Cannabis Freedom Index

Changelog 5dbb0e5

Document earlier territorial cannabis rules and the Bermudes judgment

2 history entries added1 history entry edited2 articles written1 article edited1 file of code, design or docs +306 −8 lines

History changes.yaml

Added 2

Edited 1

Marshall Islands prohibits cannabis under its national narcotics law

description

TheFollowing earlier territorial cannabis controls, the national narcotics law took effect on 20 March 1987 and prohibited cannabis possession, cultivation and distribution, with specified medical and professional exceptions.[@1,3,4] In an early prosecution under that law, a man received two years for marijuana possession; the Supreme Court later overturned the conviction because his right to a lawyer had been denied.[@2]

sources

Trust Territory Code 1980 — Title 63, Controlled Substances Trust Territory Code 1980 — Title 1, geographical application 2 unchanged

related

marshall-islands-sakaio-counsel-1989, marshall-islands-drug-asset-seizure-2020, marshall-islands-territorial-code-record-1980

Articles and atlas entries 3

marshall-islands-narcotics-act-1987 articles/marshall-islands-narcotics-act-1987.md

text

TheEarlier [territorial cannabis controls](/history/marshall-islands-territorial-code-record-1980/) preceded the Marshall Islands’ national narcotics law.[@6,7] The national law took effect on 20 March 1987. It prohibited cannabis possession, cultivation and distribut … ater rules together with the ordinary possession, cultivation and supply penalties.[@1,5]

sources

Trust Territory Code 1980 — Title 63, Controlled Substances Trust Territory Code 1980 — Title 1, geographical application 5 unchanged

Code, design and documents 1 file

docs/research/history-marshall-territorial-gap-2026-10-23.md +96 −0
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+# Earlier territorial cannabis controls: Marshall and Mariana islands
+
+Research date: 23 October 2026. This pass adds the 1980 territorial-code record
+for the Marshall Islands and the 23 July 1974 Bermudes judgment for the Northern
+Mariana Islands, with two articles. It revises the 1987 Marshall Islands entry
+and article to acknowledge the preceding territorial controls. Tags and inline
+citations are included. Current profiles and all score vectors are unchanged.
+
+## Sources actually read
+
+- **Trust Territory Code 1980, Title 63**, scanned original retrieved through
+  the Internet Archive from CNMI Law Revision Commission's former PDF URL.
+  Relevant printed pages 127–142: short title, definitions, marijuana and THC
+  in Schedule I, manufacture/delivery, marijuana possession bands, small unpaid
+  gifts and conditional discharge. Printed p. 140 was also rendered and visually
+  checked: **more than one ounce but less than 2.2 pounds carries three months,
+  not one year**; an ounce or less carries a maximum $50 fine. The first extraction
+  from a secondary HTML reproduction was not treated as sufficient provenance.
+- **Title 1, section 151**, printed p. 75: expressly extends the code throughout
+  the territory, including the Marshall Islands. This separate source supplies
+  geographical applicability; Title 63 alone does not.
+- **Marshall Islands Constitution**, official consolidated publication:
+  Article XIII section 1 continues existing law subject to the Constitution;
+  Article XIV defines existing law and gives 1 May 1979 as the effective date.
+  General continuity does not establish that every clause in a later consolidation
+  was already in force in 1979.
+- **Trust Territory v Bermudes**, 7 TTR 80–90, 23 July 1974: relevant judgment
+  read through dismissal, including footnoted earlier statutory wording. The
+  case was heard in the Mariana Islands District. It establishes dismissal of
+  Bermudes' possession/sale charges and invalidation of the challenged territorial
+  drug provisions, not a verified period of unrestricted cannabis in the Marshall
+  Islands. The court left the separate privacy question unresolved.
+- The existing Marshall Islands sources read in the preceding research pass
+  remain the basis for the 1987 article's later developments; see
+  [the earlier memo](history-marshall-gap-2026-10-23.md).
+
+Local research originals, text extractions and the visual check are retained in
+`tmp/history-marshall-territorial-gap-2026-10-23/` and the preceding batch directory.
+The current CNMI website has migrated URLs: several old `/pdf/ttc/` routes return
+HTML rather than a PDF. The cited Wayback routes returned actual scanned code
+PDFs. No archive-only schema fields were added.
+
+## Dates and historical scores remain open
+
+**1980 is the code-edition date, not an asserted commencement or new fine-only
+reform.** Its entry is category `other` and describes what the edition records.
+It does not attribute the code's rules to a new law passed that year.
+
+The code attributes the controlled-substances chapter to Congress of Micronesia
+P.L. 5-110. A reproduced 15 September 1975 diplomatic cable reports passage of
+a controlled-substances law in 1974, while implementing regulations were being
+developed. That lead does not supply the original Act, its exact effective date,
+or proof that every 1980 clause was identical at passage. It was not used as a
+public source. A scholarly footnote identifying a 1974 NORML newsletter report
+also remains a retrieval lead; the newsletter itself was not recovered.
+
+**The Marshall Islands chart's existing 1987 100→11 transition remains provisional
+and historically incomplete.** Earlier territorial control is now established,
+so 1987 must not be described as the first restriction. Moving that drop to an
+invented earlier commencement, or inferring original 1987 penalties from later
+consolidations, would add unsupported precision. Retrieve P.L. 5-110, the earlier
+regulation and the original 1987 Act before rebuilding the sequence. Small gifts
+and possession in the territorial text also need their own historically justified
+score allocation. The automatic chain check detects continuity and direction,
+not this missing historical evidence.
+
+The Bermudes ruling is category `easing`, with an explicit unscored reason:
+reconstruction of the earlier baseline and replacement law's commencement is
+pending. The existing Northern Mariana Islands 1925 first-restriction estimate
+is likewise still unsupported by an original local instrument. Do not transplant
+the Mariana case into a dated Marshall Islands legalisation event.
+
+## Leads rejected or left open
+
+- The Journal retrospective headed “Police destroy marijuana” was read in full.
+  Its marijuana seizure belongs to **18 September 1992**, not the 1975 edition
+  appearing above it. No 1975 seizure entry was created.
+- The Marshall Islands' Public Health, Safety and Welfare Act text has general
+  drug-related health powers but did not establish a cannabis-specific 1966 ban.
+- Parliament's current Title 7 and repealed-laws index did not recover the older
+  territorial repeal or original 1987 Act.
+- An unverified reproduced letter about an alleged 1974 Marshall Islands cannabis
+  conviction was not used.
+
+## Validation and commit scope
+
+The batch verifier checks unique IDs, categories/tags, inline source coverage,
+article length and headings, internal links and unchanged historical score vectors.
+Both country profiles remain byte-for-byte unchanged. The production build passed with 3,915 pages. Rendered checks verified 63 citation
+links, tag pages, cleaned JSON/CSV exports and the Marshall Islands API. Both
+country chain checks passed their continuity/direction checks; the historical
+evidence limitation above remains. The temporary `site/` output was deleted after
+verification; source documents are retained for research.
+The commit uses a private index and includes only the two new articles, revised
+1987 article, three owned history objects and this memo. Concurrent changes,
+including `source-archive.json`, are excluded.

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