Cannabis Freedom Index

Changelog 75a728d

Correct Italy's drug-driving claim, New Zealand's hemp law, Botswana's Cannabis Act date and the EU club claim

- Italy (#124): the consequences section no longer says a positive test is enough; it follows the Constitutional Court's Judgment 10/2026, as the driving section already did. - New Zealand (#125): cultivation, production, products and seeds now state the 28 May 2026 hemp reform (low-THC hemp grown on notice to Police and MPI; import and export still licensed). Seeds move to licence-only, regulated sale; the cultivation score is unchanged, as hemp is outside it. New unscored history entry, left unchecked: the official pages could not be opened from here. - Botswana (#126): the Cannabis Act's scored step moves from assent (17 October 2025) to the commencement of its licensing and possession parts (22 December 2025, S.I. 162/2025); the entry, article and profile name both commencement stages. - 13 European profiles (#127): the claim that clubs are prohibited throughout the EU is replaced by each country's own position and a dated note on Malta's and Germany's licensed associations, citing their laws. - scripts/profile-claims.test.mjs: these sentences must not come back; it runs with the answers test before every deploy. Two new rules in docs/DATA-MAINTENANCE.md: date a law by commencement, and never state a region's law in one country's profile. Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_015PFhJhHBpXsnUocs8vvYAd

1 history entry added1 history entry edited16 country profiles edited1 article edited4 files of code, design or docs +321 −85 lines

History changes.yaml

Added 1

Edited 1

Botswana's Cannabis Act takes effect, legalising cannabis under licence

date

2025-1012-1722

title

Botswana legalises's Cannabis Act takes effect, legalising cannabis under licence

description

The Cannabis Act allows cannabis for medical, scientific, research and industrial purposes within a licensing system. It received assent on 17 October 2025 but took effect in two stages: the regulator and its board on 12 December (Parts I–V, S.I. 157/2025), and the licences, supply to patients and lawful possession on 22 December (Parts VI–XIII, S.I. 162/2025). Regulations followed in 2026. Recreational use stayed illegal.

sources

Botswana Attorney General's Chambers — Act 20 of 2025 (Cannabis Act) commencement record (S.I. 157/2025 and 162/2025) 2 unchanged

Countries and states 16 files

Bulgaria countries/bg.yaml

context › clubs › text

No clubs are known. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried out in 2018 and … tact with people in the field, that there did not seem to be any active club in Bulgaria. The model is prohibited throughout the European UnionNo law in Bulgaria provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 17 unchanged

Botswana countries/bw.yaml

context › medical › text

Cannabis is legal for medicinal, scientific, research and industrial purposes within the licensed framework of the Cannabis Act 2025. Recreational use remains illegal. The act received assent in October 2025; its licensing, patient-supply and possession provisions (Parts VI–XIII) took effect on 22 December 2025.

context › medical › sources

ca25, ca25_commence

sources

Botswana Attorney General's Chambers — Act 20 of 2025 (Cannabis Act) commencement record 10 unchanged

Denmark countries/dk.yaml

context › clubs › text

No club is confirmed. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried out in 2018 and 2019 received no answer from Denmark but, because of contradictory sources, could not rule out that clubs were active there. The model is prohibited throughout the European UnionNo law in Denmark provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 13 unchanged

Estonia countries/ee.yaml

context › clubs › text

No club is confirmed. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried out in 2018 and 2019 received no answer from Estonia but, because of contradictory sources, could not rule out that clubs were active there. The model is prohibited throughout the European UnionNo law in Estonia provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 11 unchanged

Greece countries/gr.yaml

context › clubs › text

No club is confirmed. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried out in 2018 and 2019 received no answer from Greece but, because of contradictory sources, could not rule out that clubs were active there. The model is prohibited throughout the European UnionNo law in Greece provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 12 unchanged

Croatia countries/hr.yaml

context › clubs › text

No clubs are known. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried out in 2018 and 2019 found, after online searches and contact with people in the field, that there did not seem to be any active club in Croatia. The model is prohibited throughout the European UnionNo law in Croatia provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 16 unchanged

Hungary countries/hu.yaml

context › clubs › text

Clubs exist without any legal basis. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried … in Hungary, and its authors could not say how many more were active. The study notes that the model is prohibited throughout the European Union, that clubs sit in a legally sensitive position, and that many have been dissolved after court decisions or police raids. No law in Hungary provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 10 unchanged

Ireland countries/ie.yaml

context › clubs › text

Clubs exist without any legal basis. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried … in Ireland, and its authors could not say how many more were active. The study notes that the model is prohibited throughout the European Union, that clubs sit in a legally sensitive position, and that many have been dissolved after court decisions or police raids. No law in Ireland provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 16 unchanged

Italy countries/it.yaml

context › consequences › text

The sanction for users is itself a civil consequence: loss of a driving licence, passport or residence-permit eligibility for months. Drug-driving rules were tightened in 2024 so that aA positive drug test is enoughcan also end in a criminal drug-driving case, without proofbut not by itself: since the Constitutional Court's January 2026 ruling the substance must be found close to the time of impairmentdriving in a kind and amount able to impair a driver (see Driving).

context › consequences › sources

dpnsee, giq, cc10

Lithuania countries/lt.yaml

context › clubs › text

No clubs are known. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried out in 2018 and … act with people in the field, that there did not seem to be any active club in Lithuania. The model is prohibited throughout the European UnionNo law in Lithuania provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 9 unchanged

Latvia countries/lv.yaml

context › clubs › text

No clubs are known. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried out in 2018 and 2019 found, after online searches and contact with people in the field, that there did not seem to be any active club in Latvia. The model is prohibited throughout the European UnionNo law in Latvia provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 18 unchanged

New Zealand countries/nz.yaml

segments › cultivation › text

Growing any cannabis plant is a criminal offence, with up to seven years on indictment. The one exception is low-THC hemp, at most 1% THC by dry weight: since 28 May 2026 it may be grown without a licence for specified purposes, such as breeding, making hemp products or supplying the medicinal scheme, after notifying both Police and the Ministry for Primary Industries, and a notification lasts a year. It gives no right to grow cannabis to use.

segments › cultivation › sources

hemp_regs, police_hemp, pmcsa

context › production › text

Since April 2020 the Medicinal Cannabis Scheme licenses commercial cultivation and manufacture forof medicinal use onlycannabis. Since 28 May 2026 low-THC hemp (at most 1% THC) may be grown, processed and supplied within New Zealand without a licence for specified purposes, after the grower notifies Police and the Ministry for Primary Industries. Importing and exporting hemp plants and seed still needs a licence.

context › production › sources

pmcsa, ref, hemp_regs, moh_hemp

context › products › text

Prescription flower and oils that meet the scheme's quality standard. Otherwise only hemp products made from low-THC plants, such as seed and fibre products; nothing elsenot every use of hemp flowers or extracts is allowed.

context › products › sources

pmcsa, moh_hemp

context › planting › seeds

illegallicensed

context › planting › seeds trade

bannedregulated

context › planting › text

New Zealand Police list cannabis seed and cannabis plant as Class C controlled drugs. Poss … cultivating the plant up to seven years, and supplying a Class C drug up to eight years. The exception is low-THC hemp: since 28 May 2026 seed of hemp plants may be held, sown and supplied within New Zealand for the permitted hemp purposes, the growing after notifying Police and the Ministry for Primary Industries, while importing or exporting it still needs a licence. Seeds and plants of any other cannabis remain illegal.

context › planting › sources

police, hemp_regs, police_hemp

sources

New Zealand Legislation — Misuse of Drugs Amendment Regulations 2026 (SL 2026/85), in force 28 May 2026 NZ Ministry of Health — Hemp New Zealand Police — Cultivating hemp 13 unchanged

Portugal countries/pt.yaml

context › clubs › text

The sources disagree. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried out in 2018 an … id police attention. The authorities have not endorsed the clubs' reading of the law, and the model is prohibited throughout the European Unionno law in Portugal provides for them. Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, giq24, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 14 unchanged

Romania countries/ro.yaml

context › clubs › text

Clubs exist without any legal basis. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried … in Romania, and its authors could not say how many more were active. The study notes that the model is prohibited throughout the European Union, that clubs sit in a legally sensitive position, and that many have been dissolved after court decisions or police raids. No law in Romania provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 11 unchanged

Sweden countries/se.yaml

context › clubs › text

No clubs are known. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried out in 2018 and 2019 found, after online searches and contact with people in the field, that there did not seem to be any active club in Sweden. The model is prohibited throughout the European UnionNo law in Sweden provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 9 unchanged

Slovenia countries/si.yaml

context › clubs › text

Clubs exist without any legal basis. A Europe-wide survey of cannabis social clubs carried … n Slovenia, and its authors could not say how many more were active. The study notes that the model is prohibited throughout the European Union, that clubs sit in a legally sensitive position, and that many have been dissolved after court decisions or police raids. No law in Slovenia provides for them; Malta (since 2021) and Germany (since 2024) license non-profit cannabis associations, but only under their own laws. Nothing more recent was found.

context › clubs › sources

pardal20, de_cang, mt_cap628

sources

Bundesgesundheitsministerium — FAQ zum Cannabisgesetz (non-profit cultivation associations, since 2024) Malta — Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Act (Cap. 628), licensing non-profit cannabis associations since 2021 11 unchanged

Articles and atlas entries 1

botswana-cannabis-act-2025 articles/botswana-cannabis-act-2025.md

text

Botswana's Cannabis Act received assent on 17 October 2025 and took effect that December. It allows cannabis to be grown, processed, stored, traded, imported and exported, but on … nabinoids. "Industrial purposes" means uses that do not produce psychoactive effects. ## Still waiting TheAssent, then commencement Assent did not make anything legal yet: the act takes effect on a datedates the minister sets by notice in the *Gazette*, and it came in two steps. Parts I to V, which set up the Authority and its board, commenced on 12 December 2025 (S.I. 157/2025). Parts VI to XIII commenced on 22 December 2025 (S.I. 162/2025): among them Part VIII, which holds the licensing provisions (sections 34 to 48) and lets licensed health professionals supply cannabis medicines to patients, and Part XI, which says who may lawfully possess cannabis. Only from that day was there a lawful route. In [January 2026](/history/botswana-industrial-cannabis-regulations-2026/) the government … one without a licence, in [Botswana](/country/bw/) cannabis remains as illegal as it was.

sources

Botswana Attorney General's Chambers — Act 20 of 2025 (Cannabis Act) commencement record 1 unchanged

Code, design and documents 4 files

.github/workflows/deploy.yml +3 −2
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/configure-pages@v6
       - run: npm ci
-      # Every profile's quick answers ("Can I carry it?") against its own text: a contradiction
-      # stops the deploy instead of going live (scripts/answers.test.mjs).
+      # Every profile's quick answers ("Can I carry it?") against its own text, and no sentence
+      # known to be false (scripts/answers.test.mjs, scripts/profile-claims.test.mjs): a failure
+      # stops the deploy instead of going live.
       - run: npm run answers:test
       # The social preview images (one per page) take minutes to draw and rarely change. Each is

docs/DATA-MAINTENANCE.md +11 −0
@@ -670,4 +670,15 @@ node scripts/data-status.cjs chain de     # one country's full timeline
 ## Rules learned the hard way
 
+- **Date a law by when it took effect, not when it was signed.** Assent, promulgation and
+  publication are not commencement. Botswana's Cannabis Act was scored on its assent (17 October
+  2025) although the parts that allow anything commenced on 22 December. Look for the
+  commencement notice or statutory instrument; if the law took effect in stages, date the scored
+  entry by the stage that changes what people may do, and mention the earlier dates in its
+  description.
+- **Never state a whole region's law in one country's profile.** "The model is prohibited
+  throughout the European Union" sat in 13 profiles, copied from a 2018–2019 study, and was
+  false once Malta and Germany licensed associations. Say what the country's own law does; date
+  any comparison. `scripts/profile-claims.test.mjs` keeps a list of such sentences that must not
+  come back.
 - **Never trust a search summary for a fact you will mark as checked.** One summary attributed
   Bosnia's December 2025 medical approval to Kosovo; others invented sentence lengths or dates.

package.json +1 −1
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@
     "books:test": "node --test scripts/books-status.test.cjs",
     "history:test": "node --test scripts/history-scope.test.cjs",
-    "answers:test": "node --test scripts/answers.test.mjs",
+    "answers:test": "node --test scripts/answers.test.mjs scripts/profile-claims.test.mjs",
     "articles:backlog": "node scripts/article-backlog.cjs",
     "scores:triage": "node scripts/score-triage.cjs",

scripts/profile-claims.test.mjs +32 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Sentences found to be false in the profiles and the history, which must not come back: copied
+// from an old source, or left behind when the law changed. Each names where it was reported.
+// Add one whenever a factual error turns out to be a phrase that was repeated across files.
+//   node --test scripts/profile-claims.test.mjs
+import { test } from "node:test";
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import fs from "node:fs";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
+
+const root = path.join(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), "..");
+const walk = (dir) => fs.readdirSync(dir, { withFileTypes: true }).flatMap((e) =>
+  e.isDirectory() ? walk(path.join(dir, e.name)) : /\.(ya?ml|md)$/.test(e.name) ? [path.join(dir, e.name)] : []);
+const files = [...walk(path.join(root, "countries")), ...walk(path.join(root, "articles")), path.join(root, "changes.yaml")];
+// folded YAML breaks sentences across lines, so compare with the whitespace flattened
+const texts = files.map((file) => [path.relative(root, file), fs.readFileSync(file, "utf8").replace(/\s+/g, " ")]);
+
+const CLAIMS = [
+  // Malta (2021) and Germany (2024) license non-profit associations: issue #127
+  { claim: /prohibited throughout the European Union/i, why: "clubs are not prohibited EU-wide: Malta and Germany license associations (#127)" },
+  // Italy's 2024 drug-driving reform as read by the Constitutional Court, Judgment 10/2026: issue #124
+  { claim: /positive test is enough, without proof of impairment/i, why: "since Judgment 10/2026 a positive test alone is not enough in Italy (#124)" },
+  // New Zealand allows notified low-THC hemp growing since 28 May 2026: issue #125
+  { claim: /Growing any cannabis plant is a criminal offence/i, only: "countries/nz.yaml", why: "New Zealand allows notified hemp growing since May 2026 (#125)" },
+];
+
+test("no profile, article or history entry repeats a sentence known to be false", () => {
+  const found = CLAIMS.flatMap(({ claim, only, why }) => texts
+    .filter(([file, text]) => (!only || file === only) && claim.test(text))
+    .map(([file]) => `${file}: ${why}`));
+  assert.deepEqual(found, []);
+});

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