History changes.yaml
Edited 1
descriptionData collected in Rwanda in 1959–1960 showed cannabis use virtually confined to the men of the Twa, a despised minority of less than one percent of the population.[@1] It was grown hidden among tall crops, dried and powdered, and smoked in a gourd water-pipe (urumogi) packed with injaga, charcoal and pebbles under glowing coals; Twa women used a different method, refilling half-emptied tobacco cigarettes.[@1] The expectation that strong doses caused violent behaviour, smoking methods designed to pr … tus and assigned "character" combined to prevent its spread to the non-Twa 99 percent.[@1]
Articles and atlas entries 2
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On February 21, 1908, John Ainsworth, provincial commissioner at Kisumu, wrote to the Cro … the offences he had in mind, or that his view represented everyone living in the region.
## What use looked like six years earlier
[Hobley's 1902 survey](/history/kenya-hobley-bhang-customs-1902/), titled for eastern Uganda but covering peoples of what is now western Kenya, shows what officials like Ainsworth could actually see: bhang grown for home consumption, smoked in gourd water-pipes by Wanga men and unmarried women but never by married women, restricted among the Luo to men with fighting men barred outright, and entirely absent among the Nandi.
The picture is variegated rather than uniform — regulated by custom, gender and age long before any ordinance. Ainsworth's letter treats the same plant as an ungoverned harm requiring law. The gap between Hobley's observed customs and the commissioner's "most deleterious effect on consumers" is itself part of the history: prohibition advocacy did not start from a neutral description of use.
The chapter cites the letter in Kenya National Archives file AG 32/38, concerning the Abuse of … ance remains the separate point on the timeline at which a legal restriction is recorded.
sourcesEastern Uganda, an Ethnological Survey
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Code, design and documents 2 files
docs/BOOK-RESEARCH.md +2 −2
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ Generated from [books.yaml](books.yaml) and the local `books/` inventory. Refres
| Book | Bibliography | Fully read / listed units | Partial | Indexed only | Applied targets | Illustrations | Local file |
|---|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---|
-| [Cannabis and Culture](#rubin-cannabis-and-culture-1975) | verified | 15 / 36 | 4 | 17 | 47 | 0 | matches recorded hash |
+| [Cannabis and Culture](#rubin-cannabis-and-culture-1975) | verified | 15 / 36 | 4 | 17 | 48 | 0 | matches recorded hash |
| [Cannabis: A History](#booth-cannabis-history-2003) | verified | 1 / 26 | 1 | 24 | 5 | 0 | matches recorded hash |
| [Cannabis Britannica: Empire, Trade, and Prohibition, 1800–1928](#mills-cannabis-britannica-2003) | verified | 0 / 9 | 6 | 3 | 13 | 0 | matches recorded hash |
@@ -69,5 +69,5 @@ Missing local books are expected on other checkouts. A changed hash requires edi
| Traditional Patterns of Hashish Use in Egypt | read | pp. 195–205 | culture/traditions/hashish-in-egypt.md; articles/egypt-soueif-prison-study-1971.md | Read Soueif’s original 1971 report: a selected male prison sample collected June 1967–March 1968, not national prevalence. Khalifa prints 10.5% for cigarette-only use; the original report prints 10.6%. Do not generalise clinical claims or treat the session description as universal. |
| The Traditional Role and Symbolism of Hashish among Moroccan Jews in Israel and the Effect of Acculturation | read | pp. 207–216 | culture/language/hashish.md | The chapter primarily examines avoidance and boundaries, not a shared Moroccan-Jewish cannabis tradition. Informants and mental-health groups do not establish population prevalence. Do not repeat the Assassins legend or its questionable claim about Talmudic hemp and wool as fact. |
-| The Social and Cultural Context of Cannabis Use in Rwanda | read | pp. 217–226 | culture/language/injaga.md; articles/rwanda-medical-2021.md; changes.yaml#rwanda-twa-cannabis-confinement-1960 | — |
+| The Social and Cultural Context of Cannabis Use in Rwanda | read | pp. 217–226 | culture/language/injaga.md; articles/rwanda-medical-2021.md; articles/rwanda-twa-cannabis-confinement-1960.md; changes.yaml#rwanda-twa-cannabis-confinement-1960 | — |
| Réunion: Cannabis in a Pluricultural and Polyethnic Society | read | pp. 227–234 | culture/traditions/zamal-on-reunion.md | English chapter reviewed alongside the existing French citation. Candia denotes the offered cigarette, commonly tobacco; ciga identifies a zamal cigarette in particular rites. Possession precedes smoking in the account. Violence stereotypes are attributed social judgements. |
| Social Aspects of the Use of Cannabis in India | read | pp. 235–246 | culture/traditions/thandai-gatherings.md; culture/language/bhang.md; culture/traditions/bhang-at-holi.md | Reviewed complete chapter. Applied social preparation, caste boundaries and voluntary devotional consumption. Table 1 measures no objection, not actual use; 45/62 is not the printed 75%. Verify original 1910 United Provinces Excise Act before a legal event. Do not transfer old clinical, crime or nutritional assertions to present advice. |
docs/books.yaml +1 −0
@@ -244,4 +244,5 @@ books:
- culture/language/injaga.md
- articles/rwanda-medical-2021.md
+ - articles/rwanda-twa-cannabis-confinement-1960.md
- changes.yaml#rwanda-twa-cannabis-confinement-1960
- title: 'Réunion: Cannabis in a Pluricultural and Polyethnic Society'