Culture sections: Reunion zamal, Rif kif, Rwanda injaga

The Economic Significance of Cannabis sativa in the Moroccan Rif 11 unchanged

The Rif’s kif economy is also its culture: cannabis ranks with the region’s chief cash crops, smoked as a work stimulant that violates no religious sanction.[@joseph75] The [sebsi pipe](/culture/traditions/kif-and-the-sebsi/) and the word [kif](/culture/language/kif/) belong to Berber men of middle age and older — an establishment habit, not rebellion — with no ritual or Sufi blessing attached; the 1959 growers’ confrontation with the government is part of the same story, see [the 1959 confrontation](/history/morocco-kif-cultivators-1959-confrontation/).[@joseph75]

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Zamal — the local name, apparently of Malagasy origin though absent from present-day Malagasy — probably arrived with enslaved Malagasy; the word jamala appears in Drury’s 1729 vocabulary, and the term seems to have been rediffused to Madagascar through Réunion immigration.[@benoist] It is smoked at Malagasy-descended feasts and by Tamil priests as ciga in possession rites, while countryside smokers prepare pressed honey-and-alcohol cigars — see [zamal](/culture/language/zamal/) and [zamal on Réunion](/culture/traditions/zamal-on-reunion/).[@benoist]

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The Social and Cultural Context of Cannabis Use in Rwanda 9 unchanged

In Rwanda cannabis is [injaga](/culture/language/injaga/), and in 1959–1960 its use was virtually confined to Twa men, who smoked it in the urumogi gourd water-pipe with the expectation — shared by users and onlookers — that strong doses produce violence, an expectation that helped keep the other 99 percent away — see [the Twa-confinement findings](/history/rwanda-twa-cannabis-confinement-1960/).[@codere75]

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