Cannabis Freedom Index

Changelog 863b247

Fill Uzbekistan’s possession-law and public-use history gaps

3 history entries added3 history entries edited1 score changed2 articles written1 article edited3 files of code, design or docs +413 −65 lines

Score changes 1 place

  1. Uzbekistan611+5possession 1 → 2cultivation 0 → 1

History changes.yaml

Added 3

Edited 3

Uzbekistan's cannabis growers come under the Soviet ban

date

19341935

title

TheUzbekistan's cannabis growers come under the Soviet ban on growing cannabis covers Uzbekistan

description

TheFrom 1935, a Soviet Uniondecree prohibited the unauthorised cultivation ofsowing Indian hemp except for crops used exclusively for medical and scientific needs. Unauthorised growers faced criminal liability and confiscation of their crops; the opium poppyunion republics were ordered to amend their criminal codes. Uzbekistan[@1] The decree was a Soviet republicsigned in October 1934 and expressly took effect the next year.[@1]

related

uzbekistan-hemp-growing-penalties-1987, uzbekistan-personal-possession-code-1995

sources

USSR — decree of 27 October 1934 on prohibiting opium-poppy and Indian-hemp crops, reproduced by Istmat Wikipedia — Cannabis in Russia

Uzbekistan's hemp growers face up to five years in prison

description

On 22 June 1987 a Soviet edict set the prison terms for growing hemp. Sowing or growing In … hin a year.[@1] Unauthorised cultivation of Indian hemp had already been prohibited since 19341935, Uzbekistan included, and the.[@3] The 1974 edict told each union republic to amend its own laws to match.[@2]

unscored

The 19341935 cultivation ban is already the scored drop; this edict states the prison terms.

sources

USSR — decree of 27 October 1934 on Indian-hemp crops, reproduced by Istmat 2 unchanged

Uzbekistan's president seeks tougher drug sentences and public-use penalties

date

2025-11-08

category

tighteningdebate

title

Uzbekistan's president decrees harsherseeks tougher drug sentences and public-use penalties

description

A presidential decree reported on 8 November adds a section on crimes against public healthPresident Shavkat Mirziyoyev approved proposals for tougher drug sentences and the nation's gene pool to the Criminal Code. It provides up to 20 years in prisonfifteen days of detention for organising a trafficking group and for large-scale salespublic drug use, including online, doubles penalties for dealing in schools, dormitories and children's camps,ordered a draft replacement narcotics law by the end of 2025.[@1] His decree made protecting young people a priority and introduceslaunched a 2025–2026 action programme.[@1] Parliament enacted separate criminal and administrative arrest of up to 15 days for using drugsamendments in public placesJune 2026. The existing code already set three to five years for illegal manufacture, storage, transport or sale.[@2]

sources

Uzbekistan — Presidential Decree UP-207 of 3 November 2025, original edition Uzbekistan — Law ZRU-1151 of 11 June 2026 Podrobno.uz — report on the presidential decree toughening penalties for drug crimes, 8 November 2025

related

uzbekistan-public-use-penalties-2026

Countries and states 1 file

Uzbekistan countries/uz.yaml

possession 1 → 2cultivation 0 → 1

summary

PossessionSmall personal cannabis holdings can bring a fine or up to fifteen days of administrative detention. Larger holdings without intent to sell is asupply remain criminal offence under article 276, with a fine or up to three years in prison. Intent to sell is a separate for the basic offence under article 273, with longer sentences. Growing and supplying cannabis are criminal offences.

segments › possession › text

Holding a drugSmall quantities held without intent to sell is a criminal offencesupply fall under administrative article 27656: a fine of one to two basic calculation units or up to fifteen days of detention, with confiscation.[@admin56] The basic offence can bringSupreme Court confirms that small personal holdings belong under administrative law.[@court17] Above that band, article 276 allows a fine of up to fifty basic calculation units, community service, corrective work, restriction of liberty for one to three years, or imprisonment for up to three years. A large quantity,Large quantities or a repeat offence,offending can bring restriction of liberty or imprisonment for three to five years. A person who turns themself in and hands over the drugs is released fromVoluntary surrender can remove punishment for the basic offence. Five to seven years, and ten to twenty years, are sentences under articleArticle 273, which requires covers intent to sellsupply or an actual sale. The official quantity table was not readsupply, so no gramwith longer sentences in its higher bands are stated.[@cc276]

segments › possession › sources

admin56, court17, cc276

segments › cultivation › text

CultivationUnauthorised cannabis growing is criminal. The ordinary offence carries a crimefine of twenty-five to fifty basic calculation units, community service, corrective work, restriction of liberty for one to three years or imprisonment for up to three years. Repeat offending, acting with prisonothers by prior agreement or a medium-sized growing area can bring a fine of fifty to one hundred units or three to five years of restriction of liberty or imprisonment. Organised or large-area growing carries five to ten years.[@cc276] The Supreme Court puts growing areas below 250 square metres in the ordinary band and says sowing is a completed offence even before germination.[@court17]

segments › cultivation › sources

ecoicc276, court17

segments › enforcement › text

Article 276 allows a fine for possession without intentEven small personal holdings can bring up to sellfifteen days of administrative detention.[@admin56] Above the small-quantity band, and it alsoarticle 276 allows both non-custodial penalties and up to three years in prison for the basic offence; aggravated possession carries three to five years of restriction of liberty or imprisonment. Article 273, which requires intent[@cc276] The Supreme Court instructs judges to sell, carries the longer consider non-prison termssentences for people holding drugs for themselves and for certain growers whose rehabilitation is possible without imprisonment.[@court17]

segments › enforcement › sources

admin56, cc276, court17

segments › sharing › text

Giving drugs away, lending them and using them to repay a debt count as supply under Supreme Court guidance.[@court17] Article 273 punishes handling drugscovers supply and holding with intent to sell, and selling themsupply. AboveIts penalties range from a small quantity the sentence is fivefine or up to seventhree years. A large quantity can bring in prison in the lowest band to fifteen to twenty years, and aggravating circumstances sit between those bands for large quantities or organised supply across borders or through telecommunications or the internet.[@cc276]

segments › sharing › sources

cc276court17, kuncc276

segments › consumption › text

UseSince 12 June 2026, public drug use is ana separate administrative offence and leads. Citizens face a fine of twenty to registration and compulsory treatmentforty basic calculation units or up to fifteen days of detention, with confiscation. Prescribed medical use is excepted.[@admin56]

segments › consumption › sources

ecoiadmin56

context › visitors › text

There is no legal recreational supply for anyone. Possession without intent to sell isSmall personal holdings can bring a criminal offencefine of one to two basic calculation units or up to fifteen days of administrative detention.[@admin56] Larger personal holdings fall under criminal article 276 and can bring, with a fine or up to three years in prison for the basic offence. IntentSupplying cannabis or holding it with intent to sell issupply falls under article 273, with longer sentences and carries higher penalties in its upper bands. No current gram table was read for this entry.[@cc276]

context › visitors › sources

admin56, cc276

context › arrests › text

The Supreme Court's press service reported that courts convicted 2,889 people of drug offences in the first eleven months of 2025. Almost all, 2,875, were convicted under article 273 of the Criminal Code, which covers making, acquiring, keeping and sellinghandling drugs with intent to supply or supplying them, and 2,650 of them were sent to prison; 225 received fines, corrective labour or other alternatives. Only 14 people were convicted under article 271, the lesser offence of illegal acquisition or possessionunlawfully taking drugs from others, 13 of whom were imprisoned. In 2024 the courts convicted 3,020 people under article 273. The figures are not split by drug. Article 271 concerns taking drugs by theft, fraud and other forms of appropriation; personal possession without intent to supply is article 276.[@anhor25, cc276]

context › arrests › sources

anhor25, cc276

sources

Uzbekistan — Code of Administrative Responsibility, articles 56 and 187¹, September 2026 edition Uzbekistan — Criminal Code, articles 270–276, edition effective 15 October 2026 Uzbekistan — Supreme Court Plenum Resolution 12 of 28 April 2017, consolidated text Uzbekistan — Code of Administrative Responsibility, Article 131 (Lex.uz) Uzbekistan — Criminal Code, articles 273 and 276, Russian text on Lex.uz 5 unchanged

Articles and atlas entries 3

uzbekistan-hemp-growing-penalties-1987 articles/uzbekistan-hemp-growing-penalties-1987.md

text

On 22 June 1987 the Soviet Union wrote prison terms for growing hemp into its drug rules. … ing or a fine.[@1] Uzbekistan was a union republic, so the edict was union law there. ## A ban without a stated sentenceCrops were reserved for medicine and science [In 1934From 1935 the Soviet Union prohibited unauthorised cultivationsowing of Indian hemp and the opium poppy](/history/uzbekistan-soviet-ban-1934/), and that prohibition covered Uzbekistan because it was a Soviet republic. That earlier step does not record a fine or a prison termThe decree reserved crops for medical and scientific needs and required criminal liability and confiscation for unauthorised sowing.[@3] The 1987 edict suppliedset out the sentences for named kinds of hemp and, on the same day, a lighter first step for ever … ention and the 1988 trafficking convention](/history/uzbekistan-single-convention-1995/). Cultivation is still a crime punished withThe [national code taking effect in April 1995](/history/uzbekistan-personal-possession-code-1995/) allowed fines or up to three years in prison for ordinary cannabis growing. The country's current account of the law is on [its profile](/country/uz/).

model

grok-4.7

sources

USSR — decree of 27 October 1934 on Indian-hemp crops, reproduced by Istmat 2 unchanged

Code, design and documents 3 files

docs/DATA-MAINTENANCE.md +11 −0
@@ -1454,2 +1454,13 @@ those stages; today's score stays 13.5. The profile also corrects the formal
 conviction-status consequence of a lesser criminal offence using article 79.
 The original 1975 amendment and pre-1987 possession regime remain open research.
+
+A [Uzbekistan code and public-use pass](research/history-uzbekistan-gap-2026-10-25.md)
+on 25 October 2026 adds the 1995 national-code split between administrative small
+holdings and criminal possession, the 2017 Supreme Court guidance on gifts and
+supply intent, and the public-use offence commencing in June 2026. Two new articles
+explain the 1995 and 2026 changes. The November 2025 decree is corrected from an
+enacted penalty change to proposals, and the Soviet cultivation ban to its 1935
+start. The current profile now includes administrative detention and lesser
+ordinary growing penalties (exact score 10.5), and corrects the classification
+of theft-of-drugs convictions. Early Uzbek SSR implementation and the original
+quantity tables remain open; the research note records the historical score limits.

docs/research/history-uzbekistan-gap-2026-10-25.md +111 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# Uzbekistan: personal holdings, court guidance and public use
+
+Research checked on 25 October 2026. Read `DATA-MAINTENANCE.md`, `WRITING.md`,
+`BOOKS.md` and the existing Uzbek history/profile before editing. No book was
+used. Uzbekistan had seven history entries; this pass adds three and two articles.
+
+## Sources actually read
+
+- Original [administrative code](https://lex.uz/docs/97661?ONDATE=01.04.1995),
+  article 56, and [criminal code](https://lex.uz/docs/111457?ONDATE=01.04.1995),
+  articles 270, 273 and 276. Lex.uz commencement metadata gives **1 April 1995**
+  for both; adoption was 22 September 1994. Small personal holdings already had
+  a fine or administrative detention in that original edition. Ordinary growing
+  allowed a fine, corrective work or imprisonment up to three years.
+- [1987 Soviet edict](https://meganorm.ru/mega_doc/dop1/62/ukaz_prezidiuma_vs_sssr_ot_21_06_1961_o_dalneyshem/0/ukaz_prezidiuma_vs_sssr_ot_22_06_1987_N_7226-XI_o_vnesenii.html),
+  section I, points 1 and 3–4: five-year ordinary Indian-hemp growing ceiling;
+  administrative small holdings followed by a criminal repeat offence within a
+  year. This is the Union text, not the original Uzbek implementing amendment.
+- [Supreme Court resolution, original 28 April 2017 edition](https://lex.uz/ru/docs/3203272?ONDATE=28.04.2017),
+  paragraphs 4, 19–21, 26 and 34, compared with the consolidated version. Small
+  personal holdings are administrative; gifts/loans/debt repayment count as
+  supply; evidence of supply intent must be considered together; sowing is a
+  completed offence before germination. Ordinary cultivation covers areas below
+  250 square metres. The ruling interprets existing offences and is context.
+- [Original November 2025 decree](https://lex.uz/ru/docs/7818779?ONDATE=08.11.2025),
+  sections I–II and programme annex: paragraph 4 **approves proposals** for code
+  amendments; paragraph 3 orders a replacement narcotics bill. The previous
+  history description incorrectly treated these as enacted code penalties.
+  Decree signed 3 November; effective **8 November 2025**.
+- [Law ZRU-1151](https://lex.uz/ru/docs/8276699), relevant criminal and administrative
+  amendments and article 8. Effective **12 June 2026** on publication. Its criminal
+  amendments apply to offences committed after commencement. Public use has
+  its own administrative offence with a prescribed-medical-use exception.
+- Current criminal code edition **15 October 2026 (01)** and administrative code
+  edition **12 September 2026 (02)**, selected explicitly. Articles 270–276,
+  56, 131 and 187¹. The default URLs also expose future December 2026 editions;
+  those future changes were not used. Lex.uz labels Russian 2026 translations
+  unofficial. No disputed translation was resolved by silently treating it as
+  the official Uzbek original.
+- [1934 Soviet decree reproduced by Istmat](https://istmat.org/node/42491),
+  articles 1 and 5–7: exclusive medical/scientific crop exception, criminal
+  liability, confiscation, republic implementation and express **1935** start.
+- [Anhor report of 17 December 2025](https://anhor.uz/news/v-uzbekistane-38/),
+  read through the web tool after a local fetch returned 403. Its figures cover
+  articles 271 and 273, not article 276. Article 271 means appropriation/theft,
+  not lesser personal possession. Corrected that classification without changing
+  the counts or presenting these supply/theft figures as personal-user data.
+
+The ignored local extraction directory is
+`tmp/history-uzbekistan-gap-2026-10-25/`. Search snippets were leads only.
+
+## Score handling and limits
+
+Current possession **1 → 2** reflects the small-quantity administrative offence
+with detention: it is less restrictive than blanket criminal liability, but
+cannot receive the fine-only level 3. Cultivation **0 → 1** reflects the separate
+ordinary growing band with fines and a three-year prison ceiling. It is still
+criminal; medium-area/group/repeat and organised/large-area offences remain
+separate. Enforcement stays 1; there is no new representative evidence of the
+frequency of imprisonment of cannabis users. Sharing, consumption and access
+stay unchanged. Exact total becomes **10.5**, displayed as **11**.
+
+The 1995 code event records the move from the documented Soviet repeat-small-
+possession offence and harsher ordinary cultivation band to the national-code
+rules. Its before vector is 1/0/1/0/1/0, and its after is 2/1/1/0/1/0. This dates
+the newly verified national regime, **not the first ever administrative exception**:
+the 1987 Union text already had an administrative first offence. The exact Uzbek
+republic implementation/repeal chronology before April 1995 remains open; the
+Union adoption date is not substituted for an unknown Uzbek amendment date.
+
+The early aggregate retained before the 1995 event is provisional, as in the
+previous history. The 1935 cultivation decree alone cannot establish the dates
+of every possession, supply, use and access restriction in that aggregate.
+Recover the Uzbek republic's original criminal/admin texts and amendments before
+splitting those earlier score changes. Do not describe this pass as a complete
+first-ban reconstruction. The old `1934` id remains stable for links, but its
+public event date is now 1935.
+
+The 2026 public-use offence remains inside consumption level 1. Its new supply
+and laboratory bands do not change the personal-user enforcement score. The
+2025 decree is debate/context; the 2017 interpretive ruling is other/context.
+
+## Still open
+
+- Original Uzbek SSR drug amendments, including the 1974 Union decree's actual
+  implementation, the 1987 amendment and any late-Soviet repeal.
+- Official quantity tables and cannabis-specific grams. No gram limits inferred
+  from "small", "not large" or from another republic's law.
+- Full original 1999 law and commencement resolution; the existing adoption-date
+  entry is not recast as a verified commencement.
+- Original 2020 amending law and industrial-hemp regulations: the existing event
+  uses the signing date, although its consolidation footnote records publication
+  on 18 March. Check commencement before moving the date or rewriting that article.
+- Registration/treatment rules and current patient access, which still rely on
+  the older civil-society submission in unedited profile context sections.
+
+## Validation
+
+- 36 history tests and six answer/profile tests passed. The existing Uzbek
+  regression now checks administrative article 56 and the detention ceiling;
+  the article 273 check accepts either initial capitalisation.
+- Production build passed: 4,110 pages.
+- Compared parsed history objects against the pre-edit snapshot: exactly three
+  new events and three revised existing events; unrelated history unchanged.
+- Checked all three touched articles for 350–500 words, four headings, valid
+  citations and history links. Checked 74 rendered citation targets, links,
+  JSON/CSV exports and the exact annual/current score chain.
+- Desktop and mobile browser checks found no horizontal overflow. Article
+  screenshots were visually reviewed; the country page also loaded successfully.
+- Preserved the pre-existing staged and unstaged `source-archive.json` work and
+  excluded it from this commit.

scripts/history-scope.test.cjs +4 −2
@@ -165,7 +165,9 @@ test("Uzbekistan and Honduras profiles follow the current criminal codes", () =>
   const hn = y.load(fs.readFileSync("countries/hn.yaml", "utf8"));
   assert.match(uz.segments.possession.text, /article 276/);
-  assert.match(uz.segments.possession.text, /article 273/);
+  assert.match(uz.segments.possession.text, /article 273/i);
   assert.doesNotMatch(uz.summary, /five to seven years/);
-  assert.equal(uz.scores.possession, 1);
+  assert.equal(uz.scores.possession, 2);
+  assert.match(uz.segments.possession.text, /administrative article 56/);
+  assert.match(uz.segments.possession.text, /fifteen days/);
   assert.equal(uz.scores.enforcement, 1);
   assert.match(hn.summary, /25 June 2020/);

    ↑↓ to move, ↵ to open.