Correct hemp exceptions and explain licensed production routes (#241, #250, #251, #252, #253, #257, #260, #261, #263, #264, #265, #266, #267, #270, #271)

medicalhemp

Since June 2021The verified production route covers licensed industrial hemp with no more, defined by CBD content greater than THC and a THC ceiling of 0.3% THC may be produced and processed. Licences are issued by the health ministry to companies only, for up to ten years, with separate[@hempact] The programme described in 2022 required corporate licences for growingproduction and for trade and processing, a minimum capital of 10 million drams and growing in greenhouses. Six; six companies held licences in January 2022that year. No cannabis with more THC may be produced.[@evn22]

hempact, evn22

Armenia — Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, official consolidation 11 unchanged

standard

Licensed industrial hemp must have CBD content greater than THC and no more than 0.3% THC in the sampled material.[@hempact] Companies may apply for industrial-hemp production and processing licences; this agricultural category is separate from psychoactive cannabis.[@hempact]

hempact

strictstandard

Hemp is grown underIndustrial hemp farming uses approved EU farm rules.[@cms] CBD products withvarieties at no more than 0.23% THC are sold openly.[@hemp2026] In Flanders, registered farmers must declare cultivation before sowing through the agricultural application; plants must grow outdoors in shopsthe ground, butwithout covers or containers.[@hemp2026] CBD products have separate rules: analyses of seized Belgian CBD samples treat anything aboveused a 0.2% total-THC as a narcotic; cutoff, while edibles and health claims sitfall outside the authorised categories.[@uliege]

cmshemp2026, uliege

medicalhemp

No licensed adult-use or general medical cultivation. HempThe verified growing route is grown underindustrial hemp of approved EU rulesvarieties at no more than 0.3% THC.[@hemp2026] Medical cannabis cultivation is prohibited; Flemish agricultural guidance also restricts using hemp harvests for human consumption without explicit federal authorisation.[@hemp2026]

cmshemp2026

Flemish Agriculture and Fisheries Agency — Hemp cultivation 2026 12 unchanged

Not allowed. Growing any amount of Unauthorised drug-cannabis cultivation remains a criminal offence.[@wiki,tni] Industrial hemp is a separate registered commercial crop under the hemp regulations, with a 0.3% THC ceiling in the 2020 consolidation.[@hemp_regs]

wiki, tni, hemp_regs

Belize — Misuse of Drugs (Industrial Hemp) Regulations 2019, original gazette reproduction 7 unchanged

standard

Industrial hemp may contain no more than 0.3% THC under the 2020 amended regulations.[@hemp_regs] Commercial growers and processors must register their activities and fields or facilities with the agricultural authorities; a growing field must be at least one acre.[@hemp_original] Movement requires a permit, and research on industrial hemp has a separate licence.[@hemp_original]

hemp_regs, hemp_original

Up to 20 plants may be grown exclusively for personal use are. The written rules explicitly exempt this autocultivo from licensing and state quotas; the harvest, seeds, plants and derivatives may not be sold or given to a crime, confirmed by thethird party.[@d811] The Supreme Court also confirmed in 2015. No licence or registration is needed — one of the most generous home that up to twenty personal-grow allowances anywhere, though it rests on case law rather than a statute granting a rightuse plants did not constitute the cultivation crime.[@cr]

idpcd811, cr

Growing even one plantnarcotic cannabis illegally is a criminal offence, regardless of purpose. Section; section 188 of the Penal Code punishes illegal growing of cannabis withprovides a fine or up to five years in prison.[@narko,cann] EU-listed industrial hemp varieties with no more than 0.3% THC may be grown for agriculture. Growing cannabis to manufacture a narcotic substance, including for medical use, remains prohibited.[@ravim]

narko, cann, ravim

The State AgencyAgricultural hemp of Medicines states thatEU-listed varieties at no more than 0.3% THC is permitted, but growing cannabis in order to makemanufacture a narcotic substance, including for medical use, is prohibited.[@ravim] Extracting CBD also produces controlled THC, so extraction is limited to legally authorised purposes; medicinal production requires a medicines-manufacturing licence.[@ravim]

standard

EU-listed hemp varieties with no more than 0.3% THC may be grown for agriculture.[@ravim] CBD may be extracted from compliant hemp, but any narcotic THC obtained during extraction remains controlled.[@ravim]

ravim

strictstandard

IndustrialAgricultural hemp varieties eligible for support may be grown under strict rules withcontain no more than 0.23% THC. Growers must use certified seed of approved EU-listed varieties, declare their fields and seed details, and retain seed labels for inspection.[@mfihemp2026] Fields are selected for THC sampling and laboratory testing.[@hemp2026] CBD is controlled by Fimea as a prescription medicine, and no CBD extract has novel-food authorisation, so foods and supplements with CBD may not be marketed.[@mfi,ruoka]

hemp2026, mfi, ruoka

Finnish Food Authority — Subsidy-eligible hemp cultivation 2026, 30 March 2026 15 unchanged

GBP

label 16.15 g import in 2025 · treatment criminal · prison 12 months · fine 1000 · note Twelve-month sentence suspended for two years, label Importing up to 2 kg, guideline · treatment criminal · prison 3 years · note Starting point; up to 21 years available

nonemedical

No commercialGuernsey has a medicinal cannabis production for adult usecultivation licensing route overseen through its Cannabis Agency. Licensed routes exist only for importing[@industry2026] In March 2026 the economic-development committee described its work on revised cultivation licensing with Health & Social Care. It reported limited business interest and dispensing prescribed medicinesa costly process requiring sustained investment to meet regulatory requirements.[@industry2026]

mhcindustry2026

States of Guernsey — Committee for Economic Development letter, 12 March 2026 8 unchanged

medicalnone

IndustrialOrdinary farming is limited to listed low-THC hemp onlyvarieties grown from certified seed.[@d162] Section 13 separately permits licensed organisations to breed, conduct cultivation and variety experiments, grow high-THC cannabis for science, produce seed and preserve genetic material. These activities require the public-health authority’s activity licence and, where specified, a separate experimental permit.[@d162]

wikid162

Cultivation isUnauthorised narcotic cannabis cultivation remains a crime.[@lib] Compliant fibre hemp is lawful, including tightly regulated garden cultivation on up to 0.1 ha at no more than twenty plants per 100 m².[@hempguide]

lib, hempguide

IndustrialCompliant fibre hemp onlyhas an agricultural growing and processing route.[@hempguide] Separately, the medicines agency provides licences to manufacture medicinal products containing Schedule I substances; applicants need a pharmaceutical manufacturing licence and the additional controlled-substance licence.[@manufacture] This medicines route is distinct from the fibre-hemp rules for fields and gardens.[@hempguide,manufacture]

libhempguide, manufacture

Lithuanian State Medicines Control Agency — controlled-medicine manufacturing licences 13 unchanged

standard

Fibre hemp uses approved catalogue varieties at no more than 0.3% THC and certified seed.[@hempcurrent,hempguide] It may also be grown among or beside garden plants on up to 0.1 ha, with at most twenty plants per 100 m², notification and seed-label requirements, and no marketing of garden-grown products.[@hempguide]

hempcurrent, hempguide

Growing any number of plants is a criminal offence. Section 256 of the Criminal Law punishes unauthorisedUnauthorised sowing or growing of plants containing narcotic substances withplants is criminal under section 256: up to two years in prison, short-term detention, probation, community service or a fine, and up to five years for a large area grown by an organised group.[@kl] Outdoor sowing hemp for industry and gardening is permitted under Article 6(2); Article 7 separately permits authorised research cultivation.[@control]

kl, control

Industrial and garden sowing hemp onlymay be grown outdoors under Article 6(2). Fibre hemp returned to Latvian fields in 2009[@control] Separately, when the first hundred hectares were sown; growers have been mistakenState Agency of Medicines may permit controlled-plant cultivation for drug producersmedical or veterinary scientific research, as in 2018chemical and physical analysis, when police pulled up a pensioner's 363 plants and later apologisededucation under Article 7.[@control] This research route does not establish an operating patient-supply industry.[@control]

wiki, lvp10, lsm21control

Latvia — Law on legal circulation of controlled substances, current consolidation Latvian Ministry of Agriculture — Agriculture in Latvia 2024, September 2025 21 unchanged

standard

Sowing hemp may be grown for industry and gardening in open fields; indoor growing and greenhouses are excluded.[@control] Industrial growers use certified EU-listed seed or officially tested conservation-variety seed. The agriculture ministry describes this crop under the below-0.3% THC standard.[@control,agriculture2024]

control, agriculture2024

medicalnone

The law provides for authorised medical growingdocumented industrial-hemp project ended when its authorisation was withdrawn on 25 February 2020, and African Seeds received permissionafter the producers sought changes to the agreed conditions.[@hemp2020] The project had been authorised in 2017 for a supervised industriallow-hemp projectTHC crop intended for medical exports.[@law,hemp2019] In February 2020 the drug office withdrew the authorisation after the producers sought changes to the agreed terms, andThe reviewed sources identify no current licensed replacement cannabis-production was found inpermission; Article 9 of the sources reviewed2001 law prohibits cannabis cultivation.[@law,hemp2020]

lawhemp2020, hemp2019, hemp2020law

Illegal, yet charas is widely used and largely tolerated in parts of the country. A regulatory authorityThe cannabis regulator publishes licence categories and application requirements for medicalmedicinal cultivation, extraction, manufacturing and industrial cannabis was created in 2024hemp.

A Cannabis ControlThe cannabis regulator now publishes an application route for industrial-hemp cultivation, controlled and Regulatory Authority was created in 2024 to licenseopen-field medicinal cannabis cultivation, extraction, pharmaceutical manufacturing and processing for medicalresearch.[@ccra_scope] Applicants must meet tax, police-clearance, financial, technical and industrial purposessite-security requirements; the framework is still being builtforeign investors need a Pakistani joint-venture partner holding at least 51%.[@ccra_scope] Cultivation-only applicants may apply as individuals, while other activities have their own documentary requirements.[@ccra_scope]

wikiccra_scope

Pakistan Cannabis Control and Regulatory Authority — licence eligibility and scope 9 unchanged

nonemedical

None; the law has no hempThe health minister may license public or private institutions to grow otherwise prohibited plants and import plants or seeds for medical exemptionand scientific purposes under Article 3.[@dl18] The permission depends on the institution’s work and compliance with licence conditions; the minister must revoke a licence if those conditions are broken.[@dl18]

amenddl18

No medicalMedical and scientific activities require authorisation under the drug law, including institutional cultivation licences under Article 3.[@dl18] The reviewed sources do not document an operating cannabis patient-supply programme.[@dl18]

amenddl18

medicalhemp

LicensedAgriculture permits allow hemp cultivation is allowed for fibre, animal-feed seed, propagation and specified processing and seed activities under Article 60.[@zpks] Varieties capable of exceeding 0.3% THC are prohibited by Article 58.[@zpks] The agriculture permit rules require registered varieties below 0.3% THC and a permit for one production year. Unauthorised psychoactive cannabis cultivation and drug production carry separate prison ranges[@hemp13] Research possession is separately subject to ministerial approval under Article 36.[@zpks]

zpks, hemp13, code