Expand Dominican Republic: marihuana word, 2026 bill and 1975 law articles

No licensed production operates. Law 50-88 defines production to include sowing, planting and growing controlled-substance plants, and growing marihuana without authorisation is treated as trafficking.[@l5088,fc] Law 168 of 1975 came first; Law 50-88 repealed it.(/history/dominican-republic-law-168-1975/) [Law 50-88 graded growing as trafficking.](/history/dominican-republic-law-50-88-1988/)

word marihuana · lang Spanish (Dominican Republic) · meaning The law's word for the plant — growing marihuana without authorisation is treated as trafficking · sources fc

Croatia raised the ordinary minimum prison term for drug trafficking from one year to three years on 13 November 2025.[@1,2] The upper limit stayed at twelve years.[@1,2] The change affected the criminal supply offence, which includes producing or holding drugs … e sentencing range Parliament amended the minimum in Article 190(2) of the Criminal Code.[@1] The law appeared in the official gazette on 5 November and took effect on the eighth day after publication.[@1] For offences governed by the new range, the ordinary statutory sentence therefore began tw … or possession for sale or distribution, as well as offering, selling and brokering sales.[@2] Its scope reaches someone holding cannabis for that purpose before a completed sale.[@2] … de in 2013](/history/croatia-misdemeanour-2013/), leaving it punishable as a misdemeanour.[@3] The Justice Ministry explained that this reduced criminal-court workloads and avoided a criminal-record entry for personal possession.[@3] There is no statutory gram allowance separating personal possession from resale.[@3] Authorities assess the circumstances of each case.[@3] The ministry specifically explained that even a small amount can be treated as a criminal … e years, and the code expressly includes growing a drug-producing plant within production.[@2] Production for supply instead comes within the three-to-twelve-year range.[@2] Giving someone drugs to consume, or providing a place to consume them, has its own offence carrying six months to five years.[@2] Specified cases involving children or protected settings carry three to fifteen years.[@2] Organising a dealer network carries at least three years, while specified supply offences … 024/) brought drug-production and trafficking offences within extended asset confiscation.[@2,4] Where those offences generated financial benefit, the existing regime could reach assets d … alongside the separate penalties for personal possession, home growing and supply.[@2,3]

Cyprus prohibited cannabis imports and exports under a drug law dated 22 December 1925.[@1] The law also gave the colonial governor power to control growing, possession and sale through regulations.[@1] These rules covered the island as a whole, including the territory now governed as Norther … Indian hemp with raw opium and coca leaves, but its border rule treated them differently.[@1] Opium and coca leaves could enter under a medical or scientific licence; the cannabis clau … he dried flowering or fruiting tops of the female cannabis plant, together with its resin.[@1] A separate power extended to the whole plant, allowing regulations to restrict or prohibit … fence under the law could lead to up to one year in prison, a fine of up to £100, or both.[@1] The court could also confiscate the goods involved.[@1] Attempting an offence, or encouraging someone else to commit one, carried the same punishm … s resin, while providing a licensing route for imports and exports through approved ports.[@2] It also authorised regulations over cultivation and distribution throughout the colony.[@2] For cannabis prepared for smoking, the law set out direct offences covering manufacture, sale, possession and use.[@2] Someone who occupied premises could also commit an offence by permitting preparation, sale or smoking there.[@2] Pipes and other utensils used for smoking came within the same part of the law, extending … rthern-cyprus-drug-law-1972/) continued to distinguish cannabis flowering tops from resin.[@3] It subjected imports to licensing and criminalised cannabis-smoking premises and cultivation.[@3] Its cultivation offence covered a Cannabis sativa plant without requiring proof that flowe … forms the basis of the offences described in the [Northern Cyprus profile](/country/xn/).[@1,2,3] Reading the original 1925 text alongside its successors shows how border controls and powe … licit offences affecting growers, users and the people providing places to smoke.[@1,2,3]

Romania adopted a replacement narcotics law on 29 December 1969, prohibiting unauthorised production, possession and trade, alongside growing drug-containing plants for processing.[@1] Medical, veterinary, scientific and industrial activities could proceed with Health Ministry authorisation.[@1] The law directed criminal breaches to the Penal Code.[@1] ## Permission governed the whole chain The law reached offering, selling, purchasing, distributing and transporting controlled drugs.[@1] It also prohibited administering them to another person without a medical indication and organising or allowing consumption in particular premises.[@1] Authorised operators had to keep daily records of the drugs moving through their hands.[@1] Medical use required a doctor's or veterinarian's prescription, normally on special forms.[@1] County health authorities could authorise patients or their representatives to obtain quantities needed for long treatment.[@1] Unlawfully held substances were to be taken for confiscation and deposited with a nearby p … ed Indian hemp, cannabis resin, extracts and tinctures in their controlled-substance list.[@2] They applied the authorisation system to the products in that annex, connecting the genera … nnual permission, including the products, quantities and manufacturing processes proposed.[@2] Manufacturing and preparing controlled products also required registration with the territorial militia.[@2] Imports and exports passed through authorised state foreign-trade enterprises and required … a special register validated by the county health directorate or the Bucharest authority.[@2] Manufacturers, warehouses and pharmacies therefore had to account for controlled products as stock moved through the supply chain.[@2] The instructions separately covered prescribing and medical administration, giving authori … ys after publication and repealed the 1950 narcotics decree and a 1954 reporting decision.[@1,2] The implementing instructions were dated 26 February 1970 and published on 25 April; their … ances law](/history/romania-cannabis-medicine-controls-2006/) later repealed the 1969 law.[@3] The [Romania profile](/country/ro/) explains today's criminal penalties and the separate rules for authorised medicines and agricultural hemp.[@3]

Romanian senator Victoria Stoiciu proposed replacing criminal punishment for personal drug possession with administrative fines of 1,000–3,000 lei.[@1] The October 2026 debate concerned moving personal possession outside the criminal courts while retaining drug prohibitions and criminal trafficking penalties.[@1] Her announcement named Cristian Ghinea and Daniel Fenechiu as supporters.[@1] ## The prop … hat Romania's drug enforcement had expanded against users faster than against traffickers.[@1] Her press release cited an increase in final convictions for personal possession from 78 in 2016 to 520 in 2025, compared with 672 to 873 for trafficking.[@1] Those figures were presented as the sponsors' rationale for the bill.[@1] The announcement called for resources to move towards prevention, treatment and the investigation of organised trafficking.[@1] Its proposed fines were administrative penalties for possession, while trafficking would keep its existing criminal sentences.[@1] Adopting that distinction would change the legal consequences for people holding drugs for … iminalisation-2026/), Prosecutor General Cristina Chiriac issued an unfavourable position.[@2] Her office argued that reducing criminal sanctions without impact studies and functioning … ic health and the protection of vulnerable people, particularly children and young people.[@2] Prosecutors argued that the social consequences of drug use extended to families and commu … l Fenechiu had withdrawn as an initiator amid controversy, including within his own party.[@4] The newspaper also announced a public discussion involving Stoiciu, criminologist Vlad Zah … he [Constitutional Court in 2025](/history/romania-trafficking-personal-use-ruling-2025/).[@3] The court explained that personal consumption was the purpose defining the lower-penalty p … inal offence, although unauthorised possession remained punishable regardless of quantity.[@3] The [Romania profile](/country/ro/) describes those operative rules; the October proposal sought to change them through legislation.[@3]

Croatia was subject to a federal ban on growing Indian hemp under Yugoslavia’s 1950 narcotics law.[@1] Specified scientific institutions could grow it on their own experimental fields, subject to conditions and quantities fixed by the federal public-health authority.[@1] Ordinary growers had no equivalent exception.[@1] ## Drugs became part of the state economic plan The law put drug cultivation, manufacture, preparation and trade under state control.[@1] Indian hemp appeared among controlled raw drugs, with extracts, tinctures and resins listed separately as preparations.[@1] Manufacturing and preparing narcotic drugs was limited to medical and scientific purposes through appointed public undertakings.[@1] Retail supply went through pharmacies, dispensaries and specified veterinary outlets.[@1] Authorised businesses had to keep special registers of drugs received and supplied, while … hasing or transferring drugs could bring correctional labour or up to two years in prison.[@1] Import and export offences had a separate maximum of three years, with higher terms for specified aggravated cases.[@1] Drugs involved had to be confiscated.[@1] The decree was dated 23 January 1950; the act s … personal drug possession from the criminal code and left it punishable as a misdemeanour.[@2] The Justice Ministry described the change as a way to reduce criminal proceedings and the … varieties with no more than 0.2% total THC and required growers to register before sowing.[@3] It also created a route for legal entities holding the appropriate medicines or active-sub … inguish industrial crops and authorised medical production from recreational home growing.[@2,3] The [Croatia profile](/country/hr/) explains those routes alongside the penalties users and growers face today.[@2,3]

People in Kosovo could no longer grow Indian hemp under Yugoslavia’s 1950 narcotics law, except through specified scientific institutions working on their own experimental fields.[@1] The federal law put drug cultivation, manufacture and trade under state control as part of … ugs, while placing its extracts, tinctures and resins in a separate group of preparations.[@1] Growing Indian hemp was prohibited, with the public-health authority setting the conditions and quantities for the scientific exception.[@1] Manufacturing and preparing narcotic drugs was reserved to appointed public undertakings for medical and scientific purposes.[@1] The decree was dated 23 January 1950, after the federal councils’ meeting on 21 January.[@1] The law itself specified commencement on publication in the federal official gazette.[@1] … hasing or transferring drugs could bring correctional labour or up to two years in prison.[@1] Import and export offences carried a separate maximum of three years, with higher penalties for the aggravated cases specified in the act.[@1] Drugs involved in those offences had to be confiscated.[@1] ## Kosovo later adopted its o … ory/kosovo-narcotics-law-2008/) placed cannabis, resin, extracts and tinctures in Table I.[@2] Activities involving that table were restricted to scientific research, education and police purposes.[@2] The law also prohibited cultivation of plants from which narcotics could be obtained.[@2] … sowing, raising plants and receiving or possessing the plant parts needed to obtain drugs.[@2] Research institutions needed a licence to acquire, possess or use the listed plants and substances.[@2] For Table I, the Interior Ministry issued that licence after approval by the narcotics com … ss than three grams of cannabis for personal use faced a fine or up to one year in prison.[@3] Ordinary unauthorised possession carried a fine and one to three years, and growing cannab … federal restrictions and the later laws governing users, growers and researchers.[@1,2,3]