Lebanon prohibits hashish
possession 101 · cultivation 10 · enforcement 102 · sharing 101 · consumption 101 · access 100
Changelog 24395fd
Read Bourmaud's UN chapter on interwar anti-cannabis policy in Syria/Lebanon plus the Wazan/IDPC colonial-legacy piece. New scored Lebanon 1922-01 trade-and-possession ban (first ban moves back from 1926; 1926 before re-based, cultivation still 10 until the production ban), new unscored Syria 1934-10 penal-regime/Hama-affair entry, and the Syria 1925 League-supervision entry converted to per-sentence citations on two read sources with Wikipedia dropped. Syria 1943 stays Wiki-only: Bourmaud ends in 1939 and the Philipp/Schabler page could not be read.
2 history entries added2 history entries edited1 file of code, design or docs +119 −6 lines
possession 101 · cultivation 10 · enforcement 102 · sharing 101 · consumption 101 · access 100
The mandate that put Syria and Lebanon under French rule in 1922 bound France, in its article 12, to apply the drug conventions there, and the first control measures date from the 1920s.[@1,2] After the Geneva convention of 1925 the League took up the campaign against cannabis and placed French enforcement under international supervision, as the two territories became major producers.[@1,2] The French, weak in the countryside and dependent on landowners, are described as having enforced the rules theatrically, to satisfy Geneva without alienating their allies.[@1,2]
Philippe Bourmaud — Turf Wars at the League of Nations (2016), UN Historical Series
Wikipedia — Cannabis in Syria
1 unchanged
docs/research/history-syria-lebanon-bourmaud-2026-10-27.md +71 @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +# Syria/Lebanon mandate era: Bourmaud chapter read, two gaps filled + +Research checked on 27 October 2026. Read `DATA-MAINTENANCE.md` (insert-by-hand +next to same-date entries; per-sentence citations; score moves when a first ban +moves earlier; prefer non-Wiki sources), the touched entries with the Lebanon +and Syria timelines, the Bourmaud chapter (downloaded full UN volume PDF and +read pp. 75-87), the Wazan/IDPC piece (read the server-rendered body), and the +Wikipedia Syria extract that pointed at both. No scores, profiles or other +timelines changed. + +## What changed + +- New `lebanon-hashish-trade-ban-1922` (ban, 1922-01, scored, before all 10s): + trade and possession of hashish prohibited in Lebanon by January 1922, months + after Palestine (July 1921); cultivation not covered. Single read source: + Bourmaud's peer-reviewed chapter in the UN Historical Series volume. This + moves Lebanon's first ban from 1926 back to 1922. +- `lebanon-hashish-ban-1926`: `before` re-based to the 1922 aftermath + `{possession: 1, cultivation: 10, enforcement: 2, sharing: 1, consumption: 1, + access: 0}`, scored per `segments.yaml` (possession criminalised; growing + still unlimited; weak mandate enforcement; trade banned so no lawful source). + The 1926 production ban now drops cultivation 10 to the 1946 level. +- New `syria-cannabis-penal-regime-1934` (tightening, 1934-10, unscored): harsher + penal regime in force; five-ton crop found the same day at al-Jumaqliyyah + near Hama on a Barazi-clan farm; Hama petitions to Geneva; PMC information + request of June 1935; minimal fines for the clan head and a brother. Distinct + from the uniform-regulations `lebanon-narcotics-decree-1934` (legislation), + this is the Syrian enforcement episode. Unscored because the instrument's + penalty scale was not read (chapter cites Sûreté/archival reports). +- `syria-league-supervision-1925`: converted to per-sentence citations, added + Bourmaud as second source, dropped Wikipedia (both remaining sources cover + every sentence: 1922 article 12, 1925 convention to outright prohibition via + mandate obligations, OAC/PMC scrutiny, theatrical enforcement). + +## Sources actually read + +- Philippe Bourmaud, "Turf Wars at the League of Nations", in *The League of + Nations' Work on Social Issues* (UN, 2016), full-volume PDF via UN Geneva + library: 1925 convention invited control but produced outright prohibition in + Syria/Lebanon; France ratified it in their name (Ponsot to Briand, 25 Oct + 1929); High Commission did not rush (clients, peasant livelihoods); Russell + singled out Syria/Lebanon at the OAC from January 1930; Egypt pressed Geneva; + Hama October 1934 affair with all details used above; conclusion on + post-independence divergence (Syria eradications in the 1950s, Lebanon blind + eye). +- Michelle Wazan, "The colonial legacy of drug control in Lebanon" (IDPC / + Talking Drugs, 13 June 2024): 1922 decision article 12; 1920s imperatives; + 50 percent cannabis economy after the silk decline; theatrical implementation + for landowner reasons; WWII British Mission pressure on a reluctant + Gendarmerie. +- Wikipedia "Cannabis in Syria" wikitext: used only as a lead to the two items + above; no longer cited by the 1925 entry. + +## Deliberately not changed + +- `syria-cultivation-ban-1943` stays Wiki-only: Bourmaud ends in 1939 and the + Philipp & Schäbler p. 383 claim (Quwatli ban, Druze/Jabal al-Druze) could not + be read (Google Books page render blocked). Still open. +- No new 1925-ratification entry: the ratification fact now lives in the 1925 + entry's second source rather than standing alone. +- MAE Nantes Syrie-Liban 731 (Hama petitions) and 1408 (Ponsot/Sûreté) are + recorded as archive leads for a future instrument hunt, not as sources. + +## Validation and tree note + +- Chains `lb` and `sy`, `history:test`, `answers:test`, production build and + the rendered Lebanon/Syria history pages to be run before commit. +- Commit stages only the four `changes.yaml` hunks plus this note, via patch + filtering without stashing (the previous stash-drop deleted foreign Bermuda + hunks; they were restored and must be preserved again). Foreign work in the + shared tree stays untouched.