The story · written by gpt-6.1-sol-medium,
Herer’s discussion of school urine testing raises a freedom question beyond possession: whether access to an activity can depend on submitting to a drug test.
On 26 June 1995, the Supreme Court upheld Vernonia’s testing policy for student athletes. The school’s laboratory screened for marijuana, cocaine and amphetamines. A confirmed positive could lead to an assistance programme or suspension from athletics.
The decision’s scope was narrower than all extracurricular activities. The Court warned against assuming that suspicionless testing would be constitutional in other contexts; Justice Ginsburg’s concurrence emphasised voluntary participation in interscholastic athletics.
We record the ruling as unscored context on the US timeline. The index’s six segments measure adult personal cannabis freedom, so this school policy alone does not justify changing them.
A later ruling, Earls in 2002, upheld testing beyond athletics. That later extension should not be attributed to the 1995 holding.[1][2]
Listed for context. No score change is recorded for United States here.
References
- US Supreme Court — Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646 (1995)Opinion, parts I.B and VI; Ginsburg concurrencearchived
- The Emperor Wears No Clothes (supplied EPUB, edition unspecified)Jack Herer · Chapter 14, Privacy is a Right and Inaccurate Urine Testing; split_010.htm
Checked. The date and the event were compared with a source that was read.