docs/research/history-south-sudan-gap-2026-10-25.md +57 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# South Sudan: earlier controls, the original 1924 ordinance and modern court outcomes
+
+25 October 2026. Previous goal turn made progress in Northern Cyprus and committed `57fb453`. This pass started with South Sudan’s four history entries. It also resolves the missing-original problem left by [the Sudan pass of 21 October](history-sudan-gap-2026-10-21.md). The wider coverage goal remains active.
+
+## Original 1924 law recovered
+
+Durham University’s [Sudan Gazette catalogue](https://palimpsest.dur.ac.uk/slp/sudan_gazettes.html) links to public IIIF manifests. Its [1924 index](https://iiif.durham.ac.uk/index.html?manifest=t1mqv33rw69x), scanned page X, gives printed page **2110** for the Hashish and Opium Ordinance. Gazette **440**, published **25 August 1924**, begins on that page. Retrieved its manifest and the first three complete bilingual pages at readable resolution, and read the English originals, printed pp. **2110–2112**. OCR is retained as a finding aid, with the actual scans used to verify the law.
+
+Working [gazette viewer](https://iiif.durham.ac.uk/index.html?manifest=t1m6108vb271); [manifest](https://iiif.durham.ac.uk/manifests/trifle/32150/t1/m6/10/t1m6108vb271/manifest). Research files are in `tmp/history-south-sudan-gap-2026-10-25/`. The static viewer’s public JavaScript shows how an identifier maps to the manifest; no account or protected interface was used.
+
+The law was **made 7 April 1924**, signed by Governor-General Lee Stack and secretary R. V. Bardsley. The entry date is the independently verified **gazette-publication date**, 25 August, and the description says published; no unverified general commencement rule is inferred. The original has a short-title clause, not a specific commencement clause.
+
+- Section 2 **expressly repeals the Hashish Ordinance 1907**. The 1924 law cannot be described as the first cannabis restriction.
+- Section 3 defines hashish broadly, including cannabis indica or cannabis sativa, preparations, mixtures and intoxicating derivatives; the historical term is not treated as modern resin alone.
+- Section 4 prohibits cultivation, manufacture, sale, possession, import, export, transport and smoking, and smoking/preparation equipment. Its original penalty is **up to one year, or a fine, or both**. The three-to-seven-year and capital penalties of the later 1989 amendment must not be backdated.
+- Section 5 expressly excepts tincture and extract of cannabis indica and recognised pharmacopoeial preparations. Licensed medical, dental, pharmacy and veterinary professionals may import, transport, possess and sell under the Public Health Ordinance 1924; people may possess and take those preparations as medicine under its conditions. Written scientific permits can authorise small quantities under imposed conditions.
+- Sections 6–11 deal with confiscation, cafés and similar premises, closure/licence cancellation, expulsion after a repeat premises conviction for a non-native, and search/seizure powers. The expulsion rule is not generalised to every foreign cannabis user.
+
+Both existing 1924 entries (Sudan and South Sudan) now cite this original, have the verified publication date, inline references and checked status, and describe a replacement law with medical/scientific exceptions. The canonical new article is attached to **Sudan’s** stable entry, with a link to the southern entry/profile; a duplicate article for the same historical law is avoided.
+
+## Earlier laws now reflected in the southern history
+
+Re-read the original retained revised ordinance collection, `tmp/history-sudan-gap-2026-10-21/ordinances-1907.pdf` and its OCR, printed pp. 62–63. Visually inspected the corresponding retained page scans. It names cannabis indica/Indian hemp/hasheesh, sets exceptions for qualified medical practitioners, licensed poison sellers and specially permitted people, and provides forfeiture and up to seven years/£E500/both. The possession presumption in section 3 is read as a presumption connected with the contraband conduct, not as a separate modern consumption provision.
+
+The amendment note expressly identifies **italic text as additions of 1 April 1906** extending the law to making/manufacturing goods locally. The original promulgation is **1 January 1901**. Added separate southern entries for 1901 and 1906, linked to the existing Sudan entries and their canonical reading material.
+
+Re-read Chris S. Duvall, *The African Roots of Marijuana* (2019), printed pp. 188–189 and notes 38–39 at pp. 315–316, retained in `tmp/book-intake/duvall.txt`. Its account identifies the 1907 ordinance’s unauthorised growing, processing, sale, possession, import/export/transport and pharmaceutical use. The original 1924 repeal now independently verifies the earlier law’s existence. Added a southern 1907 entry, with both sources used inline. The 1907 original’s full text and penalty remain retrieval targets; Duvall’s compressed full-ban description of 1901 is qualified by the actual medical/permit exceptions in the recovered ordinance.
+
+These were laws of Sudan before partition and are recorded in the successor territory’s history. No separate assertion of effective policing throughout the south is made.
+
+## Modern statute and enforcement sources
+
+Downloaded the Ministry of Justice’s [Penal Code Act 2008](https://mojca.gov.ss/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Penal-Code-Act-9-of-2008.pdf), after the initial certificate-expiry failure, using a public-document request without certificate validation. The retrieved file is an actual PDF, text-extracted successfully. Read sections 1–4 and 382–387. Section 1 expressly commences on signature, **22 August 2008**, despite publication in February 2009 and the SHERLOC metadata’s different entry-into-force date. The revised history entry follows the original clause. The code repeals the 2003 code, preserves prior proceedings/orders and distinguishes personal possession/use/growing (up to five years/fine/both) from ordinary dealing (fourteen years/fine/both). Treatment may accompany or replace the personal-offence sentence. Section 387 permits specified professional handling; the revised article does not erase that exception.
+
+The dangerous-drug definition expressly lists the cannabis plant, prepared cannabis and cannabis resin. Cannabis flowering/fruiting tops are separately defined. The old article’s shorthand that all three defined categories simply enter the dangerous-drug definition was replaced with the actual listing. The aggravated death-or-life clause says a dangerous drug **other than cannabis**, with a listed aggravator; the existing profile’s caveat about separately defined forms is preserved rather than widened into a categorical claim about every cannabis preparation.
+
+Opened the [New Sudan 2003 Penal Code reproduction](https://www.refworld.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/en/2003-12/469e1f0a2.pdf) through the web reader. It is marked provisional, has an unfilled signature date, and its searchable text yielded no cannabis/dangerous-drug chapter. Direct download returned an HTML response, retained with an `.html` name. This does **not** prove cannabis was lawful before 2008 or that no separate law applied. No generic 2003 event or invented 2008 score change was added.
+
+Opened and read [Radio Tamazuj, 26 April 2019](https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/two-arrested-in-possession-of-illegal-drugs-in-torit-state). Police alleged two people transported four sacks of bangi, each 100 kg, from Ketire to Torit; investigation was ongoing. Added an enforcement entry, without implying conviction or repeating the spokesperson’s inaccurate seven-to-fourteen-year shortcut as the statutory personal-possession sentence. The old profile’s cultivation-in-Equatoria claim was not actually demonstrated by this transport report and is removed; the source remains in the new historical entry.
+
+Opened and read [Chany Ninrew, Eye Radio, 20 May 2022](https://eyeradio.org/10-young-men-sent-to-jail-in-bor-for-possessing-bhang/). It reports sentences on the preceding Tuesday, giving the calendar date **17 May 2022**: one year for one defendant, six months for four, and SSP50,000 fines for five, ages 18–22. The 15th is the night patrol, not the sentencing date. A supplier was also arrested, but the report’s over-ten-kilogram statement is not allocated to each young man. Added the sentencing entry and article; revised the profile to include the fines as well as prison and to avoid asserting a nationwide rate, joined trial or individually verified small quantity. Article context distinguishes this sentence report from the earlier Torit investigation.
+
+## Scores and scope limits
+
+All six current South Sudan scores, its medical/recreational metadata, and **every existing historical `before` vector** are preserved. The new 1901/1906/1907 legal entries have explicit unscored reasons pending a linked reconstruction. The 2008 replacement code is also explicitly unscored because the preceding legal system is not sufficiently reconstructed.
+
+The inherited FREE vectors on both 1924 entries are **not certified**. With verified controls from 1901 and 1907, the present historical score allocation is incomplete even though the chain script is structurally continuous. Reconstruct earlier domestic rules and all six dimensions before assigning the first supported score step; do not move the full blanket-ban vector to an import restriction with medical exceptions simply to make the chart look finished.
+
+South Sudan’s section 387 permits necessary professional handling; this pass replaces the blanket medical-context denial with that fact. It does not verify an operating patient supply programme, licensed products or actual prescribing availability. Existing medical/access status is therefore retained pending that separate practical-access audit. No current Sudan country file is changed in this pass.
+
+## Validation
+
+The production build passed with **4,083 pages**. The batch verifier confirms five additions, three revised entries, all other history objects unchanged, every existing `before` vector preserved and the same current South Sudan scores/status metadata. The two new articles and the rewritten 2008 article pass the 350–500-word and three-section rules (422, 390 and 430 words respectively), use all listed sources inline and link to real history/profile targets.
+
+Rendered checks pass for 81 citation links across the eight edited history pages and both country profiles, sequential reference targets, valid tag/history destinations, clean JSON/CSV exports and the South Sudan API. The exact and displayed South Sudan score remain 2. The chain checks for South Sudan and Sudan report zero structural flags, subject to the documented inherited 1924 allocation problem. `git diff --check` passes. The 2008 commencement clause and signed date were also visually checked on PDF page 18.
+
+A private index commits the six owned files and preserves the unrelated archive changes in both index and working tree. The owned generated site is removed after verification; original-document downloads, page scans/renders, OCR, finding aids, helper scripts and logs are retained.