Cannabis Freedom Index

Changelog 7811541

UAE: replace 1925 estimate with 1955/1970/1971 laws, triage 1995/2016/2025, add 1955 article

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History changes.yaml

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+# UAE 1955–1971 — replacing the 1925 estimate
+
+Replaces `ae-first-restriction-estimate` (1925 Geneva window) with three dated,
+scored entries from a read primary-season source.
+
+## Source read
+
+Hashim Abdullah Sulaiman Sarhan, *Drugs Abuse in the United Arab Emirates*,
+PhD thesis, Department of Social Policy, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
+1995, Chapter 4, pp.108–109. Local file `/tmp/sarhan95.txt` (PDF at
+https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/bitstream/10443/173/1/sarhan95.pdf).
+The chapter cites the British Public Record Office file
+`F0371/114755` (Dangerous Drugs Legislation) and the Abu Dhabi Gazette
+No.20, 1973 — neither read directly; they are the thesis's citations.
+
+## What the thesis states
+
+- 1950s: drugs trade in the Trucial States expands; Britain issues a special
+  Dangerous Drugs Regulation in 1955 (PRO F0371/114755), ten articles.
+  Art.1 bans sale/supply except al-Maktum Hospital (Dubai) and American
+  Mission Hospital (Sharjah) or under Political Agent licence; Art.2 access via
+  approved practitioners; Art.3 no prescription without treatment; Art.4 no
+  import/export without permission; Art.5 aiding foreign offences; Art.6
+  attempts; Art.7 penalties (max 3 years, 5,000 Indian rupees fine, forfeiture);
+  Art.8 drug list: raw opium + derivatives, coca leaves + preparations,
+  Indian hemp + preparations.
+- The rulers did NOT apply the regulation and were not asked to enact
+  ordinances; they preferred Islamic law. The Political Agent and the rulers
+  alike held the regulation plus Islamic law adequate.
+- 1960s: opium, hashish and qat on sale, especially Dubai and Sharjah,
+  "without restriction from the Rulers". Opium and hashish the two most-used
+  drugs. A dealer was punished by the Ruler of Sharjah for importing opium
+  and hashish from Iran (interview, 17 Jan 1992).
+- 1970: Abu Dhabi government issues the first Dangerous Drugs Act — max 5
+  years or 10,000 Bahraini dinars fine; qat added 16 July 1973. Applied only
+  in Abu Dhabi.
+- 1971: Dubai issues its dangerous drugs law; remaining emirates have none
+  but most apply Dubai's law (same penalties).
+
+## Scoring rationale
+
+1955 (ban, 100→62): first written prohibition incl. Indian hemp with real
+penalties, but no secular enforcement machinery — rulers stood aside and the
+1960s market stayed open. A large first-ban drop, moderated for
+non-application. 1970 (tightening, 62→44): first locally made and applied
+law, but Abu Dhabi only. 1971 (tightening, 44→0): shared prohibition across
+the emirates months before federation, with 5-year maxima — the maximal
+state the 1995/2016/2021 entries already assumed.
+
+## Open leads (not yet chased)
+
+- Full text of the 1955 regulation (PRO F0371/114755, UK National Archives).
+- Abu Dhabi Gazette No.20, 1973 (1970 Act text, 1973 qat addition).
+- Text/date of Dubai's 1971 dangerous drugs law.
+- Which emirates did NOT apply Dubai's law ("most of them" applied it).

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