORML — Guam legalization

related

guam-medical-home-cultivation-2018, guam-commercial-cannabis-rules-2022, guam-first-cannabis-business-permit-2026

Guam voters approve cannabis for patients with serious illnesses

date

2014-11-04

tags

referendum, patients

title

Guam voters approve medical cannabis for patients with serious illnesses

description

In a referendum, 56% ofGuam voters approved medical cannabis for debilitating conditionswith 56.48% voting yes. The law protected qualifying patients and caregivers with medical certification and registration, making Guam the first US territoryand directed health officials to legalise it, thoughcreate rules for local production and distribution. Patients later gained a home-cultivation permit route in 2018 while dispensaries did not followremained unavailable.

sources

Guam Election Commission — official 2014 general-election summary Guam Legislature — voter-approved medical cannabis law, Public Law 32-237 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Guam

unscored

The vote authorised a patient framework; implementation and practical supply followed later, without evidence of a whole-point adult-access change on referendum day.

related

guam-medical-home-cultivation-2018, guam-cannabis-industry-act-2019

Bermuda’s governor blocks cannabis licensing on UK instructions

title

The UK blocks Bermuda'’s governor blocks cannabis licensing billon UK instructions

description

The Governor of Bermuda said sheRena Lalgie announced that the UK had been instructed her not to assent to the Cannabis Licensing Bill 2022Bermuda’s cannabis licensing bill as drafted, because the. The UK found it inconsistentconcluded that its adult-use provisions conflicted with obligations under the 1961 and 1971 UN drug conventions. After Bermuda’s government shifted from a medical-only proposal towards a broader licensed market, the House passed the bill in March 2022, but the governor reserved assent for a UK decision.

sources

Governor of Bermuda — statement reserving assent to the Cannabis Licensing Bill (May 2022) Government of Bermuda — Minister proposes new cannabis reform (26 February 2020) 1 unchanged

tags

retail, home-growing

related

bermuda-medical-consultation-2019, bermuda-adult-use-licensing-plan-2020, bermuda-medical-hemp-reform-timetable-2026

Bermuda decriminalises possession of up to 7 g

date

2017-12-20

tags

thresholds, police-powers, treatment

description

The Misuse of Drugs (Decriminalisation of Cannabis) Amendment Act 2017 took effect, removingBermuda removed criminal liability for simple possession of 7 gseven grams of cannabis or less. Police may still seize any amount, while police retained power to seize it and consumingprosecutors could still pursue evidence of intent to supply. Cultivation, cultivatingsupply, importingimportation and supplying cannabis remainunauthorised consumption remained offences. The change followed a proposed caution system for amounts under three grams; a later law created an application route to clear qualifying older convictions.

sources

Bermuda Laws — decriminalisation amendment 2017 Government of Bermuda — decriminalisation public awareness fact sheet Government of Bermuda — Public awareness fact sheet on the decriminalisation of cannabis Wikipedia — Cannabis in Bermuda

related

bermuda-caution-guidance-draft-2017, bermuda-cannabis-expungement-2021

Bermuda’s court confirms patients can seek medical import licences

date

2016-11-09

category

medicalother

tags

court, patients

title

Bermuda'’s Supreme Court rules in favour ofcourt confirms patients can seek medical cannabisimport licences

description

TheIn Michael Brangman’s case, Bermuda’s Supreme Court of Bermuda ruled in favour of allowing medical use of cannabis. Two doctors were licensedconfirmed that the minister had power to prescribe in 2018consider applications to import and possess cannabis for medical purposes, but with no domestic supply patients relied on importsaccording to contemporary reporting. The minister could still refuse an application. The hearing followed the 2014 law naming prescription cannabinoid medicines and clarified an existing licensing power.

before

possession 1 · cultivation 1 · enforcement 2 · sharing 1 · consumption 1 · access 0

sources

Jonathan Bell, The Royal Gazette — People can apply for medical cannabis (25 November 2016) Bermuda Laws — Misuse of Drugs Act 1972, consolidated Bermuda Laws — Cannabinoid Pharmaceutical Products Act 2014 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Bermuda

related

bermuda-cannabinoid-medicines-2014, bermuda-medical-consultation-2019

Bermuda prioritises hemp and medical cannabis reform

tags

hemp, patients

description

The national securityNational Security minister told the Senate thatRyan Robinson Perinchief said drafting instructions had been issued for hemp and medical cannabis reforms, targetingwith initial implementation intargeted for the fourth quarter of 2026. AThe hemp changes were intended to clarify compliance for products already being sold, while the medical work aimed to improve patient access. He said a wider regulated adult-use regime would take longer. The statement sets policy priorities because of Bermuda’s constitutional relationship with the UK and a target, without establishing enactment or operational patient accessthe need for further coordination.

related

bermuda-hemp-exemption-2019, bermuda-licensing-bill-blocked-2022

Fiji approves a hemp exemption at up to 1% THC

date

2022-07-29

tags

hemp, thresholds, seeds, trade

title

Fiji legalises industrialapproves a hemp exemption at up to 1% THC

description

CannabisParliament passed and signed an amendment excluding hemp and plant parts derived from hemp with up tono more than 1% THC was taken out offrom the drug schedule’s references to the cannabis plant. A person prosecuted under the law sowho claims the material is hemp must prove that it can be grownmeets the limit. The government promoted the change as athe basis for an export crop, with plans for tested imports, university trials and seed distribution to farmers.

sources

Parliament of Fiji — Illicit Drugs Control (Budget Amendment) Act 2022 Parliament of Fiji — Budget address, 15 July 2022 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Fiji

related

fiji-drug-offences-law-2004, fiji-medicinal-cannabis-bill-promised-2024

Rwanda licenses medical cannabis and sets prescription rules

date

2021-06-2528

tags

trade, patients, seeds

title

Rwanda allowslicenses medical cannabis productionand sets prescription rules

description

Ministerial Order 003/MoH/2021 permitted licensed investors to growRwanda opened a licensing system for growing, processprocessing, importresearching, importing and exportexporting cannabis for medical or research purposes on 28 June 2021. Medical use required a prescription from a doctor with written health-ministry authority, behind double fencing and under police-approvedoperators had to meet detailed security and tracking rules. Licences lastThe order used powers in the 2012 drug-control law; licences lasted five years and could be renewed. Recreational use remains a crime.

sources

Rwanda Official Gazette — cannabis and cannabis products order 2021 Rwanda Official Gazette — narcotic drugs law 2012 KT Press — Rwanda moves closer to mass production of cannabis following approval of new law (June 2021) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Rwanda

unscored

Licensing and prescribing rules are verified; practical patient supply was not established, and no cannabis or cannabinoid medicine was found in the reviewed September 2026 pharmaceutical register.

related

rwanda-drug-control-law-2012, rwanda-medical-cannabis-site-2025

Rwanda allows community service for drug use and raises supply penalties

date

2018-0809-3027

category

tighteningother

tags

sentencing, trafficking

title

Rwanda sets twenty years to lifeallows community service for cannabisdrug use and raises supply penalties

description

Law 68/2018Rwanda offered one to two years in prison or community service for drug use when its rewritten criminal law took effect on offences27 September 2018, replacing the earlier one-to-three-year term and penalties treats cannabis as a very severe narcotic drugfine. ProducingIt also introduced much heavier production and supply tariffs, transporting, storing or selling it carries twenty years toincluding life imprisonment for the highest drug category. A March 2019 health-ministry order expressly placed cannabis in prison and a fine of 20 to 30 million francsthat category.

before

possession 0 · cultivation 0 · enforcement 2 · sharing 0 · consumption 0 · access 0

sources

Rwanda Official Gazette — offences and penalties law 2018 Rwanda Official Gazette — criminal code 2012 Rwanda Ministry of Health — narcotics categorisation order 2019 Rwanda National Police — Gasabo: suspected drug dealer arrested with 60 kg of cannabis

related

rwanda-penal-code-2012, rwanda-cannabis-category-2019, rwanda-possession-clause-2019

Zimbabwe lets licensed producers grow cannabis for medicine and research

date

2018-04-27

title

Zimbabwe legalises growinglets licensed producers grow cannabis for medicine and research

description

Zimbabwe became the second African country to allowLicensed producers could grow and process cannabis for medicalmedicinal and scientific purposes, through under five-year licences to grow. Applications required site plans, security clearances and sell itproduction records, with a published US$50,000 production-licence application fee. The medicines regulator later reported that the first licence was issued in 2019 and that production was directed towards exports, with local use limited to research.

sources

Zimbabwe Government Gazette — medicinal and scientific cannabis production regulations, SI 62 of 2018 Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe — 2022 Annual Report Wikipedia — Cannabis in Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan Africa, Cannabis, and Contemporary Drug Policy

tags

trade, seeds, patients

unscored

Commercial medicinal and research production was licensed; the reviewed evidence does not establish a whole-point change in ordinary personal growing or patient access within the retained score bands.

related

zimbabwe-hemp-authorised-farmers-2019, zimbabwe-cbd-medicine-applications-2022, zimbabwe-permits-unused-2022

Burundi keeps prison or a fine for drug possession and use

tags

sentencing, trafficking, treatment

title

Burundi's revised Penal Code keeps one to five yearsprison or a fine for narcoticsdrug possession and use

description

The Penal Code revised by Law 1/27 prohibits growing, selling, transporting, possessingBurundi kept illicit drug possession and consuming narcotics, defined as the substances and plants a health ministry order classes as such. Breaking the rules bringsuse punishable by one to five years of penal servitudein prison, a fine of 10050,000 to 250100,000 Burundian francs, or one ofboth, when its revised criminal code took effect on 29 December 2017. These penalties continued the two2009 rules, including compulsory court supervision for consumption offences. Illicit production, import, manufacture or export carried ten to fifteen years and a fine up to one million francs, with doubled penalties for organised groups.

sources

Burundi Official Bulletin — criminal code 2017 Burundi — Law 1/05 of 22 April 2009 revising the Penal Code, reproduced by Burundinet Code pénal du Burundi 2017, articles 505–507 (Droit-Afrique edition)

related

burundi-drug-penalties-supervision-revision-2009, burundi-mainline-sheet-2025

Bolivia rewrites drug controls and requires medical-use authorisations

title

Bolivia passes a new controlledrewrites drug controls and requires medical-substances lawuse authorisations

description

Law 913 on the fight against illicit trafficking inPeople and businesses handling medicinal controlled substances covers preventionhad to register and obtain prior health-ministry authorisation under a law that also reorganised drug investigations, treatment and asset forfeiture. Scientific and medical research required limited, investigationexceptional permissions, and authorised medicines could be supplied through approved pharmacies on prescription. Cannabis and resin remained in the seizure of assetscontrolled list, updatingwhile the regime created by Law 1008 in 1988 law’s personal-possession and trafficking penalties continued.

sources

Bolivia Directorate General of Civil Service — Law 913 of 16 March 2017 Bolivia Directorate General of Civil Service — Law 1008 of 19 July 1988 Bolivia Directorate General of Civil Service — Supreme Decree 3434 of 13 December 2017 Lexivox — Bolivia, Ley N° 913 de 16 de marzo de 2017

tags

police-powers, treatment, patients, trade

related

bolivia-law-1008-1988, bolivia-personal-use-assessment-1988, bolivia-child-compassionate-import-2021, bolivia-medical-access-bill-2026

Guatemala’s congressional committee opposes adult cannabis regulation

title

Guatemala'’s Congress rejectscongressional committee opposes adult cannabis regulation

description

Four years after President Otto Pérez called for decriminalisation,Congress’s legislation and constitutional committee opposed a congressional commission rejected a bill to regulatethat would permit private adult cannabis as unfeasibleuse, inopportunefive home plants and unconstitutionallicensed sales, Prensa Libre reported in November 2016. The committee cited constitutional health duties and treaty obligations; sponsor Álvaro Velásquez criticised its legal approach and said he would keep seeking support. The bill’s proposed permissions remained part of the political debate.

sources

Prensa Libre — Comisión rechaza uso medicinal de la marihuana en el país Guatemala Congress — adult and medical cannabis bill, initiative 5053, transcript reproduced by Aprenderly Wikipedia — Cannabis in Guatemala

tags

patients, home-growing, retail, taxes

related

guatemala-adult-cannabis-bill-2016, guatemala-medical-bill-rejected-2017, guatemala-decriminalisation-call-2012

Eritrea publishes a new code separating personal drug use from trafficking

title

Eritrea replaces its Transitional Penal Codepublishes a new code separating personal drug use from trafficking

description

The Penal Code of the State of Eritrea,’s published in 2015, repeals the Transitional Penal Code. Its Book V on drug set out separate offences sets 6for personal possession and cultivation, with six to 12twelve months in prison or a fine for possessing or growing a controlled plant forin the personal-use provisions. Justice Minister Fawzia Hashim presented the code as the product of consultation with Eritrean and international legal specialists. Entry into force depended on gazette publication, and 3 to 10 years for trafficking and cultivationthe government said in November 2024 that the earlier transitional code was still the working law.

sources

Ministry of Justice, State of Eritrea — Penal Code 2015, English edition Government of Eritrea — Replies to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/ERI/RQ/5-6 UN Special Rapporteur on Eritrea — Report A/HRC/59/24, 2025 Penal Code of the State of Eritrea, 2015 (FAOLEX copy)

tags

sentencing, thresholds, home-growing

unscored

The 2015 text was published, but the government in 2024 and the UN Special Rapporteur in 2025 reported that it was not in force; no operative legal reform or score movement is inferred.

Togo sets a shorter personal-use penalty for cannabis

category

tighteningother

title

Togo passes its drug control lawsets a shorter personal-use penalty for cannabis

description

Law 98-008 prohibitsTogo set one to six months in prison and a fine of 25,000–500,000 CFA francs, or either penalty alone, for a small amount of cannabis derivatives other than oil kept, bought or grown for personal consumption. The law also banned cannabis cultivation nationwide and required landholders to destroy plants growing on their land. After joining the opium poppyUN convention against trafficking in 1990, the coca plantTogo placed personal use and cannabis anywhere incommercial supply under separate penalties; a 2015 rewrite later raised the countrypersonal-use range.

sources

Togo — drug-control law of 18 March 1998, reproduced by UNODC SHERLOC UNODC — Togo, Loi n° 98-008 portant contrôle des drogues

tags

sentencing, home-growing, trafficking

related

togo-1988-convention-1990, togo-personal-use-penalties-2015

Guatemala sets separate prison terms for personal cannabis possession

date

1992-09-24

category

tighteningother

tags

thresholds, sentencing, trafficking, seeds

title

Guatemala passes its drug lawsets separate prison terms for personal cannabis possession

description

Decree 48-92, the Law against Drug Activity, makes possession for personal consumption a crime withThe drug law signed in September 1992 prescribed four months to two years in prison andplus a fine for acquiring or possessing drugs for personal consumption. It sets no gram thresholdrequired a reasonable amount for immediate use and supporting circumstances, leaving judges the quantity unnumbered. Compared with the older penal code’s three-to decide whether an amount is-five-year terms, the new law set five to twenty years for use orunauthorised growing and twelve to twenty years for trafficking, both with fines.

sources

Guatemala — Decree 48-92, consolidated text notified to the WTO Guatemala National Office for the Prevention of Torture — Penal Code, Decree 17-73, judicial compilation 1 unchanged

related

guatemala-penal-code-1973, guatemala-adult-cannabis-bill-2016, guatemala-regulation-rejected-2016

Bolivia orders treatment for small cannabis possession

category

tighteningother

title

Bolivia promulgates Law 1008 on coca and controlled substancesorders treatment for small cannabis possession

description

Law 1008 placed cannabisDependent and its resin alongside cocaine in annex List I. Article 49 sent dependent and occasional users found with a minimal quantitiesamount of cannabis for immediate personal consumption were to be confined for treatment until considered rehabilitated. Two specialists from a public dependency-treatment institution were to assess thatassessed the quantity; the law did not set a fixed cannabis gram allowance. Possessionpossession above that amountit fell under Article 48's trafficking provision, carrying ten to twenty-five years andin prison plus a fine. The date records promulgation on 19 July 1988. This was compulsoryCompulsory treatment within prohibitionhad appeared in the 1962 narcotics law, rather than permission to and December regulations defined the personal-use cannabisamount as 48 hours of consumption.

sources

Bolivia — Law 171 of 10 January 1962, reproduced by Justia Bolivia Directorate General of Civil Service — Supreme Decree 22099, implementing regulations 1 unchanged

tags

thresholds, treatment, trafficking, sentencing

related

bolivia-narcotics-law-1962, bolivia-personal-use-assessment-1988, bolivia-ley-913-2017

Zimbabwe sets permits and testing rules for hemp growers and traders

date

2020-09-18

tags

hemp, trade, hempseeds, thresholds

title

Zimbabwe gazettessets permits and testing rules for industrial hemp growers and traders

description

Statutory Instrument 218 of 2020Hemp growers, issued through theresearchers and merchants received separate permit routes, with commercial growing and merchant permits lasting one year and research permits three years. The Agricultural Marketing Authority required approved varieties, set rules for growing industrial hempsecurity checks, seed and harvest records, and testing under a year after the ban on cultivation was lifted so that hemp could be grown for export0. In 20213% THC definition. These rules followed the country exported about three tonnes2019 authorisation of approved hemp to Europefarmers; the criminal code later adopted a broader 1% hemp definition in 2023.

sources

Agricultural Marketing Authority — Industrial Hemp Regulations 2020, SI 218 Zimbabwe Government Gazette — persons authorised to possess, deal in or use industrial hemp, SI 208 of 2019 Zimbabwe Government Printer — Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Amendment Act 2023, Act 10 The Exchange Africa — Zimbabwe medicinal cannabis farming (20 May 2022) HempToday — Zimbabwe strikes hemp from drugs list, sets THC limit at 1.0% (16 February 2023)

related

zimbabwe-hemp-authorised-farmers-2019, zimbabwe-hemp-one-percent-2023

Zimbabwe opens a medical cannabis farm as other projects stall

category

medicalculture

tags

cbdtrade

title

Zimbabwe opens a medical cannabis plant while most permits sit unusedfarm as other projects stall

description

President Emmerson Mnangagwa commissioned a medicinalUS$27 million medical cannabis farm and processing plant worth 27 million dollars, built by a Swiss company outside HarareBioceuticals at Mount Hampden. Of 57Contemporary reporting said only fifteen of fifty-seven cannabis permits issued since 2018, only 15 had been activated, raising fears and described concern that the restsome were being held for speculation. Later that year cannabidiol products were allowed ontoin 2022 the domestic marketmedicines regulator began accepting applications for hemp-based CBD products as complementary medicines.

sources

Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe — 2022 Annual Report HempToday — Zimbabwe strikes hemp from drugs list, sets THC limit at 1.0% (16 February 2023) 1 unchanged

related

zimbabwe-medical-2018, zimbabwe-cbd-medicine-applications-2022

Zimbabwe excludes industrial hemp up to 1% THC from its cannabis-plant ban

date

2023-0207-14

tags

hemp, thresholds, police-powers

title

Zimbabwe takesexcludes industrial hemp offup to 1% THC from its list of dangerous drugscannabis-plant ban

description

The Criminal Law Amendment Bill removedcriminal code excluded industrial hemp from the list ofits dangerous drugs and defined it as-drug definition for the cannabis withplant, defining hemp at no more than 1% delta-9 THC by dry weight. The definition includes seeds and plant derivatives, a higher limitwhile someone asserting in an investigation that material is cannabis rather than most countries useindustrial hemp must prove that assertion. The government sees hemp as a successor to tobacco, which makes up about a fifth of exportsenacted amendment followed the narrower 0.3% authorisation and growing-permit rules introduced in 2019 and 2020.

sources

Zimbabwe Government Printer — Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Amendment Act 2023, Act 10 Veritas — enacted amendment and Gazette publication history Zimbabwe Government Gazette — persons authorised to possess, deal in or use industrial hemp, SI 208 of 2019 Agricultural Marketing Authority — Industrial Hemp Regulations 2020, SI 218 HempToday — Zimbabwe strikes hemp from drugs list, sets THC limit at 1.0% (16 February 2023)

related

zimbabwe-hemp-authorised-farmers-2019, zimbabwe-hemp-regulations-2020

Guatemala sets prison terms for cannabis growing, supply and possession

date

1973-09-15

category

tighteningother

tags

sentencing, trafficking, seeds

title

Guatemala's Penal Code sets penaltiesprison terms for cannabis growing, supply and trafficking drugspossession

description

Articles 306 and 307Unauthorised growing of the Penal Code set penalties for planting and cultivating drug-producing plants and for illegalpossession or supply of their seeds carried three to five years in prison plus a fine under the new penal code. The same prison range applied to unlawful drug traffickingimport, delivery, sale and keeping drugs. They were the country'sThe code took effect on 15 September 1973; a separate 1992 drug offences until the special law against narcotics activity of 1992, which punishes planting with five to twenty yearslater set higher cultivation and possession fortrafficking terms and a distinct personal use with four months to two years-possession offence.

sources

Guatemala National Office for the Prevention of Torture — Penal Code, Decree 17-73, judicial compilation Guatemala Interior Ministry — Law against Drug Activity, Decree 48-92 and amendments, judicial compilation Transnational Institute — Reforma de la ley de drogas en Guatemala, guía básica (30 July 2015)

related

guatemala-decree-1331-1932, guatemala-ley-contra-la-narcoactividad-1992

Burundi's drug users face gaps in court supervision and care

date

2025-08

category

otherdebate

title

A harm-reduction group sets out Burundi's drug lawusers face gaps in court supervision and care

description

A country sheet by the Dutch harm-reduction group Mainline reported that Article 490 ofcourt supervision for drug consumption was rarely implemented in Burundi's Penal Code prohibits growing because institutions lacked staff, selling, carrying, holdingfunding and using narcotic drugs exceptcapacity. Its interviews described stigma and fear of arrest as allowed by orderbarriers to care, while BAPUD, an association of people who use drugs, pressed for better services. The report connected these practical problems with the health ministrysupervision requirement introduced in 2009 and retained in the 2017 criminal code.

sources

Burundi — Law 1/05 of 22 April 2009 revising the Penal Code, reproduced by Burundinet Burundi Official Bulletin — criminal code 2017 1 unchanged

tags

treatment, enforcement, campaign

related

burundi-drug-penalties-supervision-revision-2009, burundi-penal-code-2017

Togo burns over five tonnes of cannabis seized in 2024

title

Togo burns more thanover five tonnes of cannabis seized in a year2024

description

Togo's anti-drug office and national anti-drug committee supervised the reported burning ofmore than 5,729.05291 kg of drugscannabis seized across the country in 2024 at the former firing range, within a total of Agoè in Lomé. More than 5,291 kg of it was cannabis, beside 51729.7705 kg of cocaine, 8drugs destroyed at Agoè in Lomé.5 kg of methamphetamine The anti-drug office and 377national anti-drug committee supervised the operation.78 kg Security minister Calixte Batossie Madjoulba presented the destruction as part of illicit psychotropic medicines. In June 2026 the authorities put seizures in 2025 at more than 50 tonnes, mainly cannabisgovernment’s effort to protect public health and young people.

sources

République Togolaise — Plus de 50 tonnes de drogues saisies l'année dernière (28 June 2026) 1 unchanged

tags

enforcement, trafficking

related

togo-cannabis-bus-seizure-2020, togo-drug-seizures-report-2026

Rwanda reports unfinished infrastructure for its medical cannabis project

date

2025-05-15

category

medicaldebate

title

Rwanda saysreports unfinished infrastructure for its medical cannabis site is 83% builtproject

description

The Rwanda Development Board told parliament’s development board reported that theoff-site infrastructure for the medicalMusanze cannabis project in Musanze District was 83% complete, with a double-layer security fence fencing still to be builtoutstanding, and thataccording to reporting on 15 May 2025. The public infrastructure project had spent over 1one billion of theits 2.2 billion Rwandan francs allocated for 2024/2025. The licensed producer’s planned launch had already been spent. King Kong Organics Rwandadelayed, a subsidiary of a United States company, received a five-year licence in 2024as the country worked to producedevelop cannabis oils-oil production aimed mainly forat export. Rwanda allowed cannabis for medical purposes in 2021; recreational use remains prohibited.

sources

Eastleigh Voice — Rwanda’s medical cannabis infrastructure project is 83% complete The Eastleigh Voice — Rwanda's medical cannabis project at 83 per cent completion, government says

related

rwanda-medical-2021

Southern Rhodesia reports 285 cannabis prosecutions for 1952

category

cultureenforcement

title

A United Nations survey describes cannabis in Southern Rhodesia reports 285 cannabis prosecutions for 1952

description

TheA UN survey reported that the Pharmacy, Poisons and Dangerous Drugs Act of 1952 set a fine of up to £1,000 or up to ten yearsrecorded 285 cannabis prosecutions in prison for a narcotics offence. InSouthern Rhodesia in 1952, 285 people were prosecuted for cannabis,including 282 of them Africans. Courts usually gave traffickers prison and smokers in the option of a finecolonial racial classifications. The plant, known as dagga or mbanje, was grownIt described police destroying plants in small patches in gardens and near homesteads, mostlywhere cannabis was usually grown for the grower'’s own use,. Courts generally imprisoned traffickers and habitual users were saidgave smokers the option of a fine, under a law allowing up to be chiefly elderly menten years in prison, a £1,000 fine, or both.

tags

colonial, race, enforcement, eradication, traditional

related

southern-rhodesia-pharmacy-poisons-act-1952, southern-rhodesia-dangerous-drugs-act-1956, zimbabwe-medical-2018

Countries and states 10 files

Burundi countries/bi.yaml

summary

Holding or consuming cannabis carriesCannabis possession and use are crimes; judges can impose one to five years in prison under the Penal Code, a fine, or both.

segments › possession › text

The Penal Code as revised in 2017 prohibits possessing narcotics, defined as the substances and plants thatIllicit possession of a health ministry order classes as such. The penalty iscontrolled drug carries one to five years of penal servitudein prison, a fine of 10050,000 to 250100,000 Burundian francs, or oneboth, under Article 510 of the two2017 Penal Code. The code leaves drug classification to health-ministry orders.

segments › cultivation › text

Growing narcotic plants is prohibited outside conditions set by the same articles of the Penal Code, withhealth ministry. The general regulatory offence carries one to five years of penal servitudein prison, a fine of 100,000 to 250,000 Burundian francs, or both. The code separately punishes illicit production with ten to fifteen years and a fine up to one of the twomillion francs, and orders confiscated crops destroyed.

segments › enforcement › text

Prison is a real outcome for usersMainline's country briefing reports that people who use drugs face arrest, imprisonment or fines. Its interviewees described court supervision for consumption as rarely implemented because institutions lacked staff and there are few healthresources. These accounts cover drugs generally; the report gives no cannabis-based alternativesspecific imprisonment rate.

segments › sharing › text

Selling and transporting narcotics fall under the same articles of the 2017 Penal Code as possession:Helping someone else use a controlled drug, for payment or free, carries one to five years of penal servitude,in prison and a fine of 10050,000 to 250,000one million Burundian francs, or one of the two. No heavier tierThis includes providing a place for trafficking was found in those articlesuse. A 1977 report recorded only finesProduction, of 100 to 100import,000 francs, for growing, transporting or possessing cannabis, manufacture and said enforcement was rareexport carry ten to fifteen years and a fine up to one million francs; organised-group penalties are doubled.

segments › sharing › sources

cp17, wiki

segments › consumption › text

Consuming narcotics is prohibited alongside possession andIllicit consumption carries the same penalty: one to five years of penal servitudein prison, a fine of 10050,000 to 250100,000 Burundian francs, or one of the twoboth. Judges must also impose supervision intended to prevent repeat offending. This can include treatment after medical assessment or training, with further imprisonment if ordered care or training is refused.

segments › access › text

No legal source: the Penal Code's drug articles make growing narcotic plantsGrowing, selling, transporting and holding or supplying narcotics offencescontrolled drugs are prohibited outside conditions set by the health ministry. The reviewed sources establish no authorised supply for recreational users.

segments › access › sources

cp17, ml

context › consequences › text

The retained sources do not establish collateral consequences beyonddrug provisions require confiscation of controlled plants and substances and equipment used for consumption, manufacture or transport. Courts must order confiscated crops destroyed; the penalties described aboveoffender bears the cost when authorities carry out the destruction.

context › consequences › sources

cp17

context › planting › seeds

grey

context › planting › seeds trade

unclear

context › planting › clones

illegal

context › planting › clones trade

banned

context › planting › text

According to a 2025 country sheet by the harm-reduction group Mainline, Article 490 of the Penal Code prohibits growing, selling, carrying, holding and using narcotic drugs except as allowed by order of the health ministry. The sheet does not mention seeds, and the code itself was not read.

context › planting › sources

ml

context › clubs › status

none

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known, and the law leaves no room for them: growing cannabis and supplying it to another person are both prohibited.

context › clubs › sources

wiki

context › visitors › text

There isThe reviewed sources establish no legal recreational supply for anyonevisitors. The Penal Code punishes possessing, consuming, transportingIllicit possession or selling narcotics withconsumption carries one to five years of penal servitudein prison, a fine of 10050,000 to 250100,000 Burundian francs, or one of the twoboth.

context › visitors › sources

cp17, ml

sources

Burundi Official Bulletin — criminal code 2017 Code pénal du Burundi 2017 (Loi 1/27 du 29 décembre 2017), articles 505–507 (Droit-Afrique edition, PDF) 2 unchanged

Bermuda countries/bm.yaml

summary

SinceSimple possession of seven grams of cannabis or less has been decriminalised since 20 December 2017, possessing 7 g or less is not a criminal offence, thoughwhile police may seize it and smoking remains illegal. A 2022 bill to legaliseunauthorised use, growing and license cannabis passed parliament but was blocked by the United Kingdomsupply remain offences. Medical access restsQualifying old convictions can be cleared on a 2016 court ruling and imports, with a new medical framework targeted for late 2026application. Named cannabinoid medicines have been permitted on prescription since 2014; the UK blocked the broader cannabis licensing bill in 2022.

segments › possession › text

Since the Misuse of Drugs (Decriminalisation of Cannabis) Amendment Act 2017, simpleSimple possession of 7 gseven grams of cannabis or less is no longer a criminalexempt from the possession offence. It is still not legal: policePolice may seize any amount, and possessionevidence of more than 7 g can leadintent to arrest, prosecution and a criminal convictionsupply can still be prosecuted. Possession above seven grams remains an offence. The Act2017 law did not erase earlierautomatically clear older convictions; a later application process allows qualifying records to be expunged.

segments › possession › sources

factdecrim, wikidrugs, expungeCurrent

segments › cultivation › text

CultivatingGrowing a plant of the genus Cannabis is prohibited unless authorised under the drug law’s regulations. The 2019 hemp definition excludes low-THC hemp from the definition of cannabis remains an offence in, but the cultivation clause still refers to any quantityplant of the genus. The broader personal and commercial licensing regime the government proposedplan was blocked in 2020 would have licensed personal cultivation, but it never became law2022.

segments › cultivation › sources

factdrugs, gov20hemp, blocked

segments › enforcement › text

Inside 7 g there is no prosecution forThe seven-gram exemption concerns simple possession; police retain seizure powers, though the Director of Public Prosecutions mayand supply intent can still prosecute where the evidence pointslead to supplyprosecution below that weight. Above the thresholdCultivation, supply and for importing, cultivatingunauthorised imports or supplying any amount,use remain offences. The government’s fact sheet says the criminal law applies in fullearlier caution policy for less than three grams ceased to have effect.

segments › enforcement › sources

factdecrim, lrcdrugs, fact

segments › sharing › text

Supplying, sellingUnauthorised supply or handling cannabis, and possessing it with intentan offer to supply, remain offences in any quantity, with a controlled drug remains an offence. The law contains no exceptiongeneral exemption for sharinggiving cannabis away without payment, and the seven-gram possession exemption does not authorise supply.

segments › sharing › sources

factdrugs, decrim

segments › consumption › text

ConsumingUnauthorised cannabis is stilluse remains an offence, whether. The government’s explanation of the seven-gram reform expressly says smoking is still illegal in a public or aand private place, even though possessing a small amountplaces. Licensed medical use is notgoverned separately.

segments › consumption › sources

factdrugs, lrcfact

segments › access › text

No legal adult-use sourceThe 2014 law named Marinol, Cesamet and Sativex in the permitted medical schedules. Medical use rests on a 2016 Supreme Court rulingPersonal medical cannabis imports require ministerial authorisation; two doctors were licensedcontemporary reporting of the 2016 Brangman hearing confirmed the minister’s power to prescribe in 2018,consider and since 2020 patients may import up to 2,000 g a yearrefuse such applications. There is no domestic legal supplyThe wider adult-use licensing bill was blocked in 2022.

segments › access › sources

wikimeds, court, drugs, blocked

context › production › text

No licensed cannabis production. The government's 2020 planpolicy proposed licences for personal and commercial cultivationgrowing, manufacturing and for retail shops. The resulting Cannabis Licensing Bill passed the House of Assembly in 2022, but in September 2022 the Governor wasUK instructed Bermuda’s governor not to assent to it because the UK found it inconsistent withresulting cannabis licensing bill in 2022. Cultivation still requires legal authorisation under the 1961 and 1971 UNexisting drug conventionslaw.

context › production › sources

gov20plan, govukblocked, drugs

context › products › text

HempSince November 2019, the drug law defines hemp as cannabis sativa, or any part of it, with no more than 1% THC and excludes it from the definition of cannabis. Cannabis resin is separately defined and controlled. In July 2026, the government proposed clearer compliance rules for hemp-derived consumer products arealready being sold without a clear compliance framework; in July 2026 the government said amendments would clarify their legal treatment.

context › products › sources

mns26hemp, drugs, future

context › medical › text

There is no medical cannabisNamed cannabinoid medicines have a prescription route under the 2014 pharmaceutical law, alongside the minister’s personal-import licensing powers. A 2019 proposal for locally produced cannabis for medical inhalation became part of the wider licensing debate. In July 2026, the national security minister said drafting instructions had been issued forgovernment targeted a further medical cannabis and hemp reforms, with initial implementation targetedframework for the fourthfinal quarter of 2026; a regulated adult-use regime would take longerthe year.

context › medical › sources

mns26meds, wikicourt, medicalDraft, future

context › consequences › text

ThePeople with qualifying cannabis possession convictions predating 20 December 2017 Act gives no guarantee that acan apply for an expungement order. From the order date, Bermuda law treats the person willas not be stopped when travelling to the United Stateshaving committed, been prosecuted for, convicted of or sentenced for that offence, with disclosure and earlier simple-possession convictions standemployment protections. Minors found with any amount are to be offered substanceSince November 2023, certain low-abuse education or treatmentpenalty records omitting the weight qualify under a statutory presumption. The government says Bermuda relief does not guarantee US admission.

context › consequences › sources

factexpungeCurrent, presumption, launch

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are knownThe seven-gram possession exemption does not permit collective growing, supplying members or unauthorised consumption. SupplyThe proposed licensing of retail and consumption remain offences, and the bill that would have licensed premises for use did not become law.

context › clubs › sources

factdrugs, gov20plan, blocked

context › visitors › text

There is no legal supply for anyone. Importing cannabis remains an offenceThe seven-gram exemption applies to simple possession in any quantity,Bermuda and the 7 g decriminalisation does not cover bringingauthorise importing cannabis into Bermuda. Imports of controlled drugs require an applicable legal exception or authorisation; a personal cannabis licence remains a separate decision.

context › visitors › sources

factdrugs, decrim, court

sources

Bermuda Laws — Cannabinoid Pharmaceutical Products Act 2014 Bermuda Laws — Misuse of Drugs Act 1972, consolidated Bermuda Laws — decriminalisation amendment 2017 Bermuda Laws — hemp amendment 2019 Bermuda Laws — Expungement of Convictions Act 2020, consolidated Bermuda Laws — Expungement of Convictions (Criminal Records) Regulations 2023 Government of Bermuda — decriminalisation public awareness fact sheet Jonathan Bell, The Royal Gazette — People can apply for medical cannabis (25 November 2016) Government of Bermuda — medicinal cannabis bill consultation (18 December 2019) Government of Bermuda — expungement law commencement and application launch (12 March 2021) Government of Bermuda — Public awareness fact sheet on the decriminalisation of cannabis Wikipedia — Cannabis in Bermuda Cayman Islands Law Reform Commission — Discussion paper: cannabis reform (1 July 2026) 3 unchanged

Bolivia countries/bo.yaml

summary

Law 1008 treatsRecreational cannabis like cocaine:remains prohibited. A medically assessed personal-use quantity leads to compulsory treatment, and anything more is charged as; possession above it falls under trafficking, with 10ten to 25twenty-five years in prison plus a fine. An individual compassionate medical import was reported in 2021, and a wider medical-access bill is pending in 2026.

segments › possession › text

Law 1008 of 1988 treats cannabis like cocaine. Possession forThe drug law sends dependent and occasional users found with a minimal immediate personal-use is not punished with prison but withquantity to compulsory internment for treatment, and only if two specialists confirm the until considered rehabilitated. Two medical experts assess an amount is for immediate personal useequivalent to 48 hours of consumption. Anything more is charged asAbove that amount, possession falls under trafficking, with 10carrying ten to 25twenty-five years in prison plus a fine. The rules give no fixed cannabis gram allowance.

segments › possession › sources

tnil1008, wikireg22099

segments › cultivation › text

Cultivation is a crimeUnlawfully sowing, and theplanting, harvesting, growing or collecting controlled plants or their parts carries one to two years in prison, rising to two to four for repeat offending. The anti-narcotics police count marijuana found in plantations in their seizures:reported about 139 tonnes, planted of marijuana seized in plantations or ready for sale, in the first seven months of 2024.

segments › cultivation › sources

lt24l1008, wikilt24

segments › enforcement › text

BecausePossession above the individually assessed personal-use exceptionamount is narrow and discretionarypresumed to be trafficking. Two medical experts determine that amount, users are frequently charged as traffickersleaving the distinction between personal possession and held in pre-trial detentiontrafficking dependent on their assessment.

segments › enforcement › sources

tnil1008, reg22099

segments › sharing › text

Supply is traffickingUnlawfully supplying controlled substances to another person carries eight to twelve years in prison plus a fine, 10regardless of quantity. The separate trafficking offence carries ten to 25twenty-five years plus a fine and has a broad definition covering acts including delivery, supply and donation.

segments › sharing › sources

wiki, tnil1008

segments › consumption › text

UseConsumption of listed controlled substances is prohibited. Dependent and leadsoccasional users found with a minimal quantity for immediate personal use are subject to forced compulsory admission to a public or private drug-treatment institution until considered rehabilitated.

segments › consumption › sources

tnil1008

segments › access › text

No legal source: Law 1008 of 1988 treats cannabis like cocaineRecreational supply remains prohibited under the controlled-substances law. The 2026 bill proposing registered medical patients and charges anything beyond an amount for immediate personal uselicensed pharmacy supply remains listed as traffickingpending.

segments › access › sources

tnil1008, medicalbill, pendingbill

context › production › text

No licensedThe 2017 law requires registration and prior health-ministry permission for production of medicinal controlled substances. Unauthorised cannabis growing remains punishable under the 1988 law. The pending 2026 medical bill proposes specific grower and manufacturer licences.

context › production › sources

wikilaw913, l1008, medicalbill

context › products › text

No legal productsCannabis and cannabis resin are listed controlled substances. The 2017 law regulates authorised manufacture and prescription supply of medicines containing controlled substances. In 2021 the ombudsman reported a compassionate cannabis-import approval exclusively for one child under medical supervision.

context › products › sources

wikilaw913, compassionate

context › medical › text

Law 913 ofThe ombudsman reported an individual compassionate cannabis-import approval in November 2021 after helping a family clarify medicines-agency requirements. The 2017 contemplates medical and scientific use oflaw requires health-ministry permissions for medicinal controlled substances, but implementing rules were never issued; a few patients have won individual and provides limited scientific and medical research authorisations. A 2026 bill would create a patient register and prescribed cannabis supply through authorised pharmacies; parliament still listed it as pending in October.

context › medical › sources

ltcompassionate, law913, medicalbill, pendingbill

context › consequences › text

ForcedA person classified as holding cannabis for immediate personal use faces compulsory treatment and long pre-trial detention areuntil considered rehabilitated. Possession above the main risks for usersmedically assessed quantity falls under a trafficking offence carrying ten to twenty-five years in prison plus a fine.

context › consequences › sources

tnil1008, reg22099

context › planting › text

Law 1008The 1988 law prohibits "the production or conservationkeeping of plants and seeds" that contain controlled substances (Article 34), counts holding the seeds of such plants as possession, and defines production to include sowing, planting and collectingtheir seeds. Article 46 punishes illegallyUnlawful sowing, planting or, harvesting, growing or collecting controlled plants withor their parts carries one to two years in prison, andrising to two to four for a repeat offenceoffending. The 2017 law separately requires prior authorisation for production of medicinal controlled substances.

context › planting › sources

l1008, law913

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known, and the law leaves no room for them:Recreational collective growing cannabis and supplying itsupply remain subject to another person are both prohibitedthe offences against unlawful cultivation and supply. The 2026 medical bill proposes licensed production and pharmacy dispensing.

context › clubs › sources

wikil1008, tnimedicalbill

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreationalRecreational supply for anyoneis prohibited. Under Law 1008 of 1988 possession forThe personal use is punished not-possession rule sends users with prison but with compulsory internment for treatment, and only if two specialists confirm the amount is formedically assessed immediate personal -use; anything more is charged quantity to compulsory treatment and treats amounts above it as trafficking. The law also subjects foreigners without permanent residence to residence legislation and an additional fine in personal-use cases.

context › visitors › sources

tnil1008, wikireg22099

sources

Bolivia Directorate General of Civil Service — Law 1008 of 19 July 1988 Bolivia Directorate General of Civil Service — Supreme Decree 22099, implementing regulations Bolivia Directorate General of Civil Service — Law 913 of 16 March 2017 Defensoría del Pueblo — Gestiones defensoriales posibilitan que el Estado autorice la importación de cannabis medicinal para el tratamiento de una niña Bolivia Chamber of Deputies — medical cannabis access bill, PL 376/2025–2026 Bolivia Chamber of Deputies — Proyectos de Ley en Tratamiento Ley 1008 del Régimen de la Coca y Sustancias Controladas, 19 de julio de 1988 (copy held by IAEN, PDF) Transnational Institute — About drug law reform in Bolivia Wikipedia — Cannabis in Bolivia Los Tiempos — Cannabis: logran que el Estado autorice su uso con fin terapéutico 4 unchanged

Eritrea countries/er.yaml

summary

Holding or growing for personal use carries 6 to 12 monthsCannabis remains prohibited. Eritrea’s published 2015 drug penalties were still awaiting enforcement in prison or a fine under the 2015 Penal Code; giving or selling counts as trafficking, with three to ten yearsgovernment’s 2024 account and a 2025 UN report.

segments › possession › text

Article 395 ofThe government identified the 2015Transitional Penal Code makes possession of controlled drugs for personal use a Class 1 petty offence: 6 to 12 monthsas the working law in prisonNovember 2024. The older code published by the Justice Ministry includes unauthorised acquisition, or a finereceipt and storage of 20,001 to 50,000 nakfanarcotic substances among its drug offences. Article 396 givesA current cannabis-specific possession tariff has not been verified; the same penalty for possessing a controlled plant for personal use. Which plants and drugs are controlledsix-to-twelve-month tariff in the published 2015 replacement is set by separate Drug Offences Regulations, which were not availablean established operative penalty.

segments › possession › sources

pc2015workingCode, gov2024, un2025

segments › cultivation › text

Growing a controlled plant forThe published 2015 code would distinguish personal use carries the same 6 to 12 months or fine (Article 396). Other cultivation carries 3 to 5 years (Article 387), 5 to 7 for afrom commercial quantitygrowing, but the government and 7 to 10 for a large commercial quantity (Articles 3852025 UN report said that code was not in force. The older narcotics provision covers unauthorised production. The current cannabis-specific growing penalty and 386)any subsidiary plant-control rules remain unverified.

segments › cultivation › sources

pc2015workingCode, gov2024, un2025

segments › enforcement › text

The code lets a court choose a fine insteadCanadian government advice warns of prison sentences and heavy fines for personalpossession, use (Articles 395 and 396)trafficking of illegal drugs in Eritrea. How courts apply itThe published 2015 fine alternative is not shown byevidence of the textsentence available under the working transitional law. Cannabis-specific sentencing practice remains unverified.

segments › enforcement › sources

pc2015travelCanada, gov2024, un2025

segments › sharing › text

Article 377 defines trafficking to include to "give" or "transfer", so passing a drug toThe older code’s narcotics offence covers unauthorised distribution and procuring substances for another person is trafficking: 3 to 5 years (Article 380), 5 to 7with more serious provisions for a commercial quantity and 7 to 10 for a large commercial quantity. Buying for your own use is notorganised or professional trafficking (Article 381). The published 2015 definition that expressly includes giving and transferring drugs cannot establish the current rule while that code awaits commencement.

segments › sharing › sources

pc2015workingCode, gov2024, un2025

segments › consumption › text

Canadian government advice describes illegal drug use as punishable by imprisonment and heavy fines. The older code punishes possessionseparately covers knowingly providing premises for personaldrug use or consumption (Articles 395 and 396); no separate offence for. A current cannabis-specific use itself was foundoffence and penalty have not been verified.

segments › consumption › sources

pc2015travelCanada, workingCode

segments › access › text

No lawful recreational source. Possession of controlled plants and drugs is an offence unless authorisedestablished by the reviewed materials. The government’s account identifies the older transitional criminal law as the working system.

segments › access › sources

pc2015gov2024, travelCanada

context › planting › seeds

grey

context › planting › seeds trade

unclear

context › planting › clones

illegal

context › planting › clones trade

banned

context › planting › text

The 2015 Penal Code punishes growing a controlled plant with three to five years in prison (Article 387), or with six to twelve months or a fine when it is for personal use (Article 396). Which plants are controlled is left to regulations that were not read. The code does not mention seeds.

context › planting › sources

pc2015

context › clubs › status

none

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known, and the law leaves no room for them: growing cannabis and supplying it to another person are both prohibited.

context › clubs › sources

pc2015

context › visitors › text

There is no legalestablished recreational supply route for anyonevisitors. Canadian government advice warns that possessing, so a visitor has no lawful wayusing or trafficking illegal drugs can lead to buy cannabisimprisonment and heavy fines. The sources behind this profile describe no separate rule for visitors.

context › visitors › sources

pc2015travelCanada

sources

Eritrea Ministry of Justice — Penal Code download, text of the Ethiopian Penal Code 1957 Government of Eritrea — Replies to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/ERI/RQ/5-6 UN Special Rapporteur on Eritrea — Report A/HRC/59/24, 2025 Government of Canada — Eritrea travel advice, laws and culture 2 unchanged

Fiji countries/fj.yaml

summary

Possession is a crimeCannabis possession remains criminalised, butwith court guidelines call forfavouring non-custodial sentences for up to 100 g. IndustrialA separate hemp exemption was legalisedapproved in 2022. A drug-law rewrite signed in October 2026 provides for commencement by ministerial notice.

segments › possession › text

Possession is a crime under the Illicit Drugs Control ActThe 2004, which sets drug law makes unauthorised possession an offence carrying a single maximum ofFJ$1 million fine, life imprisonment for all drug offences, or both. In practice sentencing follows the Court of Appeal'sThe 2012 Sulua guideline: for up to 100 g of cannabis a non-custodial sentence — a finecourt guidelines favour fines, community service, counselling or a discharge with a warning — with a short orfor up to 100 g, reserving suspended or short prison term only interms for the worst cases. 100 g to 1 kg bringsHigher weight bands run from one to three years; 1–4 kg, three to seven; above 4 kg years and seven to fourteen years. The law signed on 2 October 2026 sets a separate personal-use offence for cannabis plant material, with a maximum FJ$500 fine or three months in prison, or both, and restricts custody to prior-conviction or exceptional cases; it provides for commencement by ministerial Gazette notice.

segments › possession › sources

suluaact2004, seru, act2026

segments › cultivation › text

CultivationUnauthorised cannabis cultivation is an offence under. The 2023 Seru guidelines combine plant count with the same Act; the courts applygrower’s role: fewer than ten plants for personal use and a separate tariff scaledlesser role fall in a non-custodial to the numbersuspended-sentence range. Leading-role cultivation of 100 or more plants, with non has an eighteen-custodial outcomes foryear starting point and a few plantssixteen-to-twenty-year range, before the remaining sentencing adjustments.

segments › cultivation › sources

suluaact2004, wikiseru

segments › enforcement › text

Courts are directed to keep small-scale users out ofThe Sulua guidelines favour outcomes outside prison for possession of up to 100 g, though a conviction is still enteredwith custody available in the worst cases. Cannabis is widely grownCultivation sentences can be lengthy: in May 2024 the interiorappeal court applied the newer guidelines to two growers and on outer islands, where police run regular uprooting operationsreduced their prison terms from nineteen and eighteen years to fifteen and fourteen.

segments › enforcement › sources

suluaseru, wikiappeal2024

segments › sharing › text

Supply is sentenced on theThe 2004 law defines supply to include giving cannabis to another person. The same weight bands asstatutory maximum applies to possession and supply, treated more seriouslyand Sulua’s weight-based guidelines were applied across the listed drug offences. The 2026 law signed in October separates personal use from supply, with commencement to be set by ministerial notice.

segments › sharing › sources

suluaact2004, seru, act2026

segments › consumption › text

Use is covered by the possession offenceThe 2004 law expressly prohibits unauthorised use or administration of an illicit drug, including cannabis. Its medical-treatment and lawful-profession exceptions are set out separately in section 11.

segments › consumption › sources

wikiact2004

segments › access › text

None:Recreational possession, cultivation and supply are allcriminal offences under the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004. Lawfully prescribed or supplied treatment and authorised professional activity are covered by statutory exceptions.

segments › access › sources

suluaact2004

context › production › text

IndustrialThe 2022 amendment excludes hemp and hemp-derived plant parts at up tono more than 1% THC was removed from the drugs law in 2022; no other licensed productionschedule’s references to the cannabis plant. The budget proposal envisaged an export industry, laboratory-tested imports, Fiji National University growing trials and seed distribution to farmers.

context › production › sources

wikihemp2022, budget2022

context › products › text

No legalThe 2004 drug schedule lists cannabis, resin, oil, seed and plant material. The 2022 hemp exemption concerns hemp and plant parts derived from it at no more than 1% THC products; a person claiming the exemption in a prosecution bears the burden of proving it.

context › products › sources

wikiact2004, hemp2022

context › medical › text

No medicalFiji has been developing a medicinal cannabis programmeindustry proposal. Separately, section 11 of the 2004 drug law exempts lawfully prescribed or supplied treatment and permits health-authority licensing of drug imports, exports or manufacture.

context › medical › sources

wikiact2004, medical2024

context › consequences › text

ACannabis offences can lead to conviction is a criminal record, which can affect overseas workfines and travelimprisonment. The guidelines for possession of up to 100 g also allow counselling, community service or discharge with a strong warning.

context › consequences › sources

suluaact2004, seru

context › planting › sources

bill41act2004, hemp2022

context › clubs › text

NoUnauthorised cannabis clubs are known,cultivation and the law leaves no room for them: growing cannabis and supplyingsupply, including giving it to another person, are both prohibited under the drug law.

context › clubs › sources

sulua, wikiact2004

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreationalRecreational cannabis possession and supply for anyoneare criminal offences. British travel advice says possessionSection 11 of even small quantities of illegal drugs can lead to imprisonment and a large finethe 2004 law separately exempts people entering, and that possessionleaving or transiting Fiji with up to one month of any amountan illicit drug lawfully prescribed or supplied for treatment of marijuana carries a 3-month prison sentencethemselves or someone in their care.

context › visitors › sources

wiki, fcdoact2004

sources

Fiji Ministry of Health — Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 Fiji Court of Appeal — Jone Seru v State (25 May 2023) Fiji Court of Appeal — Waisake Kaloulia and Kaminieli Naqeleca v State (30 May 2024) Parliament of Fiji — Illicit Drugs Control (Budget Amendment) Act 2022 Parliament of Fiji — Budget address, 15 July 2022 Parliament of Fiji — Counter Narcotics Act 2026 Fiji Sun — Medicinal Cannabis Bill Next Year (8 December 2024) GOV.UK (FCDO) — Foreign travel advice: Fiji, safety and security Parliament of Fiji — Illicit Drugs Control (Budget Amendment) Bill 2022, Bill No. 41, with explanatory note (PDF) PacLII — Fiji High Court judgment applying the Sulua sentencing guideline (2013) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Fiji 2 unchanged

Guatemala countries/gt.yaml

summary

PossessionAcquiring or possessing cannabis for personal consumption carries four months to two years in prison plus a fine. A reasonable amount for immediate use and the circumstances determine personal possession; the law gives no threshold separates users from traffickersfixed gram allowance. Unauthorised growing and supply carry longer prison terms.

segments › possession › text

PossessionAcquiring or possessing drugs for personal consumption is a crime under Article 39 of the 1992 drug law:carries four months to two years in prison and a fine of 200 to 10Q200–Q10,000 quetzalesfine. There is no gram threshold — the law speaks ofPersonal use requires a 'reasonable quantity for immediate consumption' and leaves the judge to decide whether it is use or traffickingcircumstances supporting that purpose. The law gives no fixed cannabis gram allowance.

segments › possession › sources

lig, tnilaw

segments › cultivation › text

Cultivation isUnauthorised sowing, growing or harvesting of drug-producing seeds, plants, flowers or plant parts carries five to twenty years in prison and a serious crime with long sentencesQ10,000–Q100,000 fine. In October 2026 the Interior Ministry reported destroying 34,563 cannabis plants during weekend operations in Totonicapán and Petén.

segments › cultivation › sources

law, tnieradication2026

segments › enforcement › text

Prison for users is onPolice continue to eradicate cannabis crops: the booksInterior Ministry reported destroying 19,420 plants near Momostenango and used;15,143 in Ixmucané, Las Cruces, after weekend operations in October 2026. Prosecutors supported the absence ofwork. Personal possession also remains a threshold lets small-scale users be charged as traffickerscriminal offence under the drug law.

segments › enforcement › sources

tnieradication2026, law

segments › sharing › text

Trafficking under Article 38The trafficking offence includes unauthorised distribution, supply and transfer on any basis, as well as selling, storing and transporting controlled drugs or drug-producing seeds and plants. It carries twelve to twenty years in prison and a Q50,000–Q1,000,000 fine.

segments › sharing › sources

law, tni

segments › consumption › text

Use is prosecutedThe law criminalises acquiring or possessing drugs for personal consumption, with four months to two years in prison plus a fine. It describes personal use through the possession-a reasonable amount for- immediate consumption offenceand the other circumstances of the case.

segments › consumption › sources

tnilaw

segments › access › text

NoneRecreational cannabis supply falls within the drug-law offences against unauthorised distribution and sale. A 2016 bill proposing licensed adult supply received an adverse committee opinion, followed by opposition to a medical cannabis bill in 2017.

segments › access › sources

liglaw, rejection2016, rejection2017

context › production › text

NoneUnauthorised cultivation carries five to twenty years in prison plus a fine; unauthorised drug manufacture or extraction carries eight to twenty years plus a fine. The law separately allows strictly necessary quantities for authorised medical treatment, scientific research, analysis and medicine manufacture.

context › production › sources

liglaw

context › products › text

None; CBD is in a grey areaThe drug law covers substances and the seeds, flowers, plants or plant parts from which drugs can be extracted. It provides for authorised medical and scientific handling and requires prescriptions for sales to private customers under its lawful-use rule.

context › products › sources

liglaw

context › medical › text

NoThe general drug law permits strictly necessary quantities for medical treatment, scientific research, analysis and medicine manufacture by legally authorised people. A separate cannabis bill for medicinal, therapeutic and scientific production and supply received an adverse opinion from Congress’s Health Committee in 2017.

context › medical › sources

liglaw, rejection2017

context › consequences › text

A conviction isPersonal-possession convictions carry a criminal recordprison sentence and a fine under the drug law. The distinction from trafficking depends on a reasonable quantity for immediate consumption and the circumstances; pre-trial detention is commontrafficking carries twelve to twenty years in prison plus a fine.

context › consequences › sources

tnilaw

context › planting › text

Decree 48The drug law includes drug-92 counts as drugs "theproducing seeds, flowers, plants orand plant parts of them" from which drugs can be extractedin its definition. Sowing orUnauthorised sowing, growing them without authorisationor harvesting carries five to twenty years in prison (Article 36)plus a fine; unauthorised acquisition, and buyingtransfer, sellingstorage, storingtransport or transportingsupply of drug-producing seeds orand plants falls within a trafficking offence carrying twelve to twenty years (Article 38)plus a fine.

context › planting › sources

d4892law

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known,Recreational collective growing and supply fall within the law leaves no roomoffences against unauthorised cultivation and distribution. The 2016 proposal for them: growing cannabisfive home plants and supplying it to another person are both prohibitedlicensed commercial supply received an adverse committee opinion.

context › clubs › sources

law, tnirejection2016, adultbill2016

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreationalRecreational supply for anyoneremains prohibited. PossessionAcquiring or possessing cannabis for personal consumption is a crime under Article 39 of the 1992 drug law:carries four months to two years in prison andplus a fine of 200 to 10Q200–Q10,000 quetzales, withfine; the law gives no fixed cannabis gram thresholdallowance.

context › visitors › sources

lig, tnilaw

sources

Guatemala National Office for the Prevention of Torture — Penal Code, Decree 17-73, judicial compilation Guatemala Congress — adult and medical cannabis bill, initiative 5053, transcript reproduced by Aprenderly Prensa Libre — Comisión rechaza uso medicinal de la marihuana en el país Prensa Libre — Marihuana legal no tiene eco en el Congreso Guatemala Interior Ministry — Destrucción de plantas de marihuana supera los Q17.2 millones Decreto 48-92, Ley contra la Narcoactividad, as notified to the WTO (PDF) Transnational Institute — Drug law reform in Guatemala: basic guide Living in Guatemala — Cannabis and CBD in Guatemala 2 unchanged

Guam countries/gu.yaml

summary

Adults 21 and over have been allowed since April 2019 to carry an ounce of cannabismay hold limited amounts, pass it to other adultsgive cannabis away and grow six plants atper residence, with no more than three flowering. Medical patients gained a separate home-growing permit route in 2018. Seven years later no shopCommercial supply has openedfaced years of delays: the first licensed business, a cultivator, received itsgrower’s operating permit to operate onlywas approved in June 2026, and most peoplewith further steps still rely on growing their own, for medical as well as recreational userequired before production and sales.

segments › possession › text

Under the Guam Cannabis Industries Act, signed on 4 AprilThe 2019 with immediate effect,law allows adults 21 and over may possess up to 1 ozhold one ounce of cannabis flower and up to 8 g, eight grams of concentrate or infused products containing up to 800 mg THC. Before that, possessing less than an ounce outside a school zoneIt also protects possession of cannabis produced by the permitted personal plants on the premises where it was a civil infraction with a $100 finegrown.

segments › possession › sources

normlindustry19, wikicurrent

segments › cultivation › text

Adults may grow up tono more than six plants per residence, including no more than three of them mature, in an flowering plants. The growing area must be enclosed, locked spaceand hidden from public view, on property the grower lawfully possesses or uses with consent. A separate medical permit scheme allows six flowering and twelve juvenile plants while no medical dispensary is operating.

segments › cultivation › sources

normlindustry19, home18

segments › enforcement › text

InsidePersonal activities within the adult-use limits nothing is punishedare exempt from criminal and civil punishment under Guam law. Public consumption remainscarries a violationfine of up to $100; breaking the home-growing location or security rules while otherwise within the plant allowance carries up to $500. The law expressly preserves federal enforcement.

segments › enforcement › sources

normlindustry19, current

segments › sharing › text

Adults may transfergive cannabis to another person aged 21 or over without payment: up to 1 ozone ounce of flower or 8 gcannabis, eight grams of concentrate or infused products containing up to another adult, the same amounts they may possess800 mg THC. The law also expressly allows transfers of immature plants.

segments › sharing › sources

normlindustry19, current

segments › consumption › text

UsePrivate consumption is legal in private; consuming cannabis infor adults 21 and over. Open public consumption is stillprohibited, with a violationfine of up to $100, unless permitted through Cannabis Control Board regulations. Employers and people controlling private property retain authority to restrict cannabis there.

segments › consumption › sources

normlindustry19, current

segments › access › text

There is still no legal place to buy cannabis. The Cannabis Control Board approved its first cultivation licences in February 2026 and issued its firstoperating permit went to operate, to a grower, inDeep Green Guam on 24 June 2026; the, after February licence approval and inspections. The tax department said further steps were neededrequired before it could begin production and sales. No dispensary had been licensed, which reporters put down to regulatory delays and the lack ofThe commercial rules distinguish a licensedlicence from an operating permit; a temporary testing facilityexemption allows qualifying licensed flower sales while no qualifying laboratory is available. Most people rely on home cultivation.

segments › access › sources

isla26june26, isla26b, pit26, rulesBody, waiver24, extension26

context › production › text

Commercial cultivation is only beginning: in February 2026 Pacific Cultivation receivedThe board approved a cultivation licence for Pacific Root LLC, trading as Pacific Cultivation, and conditional approval for Guam Real Deal LLC, trading as Deep Green Guam a conditional one, and in JuneFebruary 2026. Deep Green Guam received itsobtained the first operating permit to operatein June, with further steps still needed before production and sales.

context › production › sources

isla26feb26, isla26bjune26, pit26

context › products › text

No licensedAdult-use limits cover cannabis, concentrate and infused products are on sale yetcontaining up to 800 mg THC. Adults may holdThe temporary testing exemption requires cannabis flower or buds to carry batch and concentrate within the legal limitsharvest details, from their own plants or giftsproducer identification and an untested-contaminants warning, with cultivators’ sworn assurances about contaminants.

context › products › sources

normlindustry19, isla26waiver24, extension26

context › medical › text

Voters approved medical cannabis for debilitating conditions in aon 4 November 2014 referendum, making Guam the first US territory to legalise it. In 2017 the governor vetoedSince October 2018, qualified patients or designated caregivers may apply for a bill that would have let medical licence holders grow at$15 annual home. No-cultivation permit while no medical dispensary has been reported openis operating, allowing six flowering and twelve juvenile plants. December 2018 amendments expressly protected compliant growers from arrest, prosecution and property forfeiture.

context › medical › sources

wikimedical14, pit26home18, protection18

context › consequences › text

The Act gaveAdult-use legalisation did not erase penalties already incurred or proceedings begun before the Cannabis Control Board one year to adopt rules for licensed businesses; the process insteadlaw took yearseffect. Employers may maintain workplace cannabis restrictions, and the first business permit came in June 2026people controlling private property may prohibit possession, use or growing there.

context › consequences › sources

norml, isla26industry19

context › clubs › status

none

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known, and no licensed premises for consumption exist.

context › clubs › sources

pit26

context › visitors › text

There is no legal placeThe adult-use possession and unpaid-gifting rules apply to buy cannabis for anyonepeople aged 21 and over without a residency condition in those clauses. The verified June 2026 commercial milestone was a grower’s operating permit, visitor or residentwith further steps required before production and sales.

context › visitors › sources

isla26industry19, june26, pit26

sources

Guam Legislature — voter-approved medical cannabis law, Public Law 32-237 Guam Legislature — medical home-cultivation permits, Public Law 34-125 Guam Legislature — home-cultivation patient protections, Public Law 34-165 Guam Legislature — Cannabis Industry Act, Public Law 35-5 Guam Judiciary — Cannabis Industry Act, compiled 5 May 2026 Guam Judiciary — Cannabis Control Board regulations, compiled 19 June 2026 Guam Legislature — temporary testing exemption, Public Law 37-116 Guam Legislature — extension of testing exemption, Public Law 38-117 NORML — Guam legalization Wikipedia — Cannabis in Guam 3 unchanged

Rwanda countries/rw.yaml

summary

Since 2021 licensed producers can grow medicalMedical and research cannabis for exportactivities require licences. DomesticUnauthorised possession and use is heavily penalisedremain crimes, with community service available instead of prison.

segments › possession › text

Recreational possession andThe drug offence as amended in 2019 expressly covers being caught with narcotics or psychotropic substances, alongside use are crimes. News reports on the 2021 medical order cite prison terms of severalIts stated penalty is one to two years and fines of 500,000in prison or community service. General sentencing rules adopted in 2023 allow judges to 5 million Rwandan francs for anyone found illegally using marijuanareduce a fixed term to half the statutory minimum when mitigating circumstances are accepted.

segments › possession › sources

nationlaw19, ealaw23

segments › cultivation › text

Unlicensed cultivation isGrowing cannabis requires a serious crimelicence for medical or research purposes under the 2021 order. Unauthorised production falls within the criminal law’s highest drug category, which specifies life imprisonment and a fine of more than 20 million and up to 30 million francs. General mitigating-circumstance rules allow life imprisonment to be reduced to at least fifteen years.

segments › cultivation › sources

eaog24, sched19, law19, law23

segments › enforcement › text

Strictly enforcedCommunity service is an express alternative to imprisonment for possession or use. The government’s 2014 report to the UN counted 1, with prison910 people incarcerated in 2011 for userssmoking cannabis; that is historical evidence of imprisonment, not a current sentencing rate. The 2023 general rules widened judges’ powers to reduce sentences.

segments › enforcement › sources

nationlaw19, eareport14, law23

segments › sharing › text

Trafficking carries very long sentencesUnauthorised giving to another person is included alongside production, transport, storage and sale. Cannabis is in the highest drug category, whose statutory tariff is life imprisonment and a fine of more than 20 million and up to 30 million Rwandan francs. The 2023 general rules allow mitigation, including reducing life imprisonment to at least fifteen years.

segments › sharing › sources

ealaw19, sched19, law23

segments › consumption › text

Consumption for recreational purposesIllicit consumption remains illegal anda criminal offence. The stated punishment is punishedone to two years in prison or community service, with general judicial powers to reduce or suspend qualifying sentences under the 2023 amendments.

segments › consumption › sources

nationlaw19, law23

segments › access › text

None forThe 2021 order permits medical use on prescription by a doctor with written health-ministry authority and requires registration of finished products. No cannabis or cannabinoid medicine was found in the publicFDA’s published September 2026 pharmaceutical register. Practical patient supply, including exceptional imports, was not established in this review.

segments › access › sources

eaog24, fda26

context › production › text

A ministerial order of JuneThe 2021 allows investors to cultivateorder licenses medical and research cultivation and processing. In May 2025, processthe development board reported off-site infrastructure for the Musanze project 83% complete, import and exportwith fencing still outstanding; reporting described the licensed private producer’s plans as aimed mainly at cannabis oils for medical or research purposes, under tight security requirements. It is an export strategy rather than a domestic market.

context › production › sources

eaog24, nationsite25

context › products › text

LicensedFinished cannabis products arerequire registration, and importing or exporting them requires a permit for exporteach shipment. Licensed activities are restricted to medical or research purposes.

context › products › sources

eaog24

context › medical › text

Medical and research use is permitted in principle underrequires a prescription from a doctor whom the 2021 order;health ministry has authorised in writing to prescribe cannabis. The reviewed September 2026 pharmaceutical register contained no realcannabis or cannabinoid medicine; prescribing rules alone do not establish patient programme existssupply.

context › medical › sources

nationog24, fda26

context › consequences › text

A convictionCommunity service is a criminal record; users may also be sentsentence. Under the 2023 general rules, deliberate failure to rehabilitation centrescarry it out properly requires the remaining sentence to be served in a correctional facility.

context › consequences › sources

nationlaw23

context › clubs › status

none

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known, and the law leaves no room for them: growing cannabis and supplying it to another person are both prohibited.

context › clubs › sources

ea

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreational supply for anyoneroute in the reviewed laws. RecreationalThe possession and /use are crimesoffence states one to two years in prison or community service; reports on the 2021authorised medical order cite prison terms of several years and fines of 500,000 to 5 million Rwandan francs for anyone found illegally using marijuanause requires a prescription from a doctor with written health-ministry authority.

context › visitors › sources

nationlaw19, eaog24

sources

Rwanda Official Gazette — cannabis and cannabis products order 2021 Rwanda Ministry of Justice — criminal-law amendment 2019 Rwanda Official Gazette — criminal-law amendment 2023 Rwanda Ministry of Health — narcotics categorisation order 2019 Government of Rwanda — fourth periodic report to the UN Human Rights Committee Eastleigh Voice — Rwanda’s medical cannabis infrastructure project is 83% complete Rwanda FDA — registered pharmaceutical products, September 2026 Official Gazette nº 24 of 28/06/2021 — Ministerial Order nº 003/MoH/2021 relating to cannabis and cannabis products (PDF) 2 unchanged

context › arrests › text

The government told the UN Human Rights Committee in 2014 that 1,910 people had been incarcerated in 2011 for smoking cannabis. It separately recorded 2,402 arrests connected with banned substances across 2011–2012. These are historical counts, and the latter figure covers drugs generally.

context › arrests › sources

report14

Togo countries/tg.yaml

summary

Illegal under a 1998 law;Cannabis remains illegal. The 2015 code sets one to three years for small personal-use amounts reportedly draw sentences of months, serious offences up to twenty yearsa fine, or both; judges can substitute treatment for a person with drug dependence.

segments › possession › text

Law 98-008The 2015 criminal code sets one to three years in prison and a fine of 1998 prohibits use500, possession000–3 million CFA francs, transport and sale of narcoticsor either penalty alone, cannabis included. Possession offor a small quantities is reported to draw lesser sentencesamount held, bought or grown for personal consumption. It gives no numerical quantity in the range of months,that clause. Judges can waive qualifying sentences and replace punishment with treatment is sometimes offered instead of prison; the law's maximum for serious offences is twenty yearsa person with drug dependence.

segments › possession › sources

leaf, lawcode15

segments › cultivation › text

Cultivation isThe 1998 drug law bans cannabis cultivation nationwide and requires landholders to destroy plants growing on their land. The 2015 code expressly includes small amounts grown for personal consumption in its one-to-three-year or fine-only rule. General high-risk drug cultivation carries twenty to thirty years and a crimefine of 50 million–100 million CFA francs, with lighter sentences for small quantitiesor either penalty alone.

segments › cultivation › sources

leafl98008, code15

segments › enforcement › text

ReportedThe code permits a fine alone for small personal-use amounts and treatment instead of the penalty for a person with drug dependence. Authorities also report large cannabis seizures: a September 2020 bus operation recovered 1,541.60 kg and led to be enforced severelythree arrests; more than 5, particularly against foreign nationals291 kg seized in 2024 was destroyed in January 2026.

segments › enforcement › sources

leafcode15, atop20, rt26a

segments › sharing › text

TraffickingGiving or offering a high-risk drug for another person’s own consumption carries upfive to ten years and a fine of 500,000–25 million CFA francs, or either penalty alone. General high-risk drug supply carries twenty to thirty years and a fine of 50 million–100 million francs, or either penalty alone. Aggravated offences can have their maximum doubled, capped at fifty years.

segments › sharing › sources

leafcode15, lawatop20

segments › consumption › text

Use is prohibited byThe 2015 code prohibits using controlled substances outside a medical prescription and requires their seizure and judicial confiscation even when the 1998 lawperson is not prosecuted. Small amounts for personal consumption fall under its separate one-to-three-year, fine, or combined penalty.

segments › consumption › sources

lawcode15

segments › access › text

None: Law 98Adult-008 of 1998 prohibits use, possession, transport and cannabis supply is prohibited. The code punishes giving or offering high-risk drugs for personal consumption as well as sale and other forms of narcotics, cannabis includedsupply.

segments › access › sources

lawcode15, atop20

context › production › text

NoneCannabis cultivation is prohibited nationwide; landholders must destroy plants growing on their land.

context › production › sources

wikil98008

context › products › text

None; CBD is treatedPreparations containing controlled substances follow the same controls as a cannabis derivativethose substances. A mixture containing substances under different controls follows the strictest applicable rules.

context › products › sources

leafl98008

context › medical › text

NoControlled medicines are subject to health-ministry licensing under the 1998 law, while the 2015 code prohibits use outside a medical cannabisprescription. Cannabis cultivation remains expressly banned by the drug law.

context › medical › sources

leafl98008, wikicode15

context › consequences › text

A conviction isCourts must confiscate substances and plants involved in small personal-use offences, together with equipment used for the offence, and may order their destruction. Treatment ordered in place of punishment can itself lead to one to five years, a criminal recordfine, or both if the person evades it.

context › consequences › sources

leafcode15

context › planting › seeds

grey

context › planting › seeds trade

unclear

context › planting › clones

illegal

context › planting › clones trade

banned

context › planting › text

Article 10 of Law 98-008 bans growing the cannabis plant anywhere in the country, and Article 11 obliges owners and occupiers of land to destroy any plants that come up. The law does not mention seeds.

context › planting › sources

l98008

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known,The cultivation ban and the law leaves no roompenalties for them: growing cannabis and supplying it to another person are both prohibitedalso restrict collective growing and sharing through a club.

context › clubs › sources

leafl98008, lawcode15

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreational supply for anyone. Law 98-008 of 1998 prohibits useVisitors face the same cannabis cultivation, possession, transport and sale of narcotics, cannabis included; possession of small quantities is reported to draw sentencessupply offences. For the production and trafficking offences listed in the range of monthscode, courts may also exclude a foreign national from Togo permanently or for five to ten years.

context › visitors › sources

leafl98008, lawcode15

sources

Togo Journal officiel — new criminal code of 24 November 2015 Agence Togolaise de Presse — Lutte contre la criminalité transnationale : une importante saisie de cannabis et trois présumés trafiquants présentés à la presse (17 September 2020) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Togo Leafwell — Is marijuana legal in Togo? 3 unchanged

Zimbabwe countries/zw.yaml

summary

Since 2018 the state licenses productionRecreational cannabis remains criminalised. The criminal code provides a fine, up to five years in prison, or both for medical and scientificunlawful possession, use or personal cultivation. Personal possession (mbanje) can still bring prisonMedical production and industrial hemp have separate licensing routes.

segments › possession › text

PossessionSection 157 of mbanje other than for licensed medicinal or scientific purposes is a crime under the Dangerous Drugs Act and the criminal code, punishes unlawful acquisition or possession with a maximum reported atfine up to twelvelevel ten, up to five years in prison, or both. Small amounts usually bringWhere addiction is established, a finecourt may order treatment in addition to or community serviceinstead of another sentence. In July 2026 prosecutors reported an effective four-year term for possession of 19.49 kg.

segments › possession › sources

lpcode, npa2026

segments › cultivation › text

Unlicensed cultivationUnlawful growing for personal consumption falls under section 157, with a fine up to level ten, up to five years in prison, or both. Growing for dealing falls under section 156, whose ordinary maximum is fifteen years, with a crimefine alone or alongside imprisonment also available. Medicinal production and industrial hemp have separate licence and permit routes.

segments › cultivation › sources

nrcode, si62, hemp19, hemp20

segments › enforcement › text

FinesA National Prosecuting Authority bulletin dated 17 July 2026 reported that Clever Makwarimba received an effective four-year sentence for small amounts, prison for dealing; lawyers have argued the continued criminalisationunlawful possession of personal use19.49 kg of cannabis after a roadside bag search. It is unconstitutionala dated example of custody under the cannabis prohibition.

segments › enforcement › sources

lex, lpnpa2026

segments › sharing › text

Unlawful supply, delivery or distribution falls under the criminal code’s dealing carriesoffence, with a fine, up to fifteen years in prison, or both. The special aggravated-dealing tier expressly excludes cannabis plant, prepared cannabis and cannabis resin.

segments › sharing › sources

lpcode

segments › consumption › text

The government stressed when it licensed production in 2018 thatSection 157 expressly criminalises unlawfully ingesting, smoking mbanje remains illegalor otherwise consuming a dangerous drug, including cannabis. It provides a fine up to level ten, up to five years in prison, or both, with a possible treatment order where addiction is established.

segments › consumption › sources

nrcode

segments › access › text

None forRecreational retail supply is prohibited. Medicinal and scientific production is licensed separately; the publicmedicines regulator also opened applications for hemp-based CBD complementary medicines in 2022.

segments › access › sources

nrcode, si62, mcaz2022

context › production › text

Statutory Instrument 62 ofThe 2018 allows licensed production of cannabis forregulations introduced five-year medicinal and scientific use, administered by the medicines regulator; hemp was later added as an alternative to tobaccoproduction licences. The government presented the law as making Zimbabwe a hub for cannabis research,regulator’s 2022 review recorded fifty-nine licences issued and its first licence went to a Harare company for a cannabis farmgrowing witnessed at five inspected sites, alongside eighteen visited sites with no development. Licences are costlyIndustrial hemp has a separate authorisation and mainly export-orientedpermit system under the 2019 and 2020 rules.

context › production › sources

lexsi62, cghmcaz2022, hemp19, hemp20

context › products › text

Reliable national information about legally availableThe 2023 criminal-code amendment defines industrial hemp at no more than 1% delta-9 THC by dry weight, including seeds and derivatives, and excludes it from the cannabis products was not established-plant branch of the dangerous-drug definition. The original 2020 hemp permit rules use 0.3%. Hemp-based CBD medicines enter a separate product-registration route opened by the retained sourcesmedicines regulator in 2022.

context › products › sources

hemp23, hemp20, mcaz2022

context › medical › text

Permitted under licence in principle; little real patient accessProduction for medicinal and scientific purposes is licensed. In its 2022 report, the medicines regulator described production as export-oriented, with local use limited to research and development, and separately recorded acceptance of hemp-based CBD complementary-medicine applications.

context › medical › sources

lexsi62, mcaz2022

context › consequences › text

A convictionUnlawful possession, use and personal cultivation can bring a fine, imprisonment or both. Where addiction is established, the court may impose treatment in addition to or instead of another sentence. Prosecutors reported a criminal recordfour-year custodial sentence in a 19.49 kg possession case in July 2026.

context › consequences › sources

lpcode, npa2026

context › planting › text

The criminal code's definition of the cannabis plant leaves out only seed that has been crushed or excludes seeds processed so itthat they cannot germinate, so from its cannabis-plant definition; viable cannabis seed is controlledotherwise covered. Under the 2018The medicinal cannabis-production regulations a licensed producer may sell or provide cannabisfor licensed seed and plant supply with specified labels. Industrial-hemp seeds, in labelled containers that keep them dry and propagation are separately subject to the hemp definitions and permit rules.

context › planting › sources

code, si62, hemp20, hemp23

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known,Unlawful recreational cultivation and supply are criminal offences under the law leaves no room for them: growing cannabiscode. Medical-production licences and supplying it to another person are both prohibitedindustrial-hemp permits authorise specified activities.

context › clubs › sources

nrcode, lpsi62, hemp20

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreationalRecreational supply for anyone. Possession other than for licensed medicinal or scientific purposes is prohibited. The criminal code makes unlawful possession and consumption punishable by a crimefine up to level ten, with a maximum reported at up to twelvefive years; small amounts usually bring a fine in prison, or community serviceboth.

context › visitors › sources

lpcode

sources

Veritas — Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, consolidated to September 2023 Zimbabwe Government Gazette — medicinal and scientific cannabis production regulations, SI 62 of 2018 Zimbabwe Government Gazette — persons authorised to possess, deal in or use industrial hemp, SI 208 of 2019 Agricultural Marketing Authority — Industrial Hemp Regulations 2020, SI 218 Zimbabwe Government Printer — Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Amendment Act 2023, Act 10 Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe — 2022 Annual Report National Prosecuting Authority of Zimbabwe — Zvishavane man sentenced for possession of dagga (17 July 2026) Sub-Saharan Africa, Cannabis, and Contemporary Drug Policy Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, Chapter 9:23, section 155 (Zimbabwe Legal Information Institute) Dangerous Drugs (Production of Cannabis for Medicinal and Scientific Use) Regulations, 2018, SI 62 of 2018 (Zimbabwe Legal Information Institute) Nehanda Radio — Smoking mbanje remains illegal (2018) LEX Africa — The unconstitutional incarceration of cannabis in Zimbabwe (2021) Law Portal Zimbabwe — Sentencing re dangerous drugs 2 unchanged

Articles and atlas entries 48

burundi-penal-code-2017 articles/burundi-penal-code-2017.md

text

Burundi's kept illicit drug possession and use punishable by one to five years in prison when its revised Penal Code retainscriminal code took effect on 29 December 2017. Judges could choose a short but severe setfine of drug offences. The 2017 text bans growing50, holding and consuming controlled plants and substances000 to 100, with prison available even for personal use000 Burundian francs instead, or impose both. Consumption also continued to carry compulsory court supervision. ## Control begins outside the code Law No. 1An existing ban carried forward The [2009 revision](/27 of 29 December 2017 revised the Penal Codehistory/burundi-drug-penalties-supervision-revision-2009/) had already set these penalties. ItsPresident Pierre Nkurunziza's signature brought the replacement code into force while preserving its core approach to narcotics section begins at Article 505: growing, but it does not contain its own drug schedule. Insteadselling, a substance or plant is a narcotic when an ordertransporting, possessing and consuming them remained prohibited outside exceptions determined by the minister responsible for public health classifies it that wayministry. That means this document establishesThe ministry also controlled which plants and substances counted as narcotics. People dealing with the criminal rules but, by itself, does not identify cannabis by name. Readinglaw therefore faced both the code's offences and the ministerial classification together is necessary to prove how a particular cannabis product is scheduled. ## One broad prohibition Article 506 prohibits cultivation, sale, transport, possession and consumption of narcotics, except in cases andclassifications made under conditions fixed by a health-ministry orderorders. ## Possession had a separate fine Article 507 gives510 set the general penalty specific punishment for breaching the regulatory provisionsillicit possession or consumption: one to five years, a fine of penal servitude and50,000 to 100,000 francs, or both. The general regulatory offence elsewhere in the same section carried a higher fine range of 100,000 to 250,000 Burundian francs, or either punishment alonealongside the same possible prison term. The following articles separate out particular conduct. Illegal productionProduction, import, manufacture or and export carriescarried ten to fifteen years and a fine of up to one million francs; the term doubles when the offence is committed by an. Those penalties doubled for organised groupgroups. Facilitating another person'sHelping someone else use, whether for payment or free of charge, carries drugs carried one to five years and a fine of 50,000 to one million francs even when the help was free. ## Use is separately punishable Article 510 specifically punishes illicitSupervision added obligations to the sentence Every consumption or possession of a classified substance with oneoffence required judges to five yearsadd monitoring and a fine of 50,000assistance intended to 100prevent repeat offending. The code's general rules allowed this supervision to include treatment after medical assessment,000 francs, or either penaltytraining. For every consumption offence, Article 513 tells the judge to impose socio-judicial supervision as an additional sentenceRefusing ordered care or training could bring further imprisonment. The court mustCourts also order confiscation of thehad to confiscate controlled plants or substances and thesubstances, along with equipment used for consumption, manufacture or transport. Confiscated crops arewere to be destroyed, at the offender's expense wherewhen the authorities carry outdid the destructionwork. This structure supports the strict present## Delivering assistance remained difficult Mainline's [later country briefing](/history/burundi-day account onmainline-sheet-2025/) described supervision as rarely implemented because institutions lacked the necessary staff, resources and capacity. Its interviews also described stigma and fear of arrest as barriers to seeking health care. The distinction mattered for people using drugs: the law continued to offer a possible fine instead of prison while requiring assistance that services struggled to provide. The [Burundi profile](/country/bi/), but the code is not evidence follows those separate questions of a legal retail or personal-cultivation exceptionpunishment and enforcement in practice. In the index, the 2017 revision does not move a score. Burundi was already recorded as prohibited under an estimated earlier restriction, so this event documents the later penalty framework without assigning an unsupported date to the original ban.

sources

Burundi Official Bulletin — Law 1/27 of 29 December 2017 revising the Penal Code Burundi — criminal code 2009, reproduced by Burundinet Mainline — Burundi country briefing Code pénal du Burundi 2017, Law No. 1/27 of 29 December 2017 (Droit-Afrique edition)

model

gpt-6

eritrea-penal-code-2015 articles/eritrea-penal-code-2015.md

text

Eritrea's published a new penal code in 2015 Penal Code replaced the country's transitional criminal lawthat separated personal drug possession and set out a quantity-based framework for controlled drugs and plantscultivation from trafficking. Its smallest personal-use offence can still meanprovisions offered a fine as an alternative to six to twelve months in prison. ## A replacement code Article 1 repeals and replaces the Transitional Penal Code of Eritrea. The preface presentsgovernment later confirmed that the new code as a break from a much older penal systemwas still awaiting enforcement, whileleaving the opening provisions preserve final decisions and explain how pending and earlier cases should move intoolder transitional law as the new frameworkworking criminal code. Cannabis is not named in the## Legal reform brought a different drug chapter Justice Minister Fawzia Hashim described a drafting process involving international criminal-offence chapters of this documentlaw specialists and an Eritrean law-reform committee. InsteadJudges, Book V consistently uses the general terms “controlled drug”prosecutors, lawyers, lecturers and “controlled plantpolice officials contributed through consultations.” That distinction matters: the The code establishes offences’s introduction presented the reform as a way to reflect Eritrean customary law and penaltiesaddress newer offences, butincluding drug crimes. It sought a system in which punishment matched the PDF alone does not showseriousness of an offence. The proposed replacement followed the [transitional code retained in 1991](/history/eritrea-transitional-penal-code-1991/), which separate schedule places a particular plant under controldrew on much older Ethiopian criminal law. ## Personal use remains criminal Article 396 covers possession orand cultivation ofreceived their own treatment The published drug chapter created separate personal-use offences for controlled drugs and controlled plants. It placed possessing or growing a controlled plant for personal use or consumption. Both acts are a Class 1 pettywithin the lesser offence. The prescribed punishment is category, with six to twelve months' imprisonment in prison or a fine of 20,001 to 50,000 nakfa. The same article puts personal possessionMore serious trafficking and personal cultivation togetherproduction offences used different sentencing bands. It does not createThe text defined trafficking broadly enough to include giving or transferring a small-quantity exemption drug, while saying that buying for one’s own use did not by itself make the buyer a civil fine, or a rightparty to grow at hometrafficking. Nor does it state a numerical threshold The definitions of controlled substances and the quantities separating personal use from the more serious cultivation offencesbands were assigned to separate regulations. Those rules would determine which substances and amounts fell within each offence. ## CultivationPublication and supply Cultivatinglegal commencement were separate steps The opening provisions declared that the new code would replace the Transitional Penal Code. They also specified that it would enter into force on publication in the Gazette of Eritrean Laws. That distinction mattered to anyone facing a controlled plant outsidedrug charge: the published personal-use provision is a Class 8 serious offence, punishable by three to five yearstariff depended on the new code becoming operative. Commercial quantities bring five to seven years; large commercial quantities bring seven to ten. Trafficking in controlled plants followsMaking the same three penalty bandsbook available did not complete the commencement process described in its own text. “Trafficking” is drawn broadly.## The government later identified the older working law In a [November 2024 reply to the UN children’s-rights committee](/history/eritrea-new-code includes selling-awaits-enforcement-2024/), buying, giving, transferring, transporting, sendingEritrea called the transitional code the working law and deliveringsaid that the 2015 code was not yet enforced. In 2025, as well as offersthe UN Special Rapporteur likewise reported that the new codes had not been brought into force. The older code remained central to do those thingsthat legal history. Preparing aIts drug provision covered unauthorised production, acquisition, storage and distribution, together with knowingly providing premises for supply by packaging it or dividing it into units also counts drug use. Separate provisions impose still heavier sentences when minors are supplied or recruited. The code therefore explains thedelayed replacement left that earlier criminal structure behind the current-law system in place in [Eritrea profile](/country/er/), while leaving the underlying control schedule to other law. In the index, 2015 does not move a score. Eritrea was already recorded as prohibiting cannabis; the event replaces and documents the penal framework rather than establishing a newly verified change in legal freedom.

sources

Ministry of Justice, State of Eritrea — Penal Code 2015, English edition Government of Eritrea — Replies to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/C/ERI/RQ/5-6 UN Special Rapporteur on Eritrea — Report A/HRC/59/24, 2025 Eritrea Ministry of Justice — Penal Code download, text of the Ethiopian Penal Code 1957 Penal Code of the State of Eritrea, 2015 (FAOLEX copy)

model

gpt-6

rwanda-medical-2021 articles/rwanda-medical-2021.md

text

Rwanda treatsopened a licensing system for medical and research cannabis as one of the most serious drugs in its penal lawon 28 June 2021. Growers, processors and at the same time invites investorsresearchers could apply to grow it behind two fences for exportoperate under strict security rules, while medical use required a prescription from a specially authorised doctor. The order covered cultivation, products and cross-border trade. ## A previous law supplied the authority The penalty side [Law 68/20182012 drug-control law](/history/rwanda-penaldrug-control-law-20182012/) classes cannabis as a very severe narcotic drug. Producing, transporting, storing or selling it carries twenty years to life in prisonhad already allowed authorisations for medical and a fine of 20 to 30 million francsresearch activities. Using it illegally brings three to five years and a fine of 500,000 to five million francs. ## The business side In October 2020 the cabinet approved a policy that opened the way to producing cannabis commerciallynew order, for medical use only. On 25 June 2021 the ministers of health and justice signed Ministerial Order 003/MoH/2021 on cannabisby Health Minister Daniel Ngamije Madandi and sealed by Justice Minister Johnston Busingye, supplied detailed rules specifically for cannabis products. It allows investorsapplied to growpublic and private establishments involved in cultivation, processprocessing, importdistribution and export cannabisuse. Investors and other applicants could seek permission for medical or research purposes, at licensed sites only. Licences for cultivationlasted five years and could be renewed. ## Growing and trading required separate permissions The order listed eight types of licence, permit or certificate. These covered growing, processing, research, importing and exporting planting material, importing and exporting cannabis products, and registering finished products. A cultivation licence included developing genetic material. Bringing in seeds or other planting material required an import permit, and export last five yearsfinished products needed registration before entering the market. CannabisProduct imports and exports also required a permit for each shipment. Medical use had a prescribing condition: the doctor needed written authority from the health ministry to prescribe cannabis and cannabis products may be. This made up only on both the prescriptionmedicine and the prescriber part of a specialist doctorthe controls. ## BehindFarms had to secure the fence The order's security rules are the most detailed part: -crop Operators had to submit a security plan approved by the nationalfor police; - approval. Requirements included double fencing with a patrol lane, patrols between the layers; fences, round- a licensed security company on guard day and night; the- lightingclock private security, cameras, lighting, watchtowers and an intrusion alarm; - staff in work clothes. People entering the facilities had to wear protective clothing without pockets; - transport only by authorised companies. Operators also had to document the supply chain, tracked throughoutkeep records and submit reports. The Transport had to be carried out by the operator or a licensed company authorised by police may add measures and audit sites, working with the armycargo tracking. ## The contradiction The order says plainly that recreational use remains illegal. The 2012 narcotics law under whichBuilding the scheme operates still lists cannabis as an illegal narcotic. The development board expects export income and jobs, and a special export levy is planned. Helen Codere’s 1959–60 research, published in *Cannabis and Culture* industry took longer In [May 2025](1975/history/rwanda-medical-cannabis-site-2025/), found the Rwanda Development Board reported that photooff-questionnaire respondents mostly associatedsite infrastructure for the Musanze cannabis with Twa menproject was 83% complete, while also mentioning other userswith double fencing still outstanding. This was evidence of social attitudesReporting described King Kong Organics Rwanda's licensed project as aimed mainly at producing oils for export. Alongside this licensed activity, not a national prevalence survey or proof that use was exclusively confinedthe [criminal rules](/history/rwanda-possession-clause-2019/) continued to one community. A health minister first proposed medicalpunish unauthorised use in 2010, possession and supply. The order changes no score for In [Rwanda](/country/rw/): nothing in it reaches, the 2021 order gave medical businesses, researchers and authorised prescribers a person living theredetailed set of conditions to meet.

sources

Rwanda Official Gazette — cannabis and cannabis products order 2021 Rwanda Official Gazette — narcotic drugs law 2012 Rwanda Ministry of Justice — criminal-law amendment 2019 Eastleigh Voice — Rwanda's medical cannabis project at 83 per cent completion KT Press — Rwanda moves closer to mass production of cannabis following approval of new law (June 2021) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Rwanda Rwanda National Police — Gasabo: suspected drug dealer arrested with 60 kg of cannabis The Social and Cultural Context of Cannabis Use in Rwanda

togo-drug-law-1998 articles/togo-drug-law-1998.md

text

Togo'’s Law No. 98-008 is more than a one-line cultivation ban. Promulgated ondrug law of 18 March 1998, it sets gave people with a national control system for production, possession, supply and use—and givessmall amount of cannabis its own personal-use penalty rulefor themselves a shorter sentencing range than people supplying drugs. ## A nationwide cultivation ban Article 10 prohibits cultivating the opium poppy, coca bush and cannabis plant anywhere in the country. The following article requires an owner, operator or occupier of agricultural or Cannabis derivatives other land than oil carried one to destroy any of those plants that grow there. The law divides controlled drugs among four schedules. Schedule I is for high-risk plants and substances withoutsix months in prison, a medical interest; Schedules II and III cover substances with a medical interest under different controlsfine, and Schedule IV covers precursorsor both. The health minister may changeGrowing cannabis remained prohibited throughout the schedulescountry. ## Possession, Cannabis had its own personal-use and a small amount Article 111 prohibits using controlled drugs outside a medical prescription. A drug found in that setting is seized and judicially confiscated even if the person is not prosecuted. Article 112 then creates specific penalties when anpenalty The rule covered someone who illegally held, bought or cultivated amount isa quantity small enough to be considered for personal consumption. It gave no numerical weight or plant limit, leaving the distinction between personal use and supply to be assessed in the case. For cannabis derivatives other than cannabis oil, the range is one to six months' imprisonment and a fine ofranged from 25,000 to 500,000 CFA francs. The court could impose imprisonment and a fine together, or either penaltyone alone. This choice mattered for someone convicted with a small personal supply: a prison sentence was one of the available punishments. ## Oil faced a different range Cannabis oil is treated as a highappeared expressly in the higher-risk drug:personal-use rule. Its prison range was two months to one year and, with a possible fine up to of 25,000–1.25 million CFA francs, again allowing either penalty alone. The provision lists three circumstanceslaw also listed conditions for waiving thea sentence or its execution: the, referring to a person is below the age of criminal majority, is not a repeat offender,previous offending and solemnly promisesa solemn promise in court not to offend againstop. That is judicial discretion,These decisions belonged to the court. Use of controlled drugs outside a medical prescription was prohibited. Drugs found in that setting could be seized and judicially confiscated even when the person was not general decriminalisationprosecuted. ## Supply carries yearsGrowing and supplying remained offences The penalties rise sharply outsidelaw required owners, operators and occupiers of land to destroy cannabis plants growing there. Its nationwide cultivation ban sat alongside the shorter penalty for small amounts grown for personal useconsumption. General high-risk drug cultivation and supply carried ten to twenty years and a fine of 250,000–125 million CFA francs, or either penalty alone. Giving or offering a high-risk drug to someone for their own consumption bringshad a separate three-to-five years-year range, also with a possible fine-only sentence. High ## The later code raised the personal-riskuse range Togo had joined the [1988 UN anti-trafficking convention in 1990](/history/togo-1988-convention-1990/). The 1998 law laid out national controls over cultivation, productionmedicines, possession and manufacture carry ten supply within that treaty setting. The [2015 criminal-code rewrite](/history/togo-personal-use-penalties-2015/) replaced the different small-quantity ranges with one to twentythree years, as do salea fine of 500, delivery000–3 million CFA francs, transport, purchase and possession under the principal trafficking provisionsor either punishment alone. These That later change is central to the rules formnow described in the statutory backbone of the present [Togo profile](/country/tg/): cultivation, possession and consumption remain offences, and sharing is separately punished. In the index, the 1998 law does not create a score step because Togo's earlier prohibition is still represented by an estimated colonial-era entry. The article documents the later national law without pretending that its exact effect on the already restricted baseline is known.

sources

Togo — drug-control law of 18 March 1998, reproduced by UNODC SHERLOC Togo Journal officiel — new criminal code of 24 November 2015 UNODC — Togo, Loi n° 98-008 portant contrôle des drogues

model

gpt-6

Datasets 1

Code, design and documents 19 files

datasets/datasets.yaml +13 −9
@@ -194,8 +194,11 @@
   when: 2007 to 2024
   about: >-
-    Offences of using or possessing cannabis recorded each year, as European countries report
-    them to the EUDA: cannabis alone, unlike UNODC's figures for all drugs. Countries record
-    offences or offenders, and define them, in different ways, so compare a country with itself
-    over time rather than with its neighbours. The EUDA notes that Slovenia counted only
+    Offences of using cannabis or possessing it for one's own use that the police record each
+    year, as European countries report them to the EUDA ("drug law offences, cannabis, use"):
+    cannabis alone, unlike UNODC's figures for all drugs, and not offences of supply such as
+    dealing, trafficking or growing for sale. An offence is not a conviction: depending on the
+    country it may end in a fine, a caution, a referral to treatment or a criminal case. Countries
+    record offences or offenders, and define them, in different ways, so compare a country with
+    itself over time rather than with its neighbours. The EUDA notes that Slovenia counted only
     use-related offences in 2023, that Portugal's figures for 2017 to 2021 lack one police force,
     and that Greece's include all cannabis products since 2018. Shown per 100,000 people using
@@ -208,5 +211,5 @@
   profile:
     headline: "{per} per 100,000 people"
-    details: "{offences} offences in {year}"
+    details: "{offences} offences in {year} · cannabis only · use or possession, not dealing"
     each: "{offences} in {year}"
     years: [2010, 2020]
@@ -897,5 +900,5 @@
   profile:
     headline: "{thc_cooh} mg of THC-COOH a day per 1,000 people"
-    details: "{cities} cities measured · {year}"
+    details: "cities measured: {cities} · {served} people served"
     each: "{thc_cooh} in {year}"
   country: { column: country, by: id }
@@ -1006,10 +1009,11 @@
     statcan-10100165.csv; scripts/extract-canada.py (revenue) keeps Canada's lines.
   profile:
-    headline: "C${revenue} thousand to governments in {fiscal_year}"
-    details: "{sales} thousand in sales by the cannabis authorities · {year}"
+    headline: "C${revenue_bn} billion to governments in {fiscal_year}"
+    details: "C${sales} thousand in sales by the cannabis authorities · {federal_excise} thousand federal excise · {provincial_excise} thousand provincial excise"
   country: { column: country, by: id }
   year: { column: year }
   fields:
-    revenue: { column: revenue, about: "Net income of the authorities plus taxes and other revenue: Charts page and profile" }
+    revenue: { column: revenue, about: "Net income of the authorities plus taxes and other revenue, in thousands: Charts page" }
+    revenue_bn: { column: revenue_bn, format: decimal, about: "The same in billions: profile" }
     sales: { column: sales }
     net_income: { column: net_income }

docs/research/history-bermuda-gap-2026-10-22.md +179 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# Bermuda: medicines, decriminalisation, record clearing and blocked licensing
+
+Researched 22 October 2026 after the verified Guam batch. Bermuda had five history
+events and no articles. This pass adds seven tagged events and six articles, revises
+four events and updates the profile. Current writing rules and category priority were
+re-read before drafting. No subagents, commits or staging operations were used.
+
+## Primary legal texts read
+
+All local evidence is retained under `tmp/history-bermuda-gap-2026-10-22/`. The official
+Bermuda Laws site returns PDFs for its older `/Laws/...` URLs, even though its homepage
+is now a Blazor application. Those direct primary URLs were recovered and downloaded.
+No browser automation or undocumented app API was needed.
+
+- **2014 medicines law:** [Cannabinoid Pharmaceutical Products Act 2014](https://www.bermudalaws.bm/Laws/Annual%20Law/Acts/2014/Cannabinoid%20Pharmaceutical%20Products%20Act%202014),
+  four pages, full text read. Assent/operation **22 December 2014**. Section 2 adds
+  dronabinol/Marinol and nabiximols/Sativex to the pharmacy prescription schedule;
+  Section 4 lists these and nabilone/Cesamet in the drug regulations' medical schedule.
+  Sections 2–3 also alter scheduling powers, medical advice and medical-purpose
+  definitions; Section 5 revokes the former designation order. This is a verified
+  pharmaceutical route predating the existing November 2016 court event. It is not
+  evidence of unrestricted cannabis flower, oils, local growing or pharmacy stock on
+  commencement day. [Contemporary Senate reporting](https://www.royalgazette.com/other/news/article/20141215/cannabis-medicine-bill-passes-in-senate/)
+  was read for Michael Fahy's phased-reform explanation and Diallo Rabain's criticism
+  that the range excluded other products. These are attributed political positions,
+  not new medical efficacy findings.
+- **2017 decriminalisation:** [original amendment](https://www.bermudalaws.bm/Laws/Annual%20Law/Acts/2017/Misuse%20of%20Drugs%20%28Decriminalisation%20of%20Cannabis%29%20Amendment%20Act%202017),
+  two pages, full text read; second page rendered and visually checked. Assent and
+  operative date **20 December 2017**. Section 6(1) excludes cannabis at/below seven
+  grams from the possession prohibition, subject to prosecution where evidence shows
+  supply intent. Section 25A permits seizure of any amount and requires education/
+  treatment regulations, especially for minors. The act does not itself prove actual
+  programme delivery. Schedule 8 says **seven grams**, not strictly less than seven.
+  A parliamentary draft surfaced with a June commencement clause; it is not the final
+  enacted text and was not used to date the reform.
+- **2019 hemp law:** [original amendment](https://www.bermudalaws.bm/Laws/Annual%20Law/Acts/2019/Misuse%20of%20Drugs%20%28Hemp%29%20Amendment%20Act%202019),
+  two pages, full text read. Assent/operation **26 November 2019**. Cannabis definition
+  excludes hemp, resin and listed separated stalk/fibre/seed materials; hemp means
+  cannabis sativa or a part with **not more than 1% THC**, subject to a ministerial order
+  changing the concentration. Purpose explicitly concerns hemp imports, possession,
+  supply and sale. Do not infer an unlimited authorisation for all processed cannabinoid
+  products: resin and cannabinoids have separate controls. Current Section 11 still
+  refers to cultivation of **any plant of the genus Cannabis**, subject to regulations;
+  the hemp amendment did not rewrite that clause.
+- **2020 record-clearing law:** [as-enacted law](https://www.bermudalaws.bm/Laws/Annual%20Law/Acts/2020/Expungement%20of%20Convictions%20Act%202020),
+  seven pages, full substantive text read. Assented **5 August 2020**, operative
+  **11 March 2021**, not an immediate 2020 right. Sections 5–7 require an application
+  and ministerial decision, allow appropriate representatives for deceased or disabled
+  people, reasons within seven days of refusal and a 21-day Supreme Court appeal.
+  Section 8 governs future treatment as not having committed/been prosecuted/convicted/
+  sentenced and provides evidence, disclosure and employment protections. Section 4
+  preserves the validity of the original conviction/sentence and creates no new right
+  or liability: do not describe it as compensation, automatic release or blanket
+  reimbursement of penalties. Original Schedule covers qualifying simple-possession
+  conduct before **20 December 2017**. Contemporary commencement evidence explains
+  seven grams or less. The entry records 11 March legal commencement and expressly
+  says online applications launched the next day.
+- **2023 missing-weight amendment:** [BR 87/2023](https://bermudalaws.bm/Document/7385175a-cd33-4c0d-8fde-5063aa7bb39d),
+  two pages, full text read; page 1 rendered/visually checked. Made and operative
+  **3 November 2023**, not the earlier announcement date. New Section 6A treats a
+  relevant possession record omitting quantity as at/below the statutory threshold
+  where the conviction predates 20 December 2017 and the penalty did not exceed a
+  **$1,000 fine OR twelve months' conditional discharge**. It also expressly clears
+  additional sentencing elements with a qualifying conviction and deletes “simple”
+  from the Schedule. This is an application-based presumption, not an automatic
+  declaration that every old conviction is erased or an exemption for a known amount
+  exceeding seven grams.
+- **Consolidations:** downloaded [Misuse of Drugs Act 1972](https://www.bermudalaws.bm/Laws/Consolidated%20Law/1972/Misuse%20of%20Drugs%20Act%201972)
+  and [Expungement Act](https://www.bermudalaws.bm/Laws/Consolidated%20Law/2020/Expungement%20of%20Convictions%20Act%202020).
+  Read relevant definitions, Sections 4–12/25A, controlled-drug and seven-gram schedules,
+  amendment notes and the record-clearing provisions. Do not portray the current 1972
+  consolidation as the unamended 1972 law. Its note gives staged commencement between
+  16 June and 8 September 1973; the as-enacted annual-law route returned 404. No invented
+  first ban or single commencement date is published from that consolidation.
+
+## Case, implementation and policy evidence
+
+The [2016 contemporary account](https://www.royalgazette.com/other/news/article/20161125/people-can-apply-for-medical-cannabis/)
+was read. It reports **9 November** hearing before judge Stephen Hellman in Michael
+Brangman's case, confirming the minister's power to consider a personal medical import/
+possession application, while retaining power to refuse. The article was published 25
+November. The original written judgment/order was not recovered: the government's
+2016 judgment index was downloaded and searched without a Brangman match. Do not
+claim the court enacted general medical legalisation or awarded a licence. The event
+is narrowed to the reported clarification and the original ministry power is separately
+supported by the drug law. It becomes `other`, tagged court/patients.
+
+[Prosecutors' 16 February 2017 release](https://www.gov.bm/news/formal-police-caution-simple-possession-cannabis-respect-offence-under-misuse-drugs-act)
+expressly publishes **draft** caution guidance and ties commencement to the criminal-
+procedure amendment. Under three grams, admission, no other drugs, first/second cautions,
+then counselling/assessment/testing on a third incident. The new event is `debate` on the
+publication date, not a false precisely dated commencement. The later [government fact
+sheet](https://www2.gov.bm/articles/public-awareness-fact-sheet) says the caution policy
+ceased to have effect. It supplies the remaining public/private consumption prohibition,
+seizure/search explanation and the historical fact that the 2017 law did not erase prior
+records. That last point is not repeated as a blanket account of today's law.
+
+[18 December 2019 consultation](https://www.gov.bm/news/minister-presents-medicinal-cannabis-bill-consultation)
+was read. Attorney-General Kathy Lynn Simmons proposed prescribed cannabis **for
+inhalation**, licensing local production/manufacturing and an authority. It expressly
+distinguishes the pharmaceutical products already available through existing laws.
+[26 February 2020 statement](https://www.gov.bm/news/minister-proposes-new-cannabis-reform)
+was downloaded/read: low consultation response, concerns about complexity/cost and
+requests for broader regulation led to an expanded plan for personal/commercial growing,
+retail and other activities. Both are `debate`, with no enacted local-growing or shop
+access inferred from a proposal.
+
+[12 March 2021 commencement/launch statement](https://www.gov.bm/news/ministerial-statement-expungement-convictions-act-2020)
+was read: law effective 11 March, online process 12 March; effects of discriminatory
+past enforcement, incomplete older records, and no guarantee that US authorities change
+their own immigration decisions. [Application guidance](https://www.gov.bm/online-services/cannabis-conviction-expungement-application)
+was also checked. No form was submitted or personal application data accessed.
+[29 September 2023 announcement](https://www.gov.bm/news/intention-make-expungement-convictions-criminal-records-regulations-2023)
+was read for the **roughly forty of fifty-one applications unprocessed**, not forty
+refusals. The legal amendment was still awaiting formal publication; the actual November
+regulation controls the event date. The minister described collaboration with police
+on a solution and additional penalty-zone elements; no number of successful later orders
+is invented.
+
+The governor's [May 2022 statement](https://www.gov.bm/print/html/node/1175236) records
+House approval **25 March, 18–6**, Senate tie/rejection **30 March**, and reserved assent.
+Its page/signature dates differ within May, so no separate exact-day May event is
+invented. The [UK statement](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/governor-of-bermuda-update-on-cannabis-licensing-bill)
+is dated **6 September**, published 7 September. Retain the statement date. Attribute the
+treaty-incompatibility conclusion to the UK; do not present the statement as a court
+judgment or an uncontested universal interpretation. The bill never became the licensed
+adult-use regime. The [23 July 2026 ministerial statement](https://www.gov.bm/news/advancing-public-safety-across-the-ministry-of-national-security)
+was re-read: Ryan Robinson Perinchief prioritised hemp and medical work, with drafting
+instructions and a Q4 target, while adult-use work would take longer. Rewrite the entry's
+old closing disclaimer into that substantive explanation; keep `debate` and add patients
+to its hemp tag. A target is not evidence of commencement.
+
+## Corrections and scoring boundaries
+
+The inherited **one-point medical-access step moves from the 2016 event to the 2014
+named-medicines law**. The latter takes the former's exact `before` vector; the 2016
+context event loses its vector. This is a correction to the timing/cause of an existing
+step, without a change in the current numeric ratings or total. The law expressly names
+permitted medicines and the later government medical proposal acknowledges existing
+pharmaceutical access. Do not infer universal availability, affordable prescriptions,
+actual stock on 22 December 2014, or the first discretionary medical licence ever.
+Earlier general ministerial powers and the wider historical medical baseline still merit
+research. Every other prior `before` vector is untouched.
+
+The current scores, recreational/medical status and dependency metadata are preserved,
+not certified afresh. The 1925 first-restriction estimate is unresolved. Mechanical
+score continuity does not verify a local prohibition based only on international-treaty
+dates, nor current prosecution frequencies. Expungement events are `easing`, tagged
+`amnesty`, and explicitly unscored because they concern historical records, with current
+offence/penalty bands unchanged. Hemp is `hemp`; proposals are `debate`; medicinal
+pharmaceutical permission is `medical`. All eleven added/revised entries have tags.
+
+The profile replaces “no medical cannabis law” with the actual 2014 prescription route,
+removes the unqualified claim that prior possession convictions stand, and describes the
+2021 application/2023 presumption. It removes the unsupported **2,000 g per patient per
+year** entitlement: the contemporary report discusses an import quota and pending
+commercial import application, not a verified statutory allowance for each patient. No
+new quota event is published without the primary instrument. It also replaces the
+unsupported claim that no clubs are known with the legal restrictions on collective
… 21 more lines
docs/research/history-bolivia-gap-2026-10-22.md +40 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Bolivia: drug penalties, personal-use assessments and medical access
+
+Research and edits: 22 October 2026. Bolivia began this pass with nine history entries and no articles. Added four tagged entries, revised two existing tagged entries and wrote six articles (386–403 words, four sections each). Total project coverage after this pass: 2,818 events and 698 articles.
+
+## Sources read and retained
+
+Research files and baseline YAML copies are in `tmp/history-bolivia-gap-2026-10-22/`. Downloaded HTML was converted to searchable text. Relevant PDF pages were rendered for visual checks. Blank PDF text extraction was not treated as a successful reading.
+
+- [Law 171, 10 January 1962, Justia reproduction](https://docs.bolivia.justia.com/nacionales/leyes/ley-171-1960-1964.pdf): four-page reproduction, text read, first page visually inspected. Article 1 expressly includes Indian hemp and its preparations. Article 2 sets three to ten years **and** a fine for unlawful manufacture/trade/supply; article 3 sets three to five years for possession without justification of lawful origin. Article 11 requires institutional admission for misuse until recovery, with judicial review informed by psychiatric experts. Articles 5, 7–8 and 14 support the aggravations, medical reporting and fine assessment described in the article. Promulgation is 10 January 1962; the congressional date is 18 December 1961. The reprint contains stray markup and apparent transcription errors in unused clauses; historical monetary amounts are omitted. [Lexivox reproduction](https://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-171.html) was also downloaded and read.
+- [Official DGSC text of Law 1008](https://www.dgsc.gob.bo/normativa/leyes/1008.html): relevant clauses and original annex read, cross-checked against [Justia PDF](https://docs.bolivia.justia.com/nacionales/leyes/ley-1008-1985-1989.pdf), whose PDF pages 9–10 were visually inspected. Articles 33(m), 34, 37, 46 and 48–51 support the cultivation, possession, treatment, trafficking and supply accounts. Article 48: ten to twenty-five years **and** a fine. Article 51: eight to twelve years **and** a fine, regardless of supply quantity. Article 49 includes both dependent and occasional consumers; two specialists assess the minimal personal amount. Above it, the trafficking offence applies. No fixed cannabis gram quantity appears there. Article 46 specifies one to two years, two to four for repeat offending; the position of its fine clause is not normalised into a general first-offence fine claim. Promulgation is 19 July 1988.
+- [Official DGSC implementing rules, Decree 22099](https://www.dgsc.gob.bo/normativa/decretos/DS22099-88.html): article 26 expressly defines immediate personal possession as equivalent to **48 hours of consumption**, assessed by the two medical experts. Above it trafficking is presumed. Header and closing formula both give **28 December 1988**. Lexivox wrappers for the decree/regulation incorrectly display 1998; use the official text. A separate 48-hour police rule elsewhere in the regulation must not be confused with this personal-use assessment.
+- [Official DGSC Law 913 PDF](https://www.dgsc.gob.bo/normativa/leyes/Ley913.pdf): relevant articles 1–8, 11–20, 26, 29–33, repeal clauses, cannabis listing and closing formula read. PDF pages 1 and 10 visually inspected. Article 18(II) requires registration and prior health-ministry authorisation for medicinal controlled substances in Lists I–IV; article 19 provides limited, exceptional scientific/medical research permissions to specified institutions; article 20 regulates authorised manufacture and prescription supply. Cannabis and resin remain in List I. The first repeal clause removes old article 33(a), (q), (r), articles 35, 36, 38–42, 44 and Titles VI–VIII, while retaining the relevant possession/trafficking/supply/cultivation offences. In particular, the old definition of production in article 33(r) must not remain presented as current law in the planting text. Promulgation is **16 March 2017**, despite the Lexivox wrapper displaying 23 March.
+- [Official DGSC Decree 3434 PDF](https://www.dgsc.gob.bo/normativa/decretos/DS-3434.PDF) and [Lexivox text dated 13 December 2017](https://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-DS-N3434.html): general implementing regulation exists. Official scan begins at printed page 21 and has no extractable text; its first two PDF pages were visually read, including article 1's implementing scope. Lexivox's opening provisions/date were read. No claim that all cannabis-specific medical implementation was complete follows from this general regulation. Conversely, the old blanket statement that implementing rules were never issued is unsupported.
+- [Ombudsman report, 23 November 2021](https://www.defensoria.gob.bo/noticias/gestiones-defensoriales-posibilitan-que-el-estado-autorice-la-importacion-de-cannabis-medicinal-para-el-tratamiento-de-una-ninya): full substantive report read. It reports an AGEMED resolution authorising cannabis import exclusively for compassionate treatment of one child, under supervision by a doctor in Bolivia. Application was September 2020; changing requirements complicated it; ombudsman meetings and formal requests clarified them. **23 November is the report date**, not a verified resolution date. The original resolution/number, approved quantity and duration were not recovered. Do not call this the first-ever approval, infer three bottles or three months, name the child, or turn the report's patient-specific improvement claim into general medical advice.
+- [Chamber of Deputies medical cannabis bill, PL 376/2025–2026](https://diputados.gob.bo/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/PL-376-2025-2026.pdf): 20 scanned PDF pages; full Vision OCR retained. Page 1 visually confirms sponsor **Sandra Hinojosa Núñez**, letter dated 6 April and receipt dated **7 April 2026**. Operative bill is PDF pages 14–20; pages 2–13 contain explanatory arguments and foreign examples, not additional Bolivian permissions. Proposed articles cover ARCAME regulator, patient register, doctor registration, retained pharmacy prescriptions, cultivation/manufacturing/research/export-surplus licences and plant/batch tracking. The transitional clause would end prosecutions for proven medicinal cannabis-oil possession absent indications of illicit commercialisation. Proposed clinical-protocol duties and state-production priorities are attributed to the bill, not asserted as medical efficacy or existing availability. Page 18 was also visually inspected. No operative home-grow or club permission was found; foreign club examples in the background are not treated as one.
+- [Chamber's pending-bills index](https://diputados.gob.bo/proyectos-de-ley-en-tratamiento/): checked 22 October 2026, still lists PL 376 in “Proyecto de Ley en Tratamiento”. All proposed institutions and permissions are conditional in the article. No enacted programme or actual pharmacy sales inferred.
+
+## Classification, scores and profile corrections
+
+New events: `bolivia-narcotics-law-1962` (`other`), `bolivia-personal-use-assessment-1988` (`other`), `bolivia-child-compassionate-import-2021` (`medical`, explicitly unscored), `bolivia-medical-access-bill-2026` (`debate`). Each has topical tags. Existing `bolivia-law-1008-1988` was rewritten and changed from `tightening` to `other`; `bolivia-ley-913-2017` remains `other` with a substantive description and tags.
+
+The pre-1962 criminal baseline is incomplete, so 1962 is not labelled the first ban or given an invented before vector. The immediate pre-1988 penalties have not been recovered, while compulsory treatment demonstrably existed in 1962; a blanket new-tightening claim is therefore removed. The December regulation clarifies the quantity rule without a demonstrated uniformly harsher or milder effect. The 2017 law combines investigative powers, administrative restructuring, treatment and medicinal authorisations; it remains a mixed reform under the writing-category rules. The pending bill is `debate` despite its proposed medical and amnesty provisions.
+
+All six numerical current scores and all existing before vectors are preserved. Bolivia's estimated first restriction and its 1925–1950 window are unchanged: a read 1962 law does not disprove earlier restrictions. Medical status remains `none` pending evidence of currently available access in 2026; the context now expressly records the positive historical individual approval and statutory permission routes. The 2021 event's `unscored` reason explains that limited evidence. A durable current application route, active permissions or programme could justify revisiting the medical flag and access score together.
+
+Profile corrections include the separate supply penalty, the two-day medical quantity assessment, mandatory fines alongside trafficking imprisonment, actual controlled-medicine authorisation rules and removal of unsupported claims that there was no licensed production, no legal products, no implementing rules, several verified individual approvals or a verified absence of clubs. Unsupported current enforcement-frequency and pretrial-detention assertions have been replaced with the primary legal presumption, without changing the enforcement score. The independently researched driving, seizure and arrest blocks retain exactly the same parsed content; planting/trade, club and visitor statuses are preserved.
+
+## Unresolved leads
+
+- Full companion law promulgated by Decree 11245 of 20 December 1973 remains unread. Infoleyes' two-article decree merely adopts the separately published law. The UN record E/NL.1975/10-11 was identified but PDF downloads/API attempts failed or returned an HTML shell. No cannabis penalties were reconstructed from that unread annex. Intervening laws before 1988 also need primary recovery; 1988 is not described as directly replacing 1962.
+- UN 1962 and 1958 legislative reports were located but access returned HTML shells. The 1962 article relies on the actually read statutory reproductions, not a claimed reading of those UN files.
+- The 2017 criminal code was repealed in January 2018 before its delayed operation. Its drug quantities must not be presented as current personal-use thresholds. Texts of Laws 1005 and 1027 were downloaded as leads; no entry was added for an operative change.
+- A May 2021 Los Tiempos report mentions a child and an earlier positive government response. It was not merged with the November official account into a single case chronology, nor used to claim an additional verified approval. Obtain original AGEMED decisions to resolve this.
+- The 2026 bill's explanatory claims about efficacy, economics and other countries require independent checking before reuse. They are not treated as facts here.
+
+## Verification
+
+`tmp/history-bolivia-gap-2026-10-22/verify.mjs` checks source references, permitted tags/categories, related IDs, article lengths and four-section structure, dates, unchanged unrelated events, all previous before vectors, current scores/statuses and separate driving/seizure/arrest content. Generated-page and cleanup results follow below after the build.
+
+The source verifier passed. `npm run build -- --outDir tmp/history-bolivia-gap-2026-10-22/site` succeeded: **3,561 pages in 30.26 seconds**. The generated verifier passed for the country timeline, history export, category/tag links, all six article pages, citations, section headings, internal links, corrected supply penalty and pending-bill wording. Scoped `git diff HEAD --check` passed. The temporary `site` directory was deleted after verification; audits found no remaining temporary site/build directories or generated `history/index.html` files under `tmp`. Research downloads, OCR, baseline copies, scripts and the build log are retained.

docs/research/history-burundi-gap-2026-10-21.md +116 −0
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+# Burundi: penalties, supervision and article coverage
+
+Researched 21 October 2026. Read `docs/WRITING.md`, the maintenance rules and the current
+category/tag definitions. Existing coverage had six entries and one article; this pass
+adds three articles, rewrites that article and revises four entries. No new event or score
+movement is invented to accompany the articles.
+
+## Laws compared
+
+- [Official Bulletin 6/81](https://amategeko.gov.bi/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/BOB_No6-1981.pdf):
+  read the explanatory statement at printed pp. 240 and 246, including paragraph 64;
+  Articles 324–330 at pp. 283–284; and the repeal/commencement and signatures at pp. 297–298.
+  Printed p. 284 was rendered and visually checked. The drug-policy explanation expressly
+  invokes public health and concern about trafficking; the broader explanation describes
+  replacement of inherited colonial criminal law and consolidation of scattered laws.
+  Signed 4 April, expressly operative 1 May 1981 despite the June bulletin issue.
+  General offence: 3 months–5 years AND fine up to 250,000 francs OR either alone.
+  Production/import/manufacture/export could attract doubled penalties. Use: 3–5 years
+  AND 50,000–100,000 francs OR either alone. Facilitating use, including free premises:
+  3–5 years AND 5,000–500,000 francs OR either alone; up to 10 years when use/supply
+  involved under-18s. Confiscation and crop destruction were required.
+- [2009 reproduction](https://www.burundinet.com/download/codes_lois/code_penal_2009.pdf):
+  read heading, Articles 78–81, 489–497 and final repeal/commencement clauses. PDF p. 139
+  was rendered and visually checked. The title specifies 22 April 2009; the final signature
+  date is unfilled. Earlier research independently checked the Refworld date record (see
+  `history-1980s-2000s-2026-10-17.md`, twenty-ninth pass). Refworld did not load during
+  this pass. The heading and prior independently recorded date are retained; no new
+  Gazette publication date is asserted.
+  Possession/use: 1–5 years AND 50,000–100,000 francs OR either alone; production/import/
+  manufacture/export: 10–15 years AND up to 1 million, doubled for organised groups.
+  Facilitating use: 1–5 years AND 50,000–1 million; group penalties doubled; under-18
+  use/supply 10–20 years. Article 497 requires additional supervision for consumption.
+- [Original Official Bulletin 12TER/2017](https://amategeko.gov.bi/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/BOB_No12TER-2017.pdf):
+  replaces the profile's partial reprint citation. Read Articles 78–81, 505–513 and
+  647–648, including signature. Printed p. 2100 (PDF p. 70) was rendered and visually
+  checked. Signed by Pierre Nkurunziza on 29 December; Article 648 makes promulgation
+  the commencement trigger. The central narcotics tariffs and compulsory supervision
+  match 2009, with renumbering. No new overall legal direction is assigned to this code.
+
+**Important correction:** the general regulatory offence (2017 Article 507) has the
+100,000–250,000-franc fine; the specific possession/consumption clause (Article 510) has
+**50,000–100,000 francs**. Both allow a fine alone or prison alone, as well as both. The old
+profile applied the general fine to possession/use and claimed no heavier trafficking tier
+had been found. Article 508 expressly supplies a 10–15-year production/import/manufacture/
+export tier. Facilitation under Article 509 includes unpaid help. Its wording uses prison
+AND fine, without the express fine-alone alternative in Article 510.
+
+The code separates cultivation's prohibition, the general regulatory offence and illicit
+production without defining their boundary for a few home plants in these articles. The
+profile describes both penalty clauses and does not promise a fine-only outcome for home
+growing. No verified gram/plant threshold is added.
+
+## Assistance and the Mainline briefing
+
+[Mainline's PDF](https://mainline.nl/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Burundi.pdf) was downloaded
+and the Context, Policies, Peer Involvement, Human Rights and Prison sections were read.
+Its own key-informant interviews describe rarely implemented supervision, institutional
+capacity shortages, stigma, fear of arrest and BAPUD advocacy. Those are explicitly
+attributed accounts covering people who use drugs generally, not a national cannabis-only
+enforcement survey. The briefing describes a 2020 ANSS partnership; no separate event is
+added for it without checking its original dated record.
+
+The briefing combines older research/interviews (including a meeting still described as
+expected in February 2022) with updates through mid-2025. The old entry's August date
+came from the hosting path; the document has no explicit August publication date. Reduce
+the entry's date to **2025**, retain its stable ID, and use the current `debate` category
+for a policy report. Avoid treating every statement as a fresh 2025 observation or saying
+a second study occurred in 2019: its discussion of 127 participants refers to the earlier
+2017 assessment and its later publication.
+
+The briefing says the code does not provide therapeutic injunctions. **Articles 79 of
+both codes expressly allow a treatment order after medical assessment**, backed by
+imprisonment for refusal. The legal account therefore follows the statutes and uses the
+interviews only for implementation. This is additional supervision after conviction,
+not a verified dismissal/diversion route or medical-cannabis permission.
+
+## Leads and remaining uncertainty
+
+- The 1981 repeal clause names a 22 January 1903 smoking-hemp ordinance. Its original
+  text and the instrument extending it to Burundi have not been recovered. Do not
+  substitute the Belgian Congo's enactment date for Burundi's first restriction. Preserve
+  the inherited 1900–1920 estimate and its `before` vector; neither is newly validated.
+- The ministry's 2017 study was partly readable through the web tool, including its
+  cover (June 2017), methods and executive summary. Direct PDF downloads from the
+  health ministry timed out; a discovered OSC-CARE mirror failed DNS. Share-Net's
+  resource listing downloaded, but the original report was not recovered there. No
+  separate study event, new survey statistics or claims of complete reading are published.
+  Retain this lead for later research:
+  https://minisante.gov.bi/wp-content/uploads/pnls/Evaluation%20rapide%20sur%20les%20UDI%202017.pdf
+- Mainline and the health-study preview identify a narcotics classification order of
+  26 May 1989. The full order was not read. Do not invent seed exclusions, clone rules,
+  hemp thresholds or a new scheduling event from this citation alone.
+- Ministry of Interior pages on seizures timed out in this pass. No single seizure or
+  case is published from a search excerpt.
+- Remove the optional planting and clubs blocks: their categorical claims depended on
+  an unread drug definition or an unsupported absence claim. Describe confiscation in
+  the consequences block directly from the code. Other inherited context, recreational/
+  medical statuses and all six numeric scores are preserved, **not newly validated**.
+  Fine-only statutory discretion does not establish how often cannabis users receive
+  fines, nor do general drug interviews establish cannabis-specific imprisonment rates.
+  This remains score-review work, especially cultivation, sharing and consumption.
+
+## Validation
+
+The isolated production build passed: **3,526 pages in 28.80 seconds**. All four articles
+have four sections and 350–500 words (393, 381, 382 and 384). Verification passed for
+categories, tags, related IDs, source keys, unchanged scores/statuses and every unrelated
+history record. The generated country timeline, history export, tag routes, article
+citations, headings and internal links passed. The Burundi score chain flags zero steps;
+this mechanical check does not validate its inherited numeric baseline.
+
+Totals are **2,783 events and 663 articles**, up from 660 articles. Scoped whitespace
+checks passed. The temporary `site` build directory was deleted after verification, and
+the audit found no remaining temporary site/build directories or generated history index
+files. Research files and the build log are retained in
+`tmp/history-burundi-gap-2026-10-21`.

docs/research/history-eritrea-gap-2026-10-21.md +182 −0
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+# Eritrea: the missing legal transition and an uncommenced drug code
+
+Research and edits: 21 October 2026. Re-read writing rules and current
+categories, use valid tags, preserve unrelated edits. Baselines saved in
+`tmp/history-eritrea-gap-2026-10-21/changes-before.yaml` and
+`profile-before.yaml`. Previous goal turn (Gambia) made verified progress.
+
+## Main correction
+
+The profile and article treated the published **2015 Penal Code** as
+current operative law. Two primary accounts directly undermine that:
+
+1. **Eritrea’s own November 2024 replies** to the UN Committee on the Rights
+   of the Child, **CRC/C/ERI/RQ/5-6**, paragraphs **40–41**: identifies TPCE
+   as the working law and says the 2015 Penal Code is not yet enforced.
+   Received **6 November**, distributed **11 November 2024**. Read the
+   document header and complete relevant paragraphs in OHCHR's HTML text;
+   downloaded the UTF-16 HTML and extracted it using the standard parser.
+   Do not mistake receipt for the date an earlier legal code commenced.
+2. **UN Special Rapporteur Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker’s 2025 report**,
+   **A/HRC/59/24**, paragraph **36**, says the 2015 codes had not been brought
+   into force a decade later. Downloaded 19-page PDF, read the relevant
+   complete institutional-framework passage and visually checked **PDF /
+   printed p. 8**. This is a finding by the Rapporteur, not a commencement
+   instrument. It corroborates the government's explicit statement.
+
+Government reply:
+https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=sagHwNR7WH2SUzy8jYRuvr%2Bm%2B580wfdNJs9E8JkxsFMuEtz0tRzEp7cRskH%2FhvznPiY4LPnVlgu%2BBAN3x4VpGA%3D%3D
+Rapporteur report:
+https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2126167/g2506895.pdf
+
+The stable UN document URL `https://docs.un.org/en/CRC/C/ERI/RQ/5-6`
+returned 403; cite the substantive OHCHR text actually read. No newer
+commencement instrument was recovered. A few recent secondary webpages
+and some subject-specific reports continue to cite the 2015 code as current;
+they cannot override the explicit status evidence without a later instrument.
+No current drug tariff is reconstructed from publication alone.
+
+## 2015 code: what was actually examined
+
+FAOLEX download failed in the shell, but the UNODC reproduction succeeded:
+**288 pages**, English Ministry of Justice edition. Read the foreword,
+Prelude, Articles **1–3**, the relevant definitions/trafficking provisions
+**376–381**, and the complete personal-use provisions **395–396**. Visually
+checked PDF **25**, printed **1**, which has both repeal language and
+**Article 3's Gazette-publication commencement condition**. No claim of
+reading all 288 pages is made.
+
+https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/penal-code_html/PENAL_CODE_ERITREA.pdf
+Original profile's FAOLEX copy remains a preserved bibliography entry:
+https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eri210565.pdf
+
+Fawzia Hashim's foreword is dated **15 May 2015**. It describes international
+specialists and an Eritrean law-reform committee, followed by consultation
+with judges, prosecutors, attorneys, lecturers and police. Keep the event
+at **2015**, publication year; do not use the foreword date as proven Gazette
+commencement. The foreword/Prelude explains the intention to incorporate
+customary principles and respond to newer offences, including narcotics.
+
+The personal-use clauses specify **6–12 months OR 20,001–50,000 nakfa**;
+these are the **published replacement's** provisions, not established current
+penalties. Article 377 includes giving and transferring within trafficking;
+Article 381 excludes merely buying for own use from complicity. Article 376
+leaves controlled substances and quantity definitions to separate Drug
+Offences Regulations, which were not recovered. Neither statute page alone
+establishes the operative cannabis schedule. The revised history article
+reports the code's content and its delayed implementation together.
+
+NATLEX record **101051** was read: catalogues the English expression as an
+unofficial translation and explicitly records absence of confirmed Gazette
+publication as at **September 2017**. This corroborates the publication issue
+but does not itself establish the situation in 2026.
+https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=101051
+
+## The Justice Ministry's download is the older code
+
+Read the ministry's laws page, followed its exact Penal Code link and
+retrieved the **295-page** document. It begins **The Penal Code of Ethiopia
+1957, Proclamation 158/1957**, not the 2015 text. The file name alone is
+ambiguous: local filename `ministry-code-2015.pdf` was the initial research
+label before the contents were checked and must not be read as its identity.
+
+https://mojeritrea.net/laws/
+https://mojeritrea.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Penal-Code.pdf
+
+Read the complete **Article 510**, visually checked **PDF pp. 164–165**.
+It covers unauthorised production/manufacture/transformation/import/export/
+transport/acquisition/receipt/storage/offering/distribution/procuring for
+another of poisons, drugs or narcotic substances. Its ordinary penalty is
+**simple imprisonment ≥3 months AND fine ≤20,000 historical dollars**;
+subsection 2 extends the same punishment to knowingly providing premises,
+even privately, for drug taking. Subsection 3 allows **rigorous imprisonment
+≤5 years AND fine ≤30,000 historical dollars** for organised/professional
+traffic or specified knowing supply/premises cases involving vulnerable
+people with the specified gain/improper-motive element. Article 105's
+ordinary simple-imprisonment range was also read. Do not invent current
+nakfa conversion or assume the original money amounts survive unchanged.
+
+The new 1991 article identifies that older text as the underlying system;
+it does not certify every current amendment or a modern cannabis-specific
+personal-possession tariff. It reports the prison minimum but omits old
+fine amounts and unsupported contemporary rates. The ministry's download
+is primary evidence of the text it publishes, not a complete modern
+consolidation or proof of every subsidiary control rule.
+
+## 1991 primary scan and numbering limit
+
+The ministry's page provides the exact **1991 proclamation 4** scan. Retrieved
+18 pages; native extraction generates malformed-stream errors and yields
+no useful legal text. Visually inspected cover **PDF p. 1**, dated
+15 [September] 1991, and final page **18**, an amendment page, with Tigrinya
+text. **No complete Tigrinya legal translation was performed.** The entry
+uses **1991**, not a day-specific commencement claim.
+
+https://mojeritrea.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/service-ll-lleritrea-eritrean-proc-4-1991-eritrean-proc-4-1991.pdf
+
+The English 2015 Prelude's number **3/1991** conflicts with the ministry's
+catalogue and the Law Library of Congress guide, which identifies the
+criminal transition as **4/1991** and civil procedure as **3/1991**. The LoC
+guide was found in indexed text, but the attempted download returned 403.
+Do not claim the guide's entire PDF was read. Avoid quoting a disputed
+proclamation number in the public story. The 1991 retention/amendment fact
+is independently described in the government's 2015 Prelude and its 2024
+working-law identification. The original amendment's treatment of Article
+510 remains a separate verification target.
+
+## Current profile correction and limits
+
+Removed current 2015-based penalty claims from all six segment explanations,
+including the supposed gift-equals-trafficking definition and the personal-use
+fine alternative. Replaced them with the working-law/status evidence, the
+older provision's actual verbs, and explicitly bounded uncertainty about
+current cannabis-specific tariffs and practice. The summary says the 2015
+penalties were awaiting enforcement in the dated official accounts.
+
+Read the complete **drugs section** of Canada's current Eritrea travel advice:
+warns of prison and heavy fines for illegal possession, use and trafficking.
+It supplies no cannabis-specific tariff and no frequency statistics. Also
+read Australia's corresponding section, which similarly warns of long prison
+sentences, but did not add it as a redundant citation. Do not import the
+separate general “serious crimes” death/corporal warning as a cannabis penalty.
+UK's current Eritrea safety page was read but contained no drug clause
+supporting a new drug claim.
+https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/eritrea
+https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/destinations/africa/eritrea
+
+Removed the optional **planting** and **clubs** classifications because their
+legal descriptions rested only on the uncommenced 2015 plant/supply rules.
+Other context statements from older secondary sources remain untouched and
+unverified by this batch. No medical programme, legal access, hemp exemption
+or lawful seed trade is inferred. Recreational/medical statuses and all six
+numerical scores are **preserved, not newly validated**. In particular,
+enforcement frequency, consumption's exact legal treatment and modern
+sharing classifications need a further scoring audit with operative laws
+and cases. No arbitrary replacement score or new historical step is invented.
+The estimated 1900–1920 first restriction remains inherited and unverified.
+
+## History and articles
+
… 24 more lines
docs/research/history-fiji-gap-2026-10-22.md +92 −0
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+# Fiji history gap — 22 October 2026
+
+## Result and boundaries
+
+Fiji began this pass with seven history entries and no articles. Added five entries and six articles: the 2004 drug law, the 2012 possession sentencing guidelines, the existing 2022 hemp amendment, the 2023 cultivation guidelines, a 2024 application reducing two sentences, and the signed October 2026 replacement drug law. All six new/revised entries have tags. Articles have four sections and 403–422 words.
+
+The current six numerical ratings, recreational/medical statuses and historical score vectors were preserved. This pass does not certify those ratings against a fully established October 2026 commencement position. The 1907 import-ban foundation and the 1938 entry were not revised. In particular, the existing 1907 date still needs comparison with the original ordinance rather than the publication date of a later legal review. No unsupported earlier score vector was invented.
+
+Read the current `docs/WRITING.md` and category rules. Single-case resentencing is `enforcement`; the 2012 non-custodial guideline is `easing`, explicitly unscored because a reliable earlier practice score was not established. The 2023 guidelines have mixed consequences: fewer-than-ten personal plants and a lesser role can attract a non-custodial/suspended sentence, while leaders in the largest band face a higher range than the older weight guideline. They are `other`. The 2004 and 2026 entries record signed legislation, with ministerial commencement clauses expressly identified; they do not date operative changes to the assent day. The 2026 mixed institutional/offence/diversion rewrite is `other`.
+
+## Primary records read
+
+### 2004 drug law
+
+Health Ministry PDF: <https://www.health.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Fiji-Illicit-Drug-Act-2004.pdf>.
+
+Downloaded `act-2004.pdf` and extracted text. Read the assent page, sections 1–5, 9–12, section 39 and the cannabis schedule entries; reviewed the arrangement for the investigation/search provisions used in the article and the relevant opening text. This is a selected-clause review, not a claim to have checked every investigation provision.
+
+- Assent **7 July 2004**; section 1(2) requires a ministerial Gazette commencement notice. The notice/date was not recovered. The new event says the law was signed and describes its terms conditionally where appropriate.
+- Sections 4 and 5 allow a maximum **FJ$1 million fine OR life imprisonment OR both**. Life is not mandatory. Section 5 expressly includes use and administration, not just possession. The profile's earlier claim that use was covered only through possession was corrected.
+- Supply includes giving, distribution, sale and offers. The statute gives possession and supply the same maximum. Seru paragraph 6 confirms that the earlier Sulua guideline had been applied across the listed verbs. Removed the profile's unsupported blanket assertion that the same bands always treated supply more seriously.
+- Section 11 exempts lawfully prescribed/supplied treatment and authorised professional activity. Its traveller clause covers up to one month's lawfully prescribed/supplied treatment for the person or someone in their care. This is statutory wording, not verification that any foreign cannabis prescription automatically satisfies Fiji's import/medicines requirements. No individual travel approval or operational patient programme was verified.
+- Section 39 replaces the corresponding parts of the old Dangerous Drugs Act, not necessarily that entire Act in 2004.
+
+### Possession guidelines dated 31 May 2012
+
+Original Sulua PacLII URLs were inaccessible (403 via local retrieval; unavailable in the browser search tool). They are **not** recorded as having been read. The accessible original **2023 Seru judgment** identifies Sulua v State [2012] FJCA 33 and its date at paragraph 6, describes the scope, and reproduces all four bands at paragraph 19. That later primary judicial record is the cited basis for the new 2012 entry and article.
+
+Bands reproduced in Seru: 0–100 g non-custodial, with suspended/short custody only in the worst cases; 100–1,000 g one to three years; 1,000–4,000 g three to seven; 4,000 g and above seven to fourteen. The source's boundaries overlap: no invented exclusive endpoint or automatic entitlement was added. The no-prison guideline is not decriminalisation. Removed a blanket statement that a conviction is always entered, since discharge with a warning is one of the stated outcomes. No account of Sulua's individual defendants or the original majority/dissent was published from unread secondary leads.
+
+### Cultivation judgment, 25 May 2023
+
+Original court PDF: <https://judiciary.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/25.05.2023_COA_Crim._AAU-115.2017_Jone-Seru-v-State_Judgment_Prematilaka-RJA.pdf>.
+
+Downloaded `seru-2023.pdf`, read paragraphs 1–56 and the relevant comparative passages; inspected rendered PDF pages 16–17, including the sentencing matrix on page 16. The appended case table was not independently verified case by case.
+
+- The Legal Aid Commission supplied 33 High Court examples. Paragraph 9 describes them as 2019–2022, but the appendix includes earlier sentencing dates. Published count only, with no invented uniform year range.
+- Weight of wet versus dried plants, roots and different judicial approaches drove the inconsistency. The judgment contrasts 196 plants/7 years 7 months with 46 plants/11 years 4½ months; these examples are attributed to the court's comparison, not independently re-researched convictions.
+- Plant categories: **100 or more; more than 50 but fewer than 100; 10–50; fewer than 10 for personal use without intended sale**. Leading/significant/lesser roles determine a second axis. Fewer than ten does not by itself guarantee a non-custodial outcome: that range belongs to the lesser-role cell.
+- The largest category/leading role has an **18-year starting point**, **16–20-year range**. Lesser role/smallest personal band runs from non-custodial to suspended sentence. These are guidelines with individual adjustments, not fixed statutory minima.
+- Seru grew 20 plants weighing 5.5 kg. His nine-year sentence stood. Paragraph 53 refers to an eight-year starting point although the table's corresponding cell says nine; the article does not repeat that discrepancy as a new rule.
+
+### Resentencing judgment, 30 May 2024
+
+Original court PDF: <https://judiciary.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/30.05.24-CA-Crim-AAU-0036.2017-AAU0093.2017-Kaoulia-and-Naqekeca-v.-The-State-Judgment.pdf>.
+
+Downloaded `kaoulia-2024.pdf`; read the opening facts, relevant conviction discussion and paragraphs 65–86/final orders. Inspected rendered PDF page 24. The heading spells the defendants **Waisake Kaloulia** and **Kaminieli Naqeleca**, while the file URL uses other spellings; articles follow the judgment's heading.
+
+- The police reported 484 seized plants; the analyst counted 208 complete plants because roots had been removed for transport during a seven-hour return trek. The court discusses that evidentiary difference. No choice of one count as an undisputed total was made.
+- Original sentences were **19 and 18 years**, after deductions from a 20-year calculation for pre-sentence custody. They were not both 20-year final sentences.
+- Revised terms: **15 and 14 years**, non-parole periods **11½ and 10½ years**, effective from 31 January 2017. Both convictions stood. This is one application of the newer guidelines to older appeals, not automatic mass resentencing or expungement.
+- Paragraph 72 reproduces Supreme Court commentary in Ratu: plant count should identify the category, with the nature/size and modest lack-of-sophistication allowance considered in adjustments. No independent new Ratu event was created without recovering that original judgment.
+
+### Hemp amendment signed 29 July 2022
+
+Original enacted two-page Act: <https://www.parliament.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Act-41-Illicit-Drugs-Control-Budget-Amendment.pdf>. Read both pages in extracted text and rendered images. Replaced Wikipedia and the profile's draft Bill citation with the enacted text.
+
+- Passed and signed **29 July 2022**. Section 1(2) requires commencement by a separate notice. The event's exact date is now the verified passage/assent date and its title says **approves**, not an assertion that the exemption commenced that day.
+- Schedule exclusion covers **hemp or plant parts derived from hemp at no more than 1% THC**. No blanket claim that all oils, resin or processed cannabinoid products are unrestricted was made.
+- Added section 32A places the burden on someone claiming hemp in a prosecution to prove the qualifying THC concentration.
+- Budget context was read in the official [15 July 2022 Hansard](https://www.parliament.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Daily-Hansard-Friday-15th-July-2022.pdf), at the Industrial Hemp Export Industry passage (`budget-2022.txt`, lines 1584–1605). Government proposed tested/conditional imports, FNU trials, UNODC cooperation, Canadian seeds and eventual distribution to farmers. Those are reported as plans, not verified deliveries or actual harvests. The speech says below 1%; the enacted law says not exceeding 1%, and the article explains that difference.
+- Search indexing of the official Laws of Fiji update tables identifies **1 August 2022, LN 100 of 2022**. The actual table PDFs now returned 404, so that is an **unread primary-source lead**, not a checked commencement finding. Downloaded Parliament's September 2022 `1Acts.pdf`; its row merely repeats commencement by notice. Do not use the neighbouring row's 1 August date as this Act's commencement. The original commencement notice remains a follow-up.
+
+### New law signed 2 October 2026
+
+Original enacted PDF: <https://www.parliament.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Act-32-Counter-Narcotics-Act-2026.pdf>.
+
+Downloaded all 172 pages and extracted text. Read the assent and commencement page, relevant interpretation/classification provisions, sections 73–79, diversion provisions 193–199, section 209, repeal/transitional sections 254–255 and the relevant Schedule 2/3/4 entries. This is a **selected-section review**, not a whole-Act audit. Inspected rendered PDF pages 13 and 53, confirming assent/commencement and the personal-use offence respectively.
+
+- Assent **2 October 2026**, Act 32. **Section 1(2) requires commencement dates appointed by ministerial Gazette notice. No such notice was verified through 22 October.** Do not treat this as proof that no notice exists. The article and profile state the commencement mechanism and the signed-law status; numerical ratings were not adjusted on an assumed operative date.
+- Current news reports describe passage on 1 October; Parliament's voting index also lists a 29 September item, which may concern the accelerated procedure. The signed Act resolves the assent date used here. No independent third-reading date/vote count was published from those conflicting references.
+- Section 79/Class C plant material: maximum **FJ$500 OR three months OR both**; court must avoid custody unless prior convictions or exceptional circumstances warrant it. This is not a mandatory three-month term or a decriminalised offence.
+- Section 77/Class C cultivation/supply: maximum **FJ$15 million OR 15 years OR both**. At **28 g or 100 cigarettes** of plant material, the Schedule 4 supply presumption can be rebutted. Cannabis preparations are separately Class B, with a different listed threshold; no assertion that every cannabis product has the plant-material ceiling.
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