Pipe bowls recovered in southern Zambia were radiocarbon-dated to 1200 CE, and sites in Zimbabwe and Kenya yielded bowls that seem roughly contemporaneous, though dated only in relative terms from archaeological stratigraphy.[1] Duvall argues cannabis likely circulated within the Kingdom of Zimbabwe (1200s–1400s) and certainly within its successor, the Kingdom of Monomotapa (1400s–1700s), both centred on modern Zimbabwe; pipes estimated to the 1200s were recovered from sites that once lay within these kingdoms.[1]
Listed for context. No score change is recorded for Zimbabwe here.
References
- The African Roots of MarijuanaChris S. Duvall · Duke University Press · 2019 · ch. 4, printed pp. 75–76 and 86–87; 1200 CE Zambian pipe bowls, contemporaneous Zimbabwe/Kenya finds, circulation within the Zimbabwe and Monomotapa kingdoms · ISBN 9781478004530
Checked. The date and the event were compared with a source that was read.