Cannabis Freedom Index

Changelog 8566f8a

Extend Tajikistan history and replace outdated drug penalties

6 history entries added2 history entries edited1 country profile edited3 articles written1 article edited1 file of code, design or docs +690 −116 lines

History changes.yaml

Added 6

Edited 2

Tajikistan adopts a drug law linking licensing, policing and treatment

title

Tajikistan passes its narcoticsadopts a drug law linking licensing, policing and treatment

description

Law 873 on narcotic drugsTajikistan adopted its general drug law under President Emomali Rakhmonov, psychotropic substances and precursors set statewith commencement to follow official publication.[@1] In the later consolidated text, licensed research institutions alone could grow drug policy after independence-containing plants for scientific purposes, non-prescribed use was prohibited, and treatment and registration followed separate rules.[@1] The statute operated alongside the Criminal Code punishes trafficking withintroduced in 1998 and without intent to sellwas amended again in February 2026.[@2,3]

sources

Tajikistan Drug Control Agency — drug law consolidated through 2019 Tajikistan — Criminal Code, consolidated through 17 December 2025, WIPO Lex Tajikistan Justice Ministry — drug-law amendments of 16 February 2026 Council of Europe Pompidou Group — Tajikistan: drug situation and drug policy Закон Республики Таджикистан № 873 «О наркотических средствах, психотропных веществах и прекурсорах», 10 December 1999 (National Legislation Centre)

tags

patients, treatment, police-powers

unscored

Adoption of the general control law; later consolidated wording is identified explicitly, and no original 1999 possession penalty or new patient-cannabis route is inferred.

related

tajikistan-criminal-code-1998, tajikistan-drug-law-amendment-2026

Tajikistan comes under Soviet restrictions on growing Indian hemp

date

19341935

title

TheTajikistan comes under Soviet banrestrictions on growing cannabis covers TajikistanIndian hemp

description

TheA Soviet Union prohibited the unauthorised cultivation ofdecree restricted Indian-hemp sowing from 1935, allowing crops intended exclusively for medical and the opium poppyscientific needs. Tajikistan[@1] Unauthorised sowing was a Soviet republicto bring criminal responsibility and compulsory confiscation of the crop, and republics were directed to amend their criminal codes.[@1] The decree had been signed on 27 October 1934.[@1]

sources

USSR — prohibition of opium-poppy and Indian-hemp sowing, 27 October 1934 Wikipedia — Cannabis in Russia

tags

home-growing, hemp, eradication

related

tajikistan-criminal-code-1998, tajikistan-narcotics-law-1999

Countries and states 1 file

Tajikistan countries/tj.yaml

summary

UpPersonal possession and unauthorised growing remain criminal. The code’s lowest quantity bands allow a fine or up to fivetwo years in prison, with longer terms for personal-use quantities; long sentences for cultivationlarger amounts and traffickingaggravated cases.

segments › possession › text

Illegal. In the English translation of the Criminal Code read for this profilecode’s lowest quantity band, Article 201 punishes illegally buying or keeping narcotics,unlawful possession without the aimintent to supply carries a fine of selling, with100–500 calculation units or up to fivetwo years in prison, and. The next band carries two to five years; aggravated or larger cases carry five to teneight or eight to twelve years for a large amount. The translation is an older text; later amendments were not checked.[@code]

segments › possession › sources

cccode

segments › cultivation › text

Article 204 of the Criminal Code,Unauthorised cultivation in the translation read, punishes illegally plantinglowest plant-count band carries a fine of 200–500 calculation units or growing plants that contain narcotics with fiveup to tentwo years in prison, and ten. The next band carries two to fifteen forfive years; aggravated or larger grows carry five to eight or eight to twelve years. The code refers to a field of more than 0separate plant-count list.10 hectares. A UN report for 2006 counted about 31 hectares of wild cannabis and just over one hectare of illicit cultivation, most of it for personal use.[@code]

segments › cultivation › sources

cc, wikicode

segments › enforcement › text

Tajikistan sitsThe Criminal Code permits prison for personal possession even in its lowest quantity band.[@code] A 2010 review involving officials and civil society criticised enforcement driven by arrest and conviction targets and called for greater focus on the main trafficking route from Afghanistan,dealers and its drug laws are applied harshly, including against small-scale userslarger supply networks.[@reform]

segments › enforcement › sources

osfcode, reform

segments › sharing › text

Article 200 of the Criminal CodeThe drug law defines supply to another person to include gifts, in the translation readexchanges, punishes selling narcotics, or making, buying or keeping them in orderdebt payments and loans as well as sales.[@law] The Criminal Code’s supply tiers run from up to sell, with five to ten years in prison for small amountsthe lowest quantity band to five–eight, eight–twelve and twelve to fifteen for large amounts. Its heaviest tier names fifteen to –twenty years or death; that wording comes from an older text and was not checked against the code in forcelarger or aggravated cases.[@code]

segments › sharing › sources

cclaw, code

segments › consumption › text

Use leadsThe drug law prohibits use without a doctor’s prescription and provides for medical examination where there are sufficient grounds to suspect unlawful use. It requires registration of people diagnosed with dependence and people found to have used drugs unlawfully. Voluntary treatment and compulsory treatment are governed separately.[@law]

segments › consumption › sources

osflaw

segments › access › text

None: the Criminal Code punishesUnlawful buying and keeping narcotics as well as selling themholding for personal use are criminal offences, and supply is punished separately.[@code] Lawful controlled-drug activities are licensed; scientific cultivation is reserved for licensed research institutions.[@law]

segments › access › sources

cccode, law

context › production › text

NoneScientific cultivation of drug-containing plants is reserved for licensed research institutions. Manufacture and production of controlled drugs are subject to licensing and state quotas.[@law] Unauthorised production is covered by the Criminal Code’s personal-use or supply offences, depending on intent.[@code]

context › production › sources

wikilaw, code

context › products › text

NoneThe Criminal Code separates personal possession from possession intended for supply and refers to a quantity annex for the different controlled substances. Its cultivation offence refers to a separate plant-count list.[@code] The drug law governs licensed controlled-drug production and distribution.[@law]

context › products › sources

wikicode, law

context › medical › text

The retained sources do not establish whether adrug law provides licensed medical cannabis programme operateshandling of controlled drugs and reserves scientific growing for licensed research institutions. It also prohibits non-prescribed use and regulates prescribing through the health ministry.[@law]

context › medical › sources

law

context › consequences › text

Registered users face restrictionsThe drug law requires registration after a finding of unlawful drug use and police attentionprovides follow-up observation after treatment for dependence.[@law] A 2010 review criticised discrimination in employment and family rights and weaknesses in patient confidentiality, recommending reforms to protect people who use drugs.[@reform]

context › consequences › sources

osflaw, reform

context › planting › text

Under the 1999 narcotics law, cultivating narcotic-containing plants is a state monopoly. Article 9 allows it only for scientific purposes, by licensed research institutions. The drug law defines cultivation as sowing and growing controlled plants and does not mention seedsreserves scientific cultivation for licensed research institutions.[@law] The Criminal Code penalises unauthorised growing in plant-count bands, including a fine or up to two years in prison in the lowest band.[@code]

context › planting › sources

l873law, code

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreational supplyUnlawful acquisition and possession for anyone. Acquiring or storing drugs in personal- use quantitiescan bring a fine or prison, and supply carries up to five years inseparate prison under Articles 200 to 204 ofpenalties.[@code] Lawful controlled-drug trade is licensed; the Criminal CodeFebruary 2026 amendment requires authorising documents for imports and exports.[@law,amend26]

context › visitors › sources

wikicode, law, amend26

context › clubs › text

No cannabis clubs are known, andGiving drugs to another person falls within the drug law leaves no room’s definition of supply.[@law] Organising or maintaining premises for them: growing cannabis and supplying itdrug consumption carries three to another person are both prohibitedfive years in prison, rising to five to ten in aggravated cases.[@code]

context › clubs › sources

wikilaw, code

sources

Tajikistan — Criminal Code, consolidated through 17 December 2025, WIPO Lex ROST — analysis of Tajikistan’s drug-policy legislation Tajikistan Drug Control Agency — drug law consolidated through 2019 Tajikistan Justice Ministry — drug-law amendments of 16 February 2026 Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan, articles 200–204, unofficial English translation (Legislationline text, copy held by Antislaverylaw.ac.uk, PDF) Закон Республики Таджикистан № 873 «О наркотических средствах, психотропных веществах и прекурсорах», 10 December 1999, current text (National Legislation Centre) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Tajikistan Open Society Foundations — Tajikistan drug law fact sheet (PDF) 1 unchanged

Articles and atlas entries 4

tajikistan-narcotics-law-1999 articles/tajikistan-narcotics-law-1999.md

text

Tajikistan's Law No. 873 built adopted a national control system for narcotic drugs after independence. It put lawful circulation under state control, restricted cultivation to licensed research, and expressly prohibited nongeneral drug-prescribed consumption. ## A post-Soviet control law President Emomali Rahmonov signed the law in Dushanbe on 10 December 1999 under President Emomali Rakhmonov. Parliament's The statute linked control of lawful drug activities with policing, prevention and treatment. Its accompanying resolution brought it into forceprovided for commencement after official publication and instructed the government to align its existing decisions with the new act.[@1] ## Criminal penalties had a separate home The law's purpose combines public health followed [a replacement Criminal Code](/history/tajikistan-criminal-code-1998/) that had taken effect in September 1998. That code replaced the earlier Soviet-era criminal legislation and securityprovided a separate place for defining offences and punishments. It covers lawful circulation[@2] The general drug law organised the controlled activities themselves. In the later consolidated version published by the Drug Control Agency, action against illicit traffickingthese included production, prevention of drug dependencestorage, and treatment for people diagnosed with dependence. Controlled drugs include substancesdistribution, preparationsimport and plants classified under export, as well as the international conventions and Tajikistan's National Listscientific cultivation of drug-containing plants.[@1] ## State monopolyScientific growers needed a licence The consolidated statute reserved scientific cultivation and licensing Article 4 makes lawful circulationthe development of narcoticnew controlled drugs a state monopolyfor licensed research institutions. Only state enterprisesAcquisition, organisations and institutions holding a licence may participate manufacture, processing and then only within theproduction were tied to international obligations and state quota quotas. Psychotropic substances and precursors are also licensed, though organisations of different ownership forms may handle them. The health ministry and Drug Control Agency under the president coordinateshad roles in regulating equipment and supervises the systemlawful handling. It helps draw up the National List, issues licences, inspects regulated activity and coordinates work against illegal circulation and use. Article 9 allows cultivation of narcotic plants for scientific purposes only by licensed research institutions. [@1] The actlaw also restricts productiondefined supply broadly. Its amended definition included gifts, storageexchanges, transport, importdebt payments and exportloans, and bans sending controlledalongside sales. That placed several ways of passing drugs throughto another person within the postsame general concept of supply.[@1] ## ConsumptionTreatment and registration followed distinct rules The statute prohibited drug use without a prescription Article 15 prohibits consuming narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances without a doctor'’s prescription. Where authorities havethere were sufficient grounds to suspect illegal consumptionunlawful use, Article 16 providesit provided for examination in a Ministry of Health narcologynarcological institution; the examination's result establishes whether consumption occurred. The law itself does not provide the criminal sentence, with medical professionals responsible for each violationdetermining intoxication and dependence. Article 20 instead says that offenders are liable under Tajikistan's other legislation[@1] Its treatment section allowed people to seek care voluntarily. This makes Law No. 873It also required registration after findings of unlawful drug use and follow-up observation after treatment for dependence, while referring compulsory treatment to the control frameworkapplicable legislation. People seeking voluntary care had specified rights, not a self-contained penal codeincluding protections concerning their home and employment during inpatient treatment. It explains[@1] ## Reviewers later challenged the institutional structure behind the presentbalance A [Tajikistan profile2010 review involving officials and civil society](/countryhistory/tjtajikistan-drug-policy-review-2010/) called for stronger patient privacy and less discrimination against people who use drugs. It examined the relationship between policing, following health care and the site's earlier recordconsequences of the being identified as a drug user.[1934 Soviet cultivation ban@3] The licensing statute continued to be amended. In [February 2026](/history/tajikistan-sovietdrug-banlaw-1934amendment-2026/). In the index, changes revised precursor licensing, import and export documentation and the 1999 police-law does not move a scorepowers applied to Drug Control Agency staff. It reorganised an already prohibited system rather than documenting a new change in personal cannabis freedom[@4] The [Tajikistan profile](/country/tj/) brings these controls together with the Criminal Code’s possession, cultivation and supply penalties.

sources

Tajikistan — Criminal Code, consolidated through 17 December 2025, WIPO Lex ROST — analysis of Tajikistan’s drug-policy legislation Tajikistan Justice Ministry — drug-law amendments of 16 February 2026 UNODC SHERLOC — English translation of Tajikistan Law No. 873 1 unchanged

Code, design and documents 1 file

docs/research/history-tajikistan-gap-2026-10-24.md +58 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Tajikistan history and profile review — 24 October 2026
+
+Six new entries and two revised entries extend a five-event history. Three new articles cover the Soviet cultivation restriction, retrospective sentence review and the 2010 policy review; the existing 1999-law article is rewritten. All four have inline citations, historical links and a country link. The profile replaces outdated English penalty ranges with Russian statutory text and separates voluntary treatment, compulsory treatment, examination and registration. Current scores and the separately sourced seizure-statistics section are preserved.
+
+## Documents actually read
+
+Research downloads, text extractions, OCR, scripts and logs are retained under `tmp/history-tajikistan-gap-2026-10-24/`. Temporary site builds are deleted after verification.
+
+- **1934 Soviet decree**, Istmat reproduction of Collected Laws No. 56, article 422: complete operative text. Signed 27 October 1934; expressly commences **from 1935**. Covers opium poppy and Indian hemp, exclusive medical/scientific purpose exception, criminal responsibility, compulsory crop confiscation and instructions to republics to amend codes. The existing event ID is retained but date corrected to 1935. The existing first-step vector is unchanged; this is not a complete reconstruction of Soviet Tajik criminal law.
+- **Russian Criminal Code consolidated through 17 December 2025**, WIPO Lex record 23720, 202 pages. The ordinary unsigned resource URL returned an HTML page; the PDF link supplied by WIPO’s record produced a valid PDF, saved locally as `wipo2025.pdf`. Public citations use the stable record URL. Read complete articles 200–205, pp. 98–104, the annex heading and the original adoption/commencement instruments at pp. 201–202.
+- **Earlier WIPO consolidation**, record 10418, version year 2011, full embedded Russian text. Read relevant personal-possession and cultivation provisions and amendment annotations. It already contains a fine or up to two years in the lowest bands. Its older quantity tables are superseded and are not used as present thresholds.
+- **Drug Control Agency’s official reproduction of the 1999 drug law**, published 9 April 2020 and consolidated through 2019. Full relevant definitions and articles 4, 8–10, 15–19 plus original adoption/commencement material read. The amended definition of supply explicitly includes gifts, swaps, loans and debt payments. Scientific cultivation is restricted to licensed research institutions. Manufacture is licensed and quota-controlled. Non-prescribed use is prohibited; suspected unlawful use can lead to examination; registration, voluntary treatment and compulsory treatment have distinct rules.
+- **Supreme Court Plenum resolution 1 of 25 June 2004**, Justice Ministry ADLIA document 5259. Public preamble and paragraphs 1–7 read. The court expressly says the May reform took effect on **22 May 2004**. The visible paragraphs describe applications/review jurisdiction, release when conduct is no longer criminal, retrospective reduction to a new penalty maximum and some first-time juvenile cases. The page ends with an ellipsis; unexposed later paragraphs were not read or inferred. The event is a general court-review milestone, not a claim that every cannabis prisoner was released or that cannabis was decriminalised.
+- **ROST’s Russian drug-policy report**, cover dated Dushanbe 2010, hosted by OSF in its 2011 document collection, 34 pages. Read the working-group introduction, research scope, practice/policing concerns, privacy and treatment recommendations and relevant legislative comparison sections. The report is searchable; a retained OCR copy was also generated, but neither OCR nor the filename is treated as proof of publication day. The event uses **2010**, the study year, rather than inventing 3 November 2011 as a release date from its storage filename.
+- **OSF’s two-page English summary**, findings and recommendations read in full. Establishes participation by the health ministry, Drug Control Agency and civil society, criticism of enforcement targets, discrimination, treatment rules and confidentiality. Its historical findings are dated explicitly in the profile; they do not certify current policing practice or cannabis-specific incarceration rates. Ambiguous court case counts are not reused as cannabis statistics.
+- **2021 analogue coverage**, expressly annotated to Law 1776 of 20 April 2021 in the consolidated code’s articles 200–203 and 205 and article 200 note 4. No claim is made that the plant-cultivation offence itself acquired a separate analogue crop category. Event date is the signed amendment recorded in the consolidation; publication/commencement has not been separately established.
+- **2023 quantity-annex replacement**, ADLIA document 146640 and WIPO’s consolidated article 200 note 2/annex heading, expressly attributed to Law 1984 of 13 November 2023. ADLIA public text is partial. Crucially, the WIPO PDF supplies an annex **heading but omits the tables**. The entry reports the replacement and cross-reference, not new gram thresholds or a change in cannabis freedom.
+- **2026 drug-law amendment**, ADLIA document 171813: public Russian operative amendments to articles 6, 7 and 10 read. Signed/adopted 16 February, after January lower-house and February upper-house proceedings. Changes precursor licensing/import certificates, authorising documents for controlled-drug imports and exports, and police-law powers applied to agency staff. The visible record does not provide a separate commencement date, so the event explicitly describes signed amendments.
+
+## Corrected profile claims
+
+The old English translation’s up-to-five-year ordinary possession and five-to-ten-year ordinary cultivation ranges were misleading as the current lowest bands. The 2025 Russian text provides:
+
+| Activity | Lowest band | Next band | Higher/aggravated tiers |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Personal possession without intent to supply | 100–500 calculation-unit fine or up to 2 years | 2–5 years | 5–8 or 8–12 years |
+| Unauthorised cultivation | 200–500 calculation-unit fine or up to 2 years | 2–5 years | 5–8 or 8–12 years |
+| Supply | Up to 5 years | 5–8 years | 8–12 or 12–20 years |
+
+The two lowest Russian labels are *мелкий* and *небольшой*. The profile uses **lowest** and **next** band instead of confusing both as “small”. These bands must not be converted into cannabis gram/plant limits without the current tables. The profile removes the old hectare threshold and stale suggestion of death as a current supply penalty. No currency conversion is made without a separately verified current calculation-unit value.
+
+The law’s voluntary-treatment language and reference to compulsory treatment are reported separately. Registration follows a finding of unlawful use and applies to people diagnosed with dependence; it is not described as automatic forced treatment for every cannabis user. Generic medical licensing does not prove a cannabis-patient programme. The old blank “None” production/products sections are replaced with the specific licensed scientific/controlled-drug rules and quantity-band distinction. Medical metadata remains unchanged pending cannabis-specific schedule/access evidence.
+
+## Scores and unresolved historical allocation
+
+**Current exact score remains 3**: possession 0, cultivation 0, enforcement 1, sharing 0, consumption 1, access 0. All historical vectors are preserved. This pass materially improves the penalty and treatment evidence but does not claim to complete the score audit.
+
+There is a substantive **cultivation-score follow-up**: the lowest-band fine/two-year alternative appears more consistent with the index’s lesser-penalty category than the existing 0, which came from the obsolete five-to-ten-year translation. A justified correction needs the actual cannabis plant-count bands and the date the lower tier began, so the timeline can change with the profile rather than back-projecting a correction to 1935. The lowest bands already appear in the 2011 consolidation, but that observation does not by itself prove their original date.
+
+The 17 May 2004 reform is annotated across the drug chapter, and the Supreme Court independently verifies its 22 May commencement. However, the full drug-related paragraphs of that original amendment were **not retrieved**: ADLIA 115582 displays only initial general-code changes before an ellipsis; the older linked record 4865 supplies metadata only. The 2008 fine annotations may reflect calculation-unit changes rather than introduction of the imprisonment alternatives. Do not invent a 2004 or 2008 cannabis score step from those annotations alone.
+
+Similarly, a fine alternative does not alone establish that fines are typical or that prison has ceased to be realistic. The current possession/enforcement scores need recent cannabis-specific sentencing evidence. The 2010 report’s findings are historical evidence, not proof of today’s proportions. The single existing Soviet first-step allocation also needs reconstruction against Tajik republican legislation, including the missing Soviet-era possession restrictions.
+
+The 1998 code commencement is now recorded from the original legislative instruments attached to the later consolidation. Its **later drug penalties are not backdated to 1998**. The 1999 adoption entry explicitly identifies later consolidated language and distinguishes adoption from commencement after publication. The 2021 analogue, 2023 annex and 2026 licensing amendments have `unscored` reasons rather than assumed personal-cannabis changes.
+
+## Retrieval limitations and next work
+
+National Legislation Centre HTML and PDF URLs timed out repeatedly; the agency’s official law reproduction and WIPO code were successful alternatives. The Council of Europe country report returned 403 and was not reused as a newly read source. ADLIA excerpts are treated as partial; no authentication or access limit was bypassed.
+
+The code vendor’s index lists a 17 June 2026 revision beyond WIPO’s December 2025 consolidation. The complete 2026 criminal-code amendments and current annex tables remain to be checked before certifying exhaustive October 2026 penalties. The profile’s source title states its edition. Also retrieve the full 2004 reform, full 2013 changes, current plant-count list and medical-control schedules, and investigate repeal of the old capital drug penalty before adding a scored death-penalty transition.
+
+The border-seizure history entry and treaty entries were left unchanged. Separately maintained UNODC seizure statistics and their source record are preserved verbatim. The 1999 article was already present at the start; its earlier text is saved in `article-before.md` and the isolated commit verifies its baseline before including the rewrite.
+
+## Verification
+
+The batch verifier checks all eight affected entries, category/tag vocabulary, inline-reference coverage and placement, related links, article links, length and headings. The three new articles and one rewritten article are 360–380 words with four sections each. It asserts unchanged current and historical scores and unchanged seizure statistics/source. Production and rendered verification results are recorded after the build; only the owned temporary site directory is deleted. The private-index commit includes this batch’s history objects, profile, four articles and this memo, preserving unrelated staged/working-tree source-archive changes.
+
+Production build passed: **4,022 pages**. Rendered checks passed for **90 citation links**, affected history/country pages, all batch tag pages, history JSON/CSV exports and the country API. Current exact score **3**, medical classification **None**, unchanged score vectors and unchanged seizure statistics were verified. `git diff --check` passed. The owned temporary `site/` build directory was deleted after verification.

    ↑↓ to move, ↵ to open.