Cannabis Freedom Index

Changelog 11ddd41

Cite Canadian and Australian cannabis rules from statutes and official pages instead of Wikipedia.

The maintenance notes now keep Wikipedia only when no other source can be opened.

22 country profiles edited4 files of code, design or docs +580 −232 lines

Countries and states 22 files

Australian Capital Territory countries/au/act.yaml

summary

Since 31 January 2020 adults may holdan adult in the ACT is outside the local offence for a small quantity and for one or two plants. ACT Policing states the amounts as 50 g of dried cannabisor 150 g fresh, and grow two plants eachper person, four per household, at home and out of public access. The harvest must be stored out of children's reach. Selling, gifting and buying seedsgifting remain illegaloffences.

segments › possession

Since 31 January 2020 adults may possess, the small-quantity possession offence does not apply to a person 18 or older who possesses the cannabis in the ACT. ACT Policing states that quantity as up to 50 g of dried cannabis, or 150 g fresh. The Act itself leaves the small quantity to the regulations. Harvested cannabis must be stored out of children's reach. Failing to do so can bring 50 penalty units, two years, or both, unless the person proves they took all reasonable steps to keep a child from it.

segments › cultivation

TwoSection 162 does not apply to a person 18 or older who cultivates one or two plants per adultin the ACT. Artificial cultivation, at mostincluding hydroponics or an artificial source of light or heat, is outside that exception. ACT Policing states a maximum of four plants per household,. More than four plants at the placepremises, growing other than where the person lives. Hydroponic growing is not allowed. Growing away from home, or in an areagrowing where the public can lawfully entergo, can bring 50 penalty units, two years, or both.

segments › enforcement

Growing away fromother than at home, or where the public can lawfully go, and storing the harvest where children can reach it, can bring two years even when the gram and plant allowances are met. ACT Policing states that Commonwealth law still applies, and in the ACT Policingand that police may use it.

segments › sharing

Not allowed: selling, sharing or giving cannabis to anyone else remains an offence.

segments › consumption

At home only; notSmoking cannabis in a public place, or near childrenexposing a child to the smoke or vapour, is an offence. The maximum is 30 penalty units. Smoke includes vapour and an activated personal vaporiser.

segments › access

No legal way to buy cannabisSelling, sharing or even seeds. Medicalgiving cannabis is available onan offence. Cannabis for medical use is legal under federal law, and a patient needs a prescription from an authorised doctor.

sources

Drugs of Dependence (Personal Cannabis Use) Amendment Act 2019 (ACT) Wikipedia — Cannabis in the Australian Capital Territory 2 unchanged

Australia countries/au/index.yaml

summary

Legal to possessIn the ACT an adult is outside the local small-possession and grow inone-or-two-plant offences, within the Australian Capital Territory; elsewherelimits ACT Policing states. Elsewhere, infringement notices, expiation fees, cautions and finesdiversion are typicalused for small amounts, and charges remain available. Medical cannabis is very accessible via telehealthavailable on prescription. Presence-based drug-driving laws are strict.

segments › possession › text

It depends on the state. In the Australian Capital Territory adultsACT Policing states that an adult may possess up to 50 g of dried cannabis sinceor 150 g of fresh cannabis, and that the January 2020 rules still apply.[@actpolice] The amending Act's remaining provisions commenced on 31 January 2020.[@actamend] The Drugs of Dependence Act makes possession of not more than a small quantity an offence, and then disapplies that offence for a person 18 or older who possesses the harvest must becannabis in the ACT. Harvested cannabis that is not stored out of children's reach can bring 50 penalty units, two years, or both.[@actgrow] In Western Australia police may issue one Cannabis Intervention Requirement to an adult for not more than 10 g; possession remains a criminal offence.[@wacir] Elsewhere possession is an offence:In South Australia a simple cannabis offence covers up to 100 g of cannabis, with an expiation fee of $250 under 25 g and $400 from 25 g to 100 g.[@sareg] In the Northern Territory issue on-the-spot finesan adult may be given an infringement notice for small amountscannabis plant material of less than the 50 g traffickable quantity, and only if the other states runquantity does not exceed the 50 g listed for that notice. The prescribed amount is 2 penalty units. The same notice is available when that quantity is possessed in a public place.[@ntact] Queensland must offer an eligible person diversion for not more than 50 g, and diversion does not decriminalise possession.[@qldpol] New South Wales police may caution or diversion schemesan adult for first-timenot more than 30 g of dried cannabis, at most twice. Living plants are outside that scheme.[@nswguide] Victoria Legal Aid describes a small quantitiesquantity on a first offence as usually drawing a caution if the person agrees to counselling.[@viclegalaid] In Tasmania, with criminal charges otherwisepossessing or using a controlled plant is an offence of 50 penalty units or two years. Federal[@tasact] ACT Policing states that Commonwealth law still prohibits possession everywhereis applicable across Australia, including in the ACT, and that police may use it.[@conv, wikiactpolice]

segments › possession › sources

convactpolice, wikiactamend, actgrow, wacir, sareg, ntact, qldpol, nswguide, viclegalaid, tasact

segments › cultivation › text

In the ACT, section 162 does not apply to a person 18 or older who cultivates one or two plants per adultin the ACT, and artificial cultivation is outside that exception. More than four per household, grownplants at your own premises, growing other than where the person lives, or growing where the public can lawfully go, are separate offences. The away-from-home and not with hydroponicspublic-access offences can bring 50 penalty units, two years, or both.[@ctactgrow] Growing away from home,ACT Policing states the household maximum as four plants and says hydroponic or artificial cultivation, and growing where the public can lawfully goaccess the plants, is a separate offenceare offences.[@actgrowactpolice] In South Australia one non-hydroponic plant is an expiation fee of $400.[@sareg] In the Northern Territory one, cultivating fewer than a traffickable quantity of a prohibited plant carries 200 penalty units or two plants bringyears. Schedule 2 states the traffickable quantity of a fine rathercannabis plant as not less than a chargefive and not more than 19 plants. InAn adult may be given an infringement notice, at 2 penalty units, when the remaining states growing anynumber of cannabis plants does not exceed two.[@ntact] In New South Wales, cultivating a cannabis plant is a criminalan offence. A cannabis plant cultivated by any means is a prohibited plant.[@wikinswdmt] In Western Australia a Cannabis Intervention Requirement does not cover cannabis plants.[@wacir]

segments › cultivation › sources

ctactgrow, wikiactpolice, sareg, actgrowntact, nswdmt, wacir

segments › enforcement › text

Mostly cautions and fines for users, but criminal convictions and prison remain possible. In the ACT, growing away from homeother than where the person lives, or where the public can lawfully go, and storingfailing to store harvested cannabis whereout of children can's reach it, can each bring 50 penalty units, two years even when, or both.[@actgrow] ACT Policing states that selling, sharing or giving cannabis is an offence, and that Commonwealth law applies in the plantACT and gram allowances are metmay be used. Cultivation[@actpolice] South Australia deals with a simple cannabis offence by an expiation notice.[@sareg] In the Northern Territory a police officer may give an adult an infringement notice, and supply carry heavy sentencespaying the prescribed amount within 28 days expiates the offence. The notice is not required, and a prosecution remains available if none is given.[@ntact]

segments › enforcement › sources

wikiactgrow, convactpolice, actgrowsareg, ntact

segments › consumption › text

In the ACT, use is legal at home but notsmoking cannabis in a public place, or near childrenexposing a child to the smoke or vapour, is an offence of 30 penalty units. In otherFor this offence, smoke includes vapour and an activated personal vaporiser.[@actgrow] ACT Policing states that smoking or using cannabis in public, and exposing a child to cannabis smoke, are offences.[@actpolice] In South Australia, smoking or consuming cannabis in private is an expiation fee of $250, and use itselfin a public place is outside that notice.[@sareg] In the Northern Territory an infringement notice is available for less than 50 g of cannabis plant material possessed in a public place. If that public-place offence is prosecuted, generally handled by cautionthe maximum for this Schedule 2 drug is 200 penalty units or two years.[@ntact]

segments › consumption › sources

convactgrow, wikiactpolice, sareg, ntact

segments › access › text

No adult-use sales anywhere, includingIn the ACT, where even seeds cannot be legally bought. In practice the main lawful route is medical: telehealth clinics prescribe flower and oils to very large numbers of patientsselling, delivered by pharmaciessharing or giving cannabis is an offence.[@actpolice]

segments › access › sources

tga, wikiactpolice

context › consequences › text

Roadside saliva testsVictoria removed automatic licence bans for eligible unimpaired medicinal-cannabis drivers in most states penalise any detectable THCMarch 2025. NSW Act 33 of 2026 received assent on 23 September 2026, with licence loss regardlessbut commencement of impairment —its patient scheme was not established in this review. The announced scheme requires a major problem for medical patientsprescription, withregistration and education, excludes learner, provisional and commercial drivers, and retains a few states now introducing24-hour ban after a medical defencepositive roadside test. Queensland Act 23 of 2026 received assent on 21 September 2026, with new presence-offence fine provisions commencing on 1 December 2026.

context › consequences › sources

wikiaap26, nswReform26, nswParliament26, qldAct26, qldCommence26

context › visitors › text

ThereIn the ACT, selling, sharing or giving cannabis is no legal recreational supply for anyonean offence, so a visitor has no lawful way to buy cannabisadult-use purchase there. Whatever legal supply exists is medical, for patients with a prescription or registration. The sources behind this profile describe no separate rule for visitors.

context › visitors › sources

tga, wikiactpolice

sources

ACT Policing — Drugs and the law Drugs of Dependence (Personal Cannabis Use) Amendment Act 2019 (ACT) Misuse of Drugs Act 1990 (NT) Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 (NSW) Queensland Police Service — Police drug diversion program NSW Police — Cannabis Cautioning Scheme Guidelines for Police, version 5.0 (May 2025) Victoria Legal Aid — Drug possession Misuse of Drugs Act 2001 (Tasmania), section 25 16 unchanged

subunits › intro

Each Australian state and territory has its own drug law. MedicalMedicinal cannabis is regulated federally and is available on prescription everywhere, mostly through telehealth clinics.

subunits › sources

WikipediaTherapeutic Goods Administration — Cannabis in AustraliaMedicinal cannabis hub, Alcohol and Drug Foundation — Cannabis

New South Wales countries/au/nsw.yaml

segments › access

No shops. Medical cannabisCannabis for medical use is available onlegal under federal law. A patient needs a prescription, mostly through telehealth clinics from an authorised doctor.

Northern Territory countries/au/nt.yaml

summary

Up toAn adult may be given an infringement notice for less than 50 g of cannabis plant material, or for not more than two cannabis plants at home,. The prescribed amount is dealt with by an infringement2 penalty units. A prosecution remains available if no notice and a fine rather than a chargeis given.

segments › possession

Decriminalised: up to 50 g isAn adult may be given an infringement with a finenotice for cannabis plant material of up to $200. Moreless than the 50 g traffickable quantity, orif the quantity also does not exceed the 50 g listed in Schedule 3. The prescribed amount is 2 penalty units. The notice covers both the general possession offence and possession in a public place. If the public-place offence is prosecuted, carries up tothe maximum for this Schedule 2 drug is 200 penalty units or two years. The general possession offence, if prosecuted, is 50 penalty units.

segments › cultivation

Two non-hydroponic plants bringCultivating fewer than a $traffickable quantity of a prohibited plant carries 200 fine rather thanpenalty units or two years. Schedule 2 states the traffickable quantity of a chargecannabis plant as not less than five and not more than 19 plants. An adult may be given an infringement notice, at 2 penalty units, when the number of cannabis plants does not exceed two.

segments › enforcement

A fine for small amounts kept at homepolice officer may give the notice to an adult. Paying the prescribed amount within 28 days expiates the offence. The officer is not required to give a notice, and a prosecution remains available if none is given.

segments › sharing

Supply of a dangerous drug is an offence.

segments › consumption

A fine at home; an offenceAn infringement notice is available for less than 50 g of cannabis plant material possessed in a public place. If that offence is prosecuted, the maximum is 200 penalty units or two years.

segments › access

No shops. Medical cannabisCannabis for medical use is available onlegal under federal law. A patient needs a prescription, mostly through telehealth clinics from an authorised doctor.

sources

Misuse of Drugs Act 1990 (NT), as in force 1 July 2026

Queensland countries/au/qld.yaml

segments › access

No shops. Medical cannabisCannabis for medical use is available onlegal under federal law. A patient needs a prescription, mostly through telehealth clinics from an authorised doctor.

South Australia countries/au/sa.yaml

segments › access

No shops. Medical cannabisCannabis for medical use is available onlegal under federal law. A patient needs a prescription, mostly through telehealth clinics from an authorised doctor.

Tasmania countries/au/tas.yaml

segments › access

No shops. Medical cannabisCannabis for medical use is available onlegal under federal law. A patient needs a prescription, mostly through telehealth clinics from an authorised doctor.

Victoria countries/au/vic.yaml

segments › access

No shops. Medical cannabisCannabis for medical use is available onlegal under federal law. A patient needs a prescription, mostly through telehealth clinics from an authorised doctor.

Western Australia countries/au/wa.yaml

segments › access

No shops. Medical cannabisCannabis for medical use is available onlegal under federal law. A patient needs a prescription, mostly through telehealth clinics from an authorised doctor.

Alberta countries/ca/ab.yaml

summary

Minimum age 18, the lowest inHealth Canada lists. Private licensed shops; consumption allowed where tobacco is, subject to city byin person and online. Use is allowed at a single-lawsfamily home and where the municipality allows it.

segments › possession

The federal limit applies: adultsAdults 18+ and older may carrypossess up to 30 g of legally produced dried cannabis, or its equivalent, in public. There is no provincial cap at home.

segments › cultivation

FourUp to four plants per residence, as federal law allowsfor personal use, grown from licensed seed. A rental agreement or condominium bylaw can restrict growing.

segments › enforcement

Nothing within thePossessing and growing inside those limits is not a federal offence. Provincial offences, such as consuming in the wrong place, are ticketed; unlicensed sellingSelling cannabis without authorisation is a federal crimeoffence with up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. Distribute includes giving.

segments › consumption

AllowedUse is allowed in most placesa single-family home and where tobaccothe municipality allows it. It is banned in a motor vehicle, except one used as a temporary residence, such as a parked RV. Public smoking or vaping is prohibited where tobacco is restricted, but not nearwhere children might be present, in vehiclesand on hospital or where local by-laws forbid itschool property.

segments › access

Private licensed shops, in person and online sales. The minimum age of 18 is the lowest inHealth Canada lists for a province or territory.

sources

AGLC CannabisSense — Cannabis possession limits AGLC CannabisSense — Where can I use cannabis? Health Canada — Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories Cannabis Act, section 8 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 12 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Alberta

British Columbia countries/ca/bc.yaml

summary

Age 19. PublicGovernment shops and private licensed shops; smoking. Adults may generally allowedsmoke or vape where tobacco smoking is allowed, except around childrenwith further bans in parks, near schools and in vehicles.

segments › enforcement

Nothing withinPossessing and growing inside the stated limits. Provincial offences, such as consuming in the wrong place, are ticketed; unlicensed selling is not a federal crime withoffence. Selling without authorisation under the federal Act carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. Distribute includes giving.

segments › consumption

AllowedAdults may generally smoke or vape in most placesa public place where tobacco smoking and vaping are allowed. Smoking or vaping is, but not near childrenallowed in municipal, regional or provincial parks, except some designated areas and campsites, or at playgrounds, sports fields and schools, or inside public buildings, or within six metres of a bus stop or similar place. Consuming cannabis while operating a vehicle or boat, or as a passenger, is illegal. Local rules may restrict use further. The province states no restriction on adults using cannabis in vehiclesa privately owned home. A landlord or where local by-laws forbid ita strata corporation can restrict or ban smoking or growing.

segments › access

Government-run and private licensedoperated shops, in person and online, and private licensed shops. The minimum age is 19.

sources

Government of British Columbia — Where you can consume (updated 20 May 2026) Health Canada — Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in British Columbia 1 unchanged

Manitoba countries/ca/mb.yaml

summary

Age 19. Private shops. Since 1 May 2025 up to four plants may be grown indoors, locked or out of a young person's reach. Public consumption isSmoking and vaping in public are prohibited.

segments › possession

The federal limit applies: adultsAdults 19+ and older may carry 30 g of dried cannabis, or its equivalent, in public. There is no provincial cap at home.

segments › enforcement

Nothing withinSelling without authorisation under the limits. Provincial offences, such as consuming in the wrong place, are ticketed; unlicensed selling is a federal crime withAct carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. Distribute includes giving.

segments › consumption

Private residences only; consumptionSmoking and vaping non-medical cannabis is prohibited in public places, including streets, sidewalks, parks and beaches, school grounds, restaurant patios and the grounds of health-care facilities, and in enclosed public places. A designated room in a hospital palliative-care unit or an end-of-life hospice is prohibitedan exception the province describes.

sources

Province of Manitoba — You can't use cannabis in public Health Canada — Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Manitoba 4 unchanged

New Brunswick countries/ca/nb.yaml

segments › possession

The federal limit applies: adultsAdults 19+ and older may carry 30 g of dried cannabis, or its equivalent, in public. There is no provincial cap at home.

segments › enforcement

Nothing withinSelling without authorisation under the limits. Provincial offences, such as consuming in the wrong place, are ticketed; unlicensed selling is a federal crime withAct carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. Distribute includes giving.

sources

Health Canada — Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories Cannabis Act, section 8 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in New Brunswick 4 unchanged

Newfoundland and Labrador countries/ca/nl.yaml

segments › possession

The federal limit applies: adultsAdults 19+ and older may carry 30 g of dried cannabis, or its equivalent, in public. There is no provincial cap at home.

segments › enforcement

Nothing withinSelling without authorisation under the limits. Provincial offences, such as consuming in the wrong place, are ticketed; unlicensed selling is a federal crime withAct carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. Distribute includes giving.

sources

Health Canada — Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories Cannabis Act, section 8 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 12 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Newfoundland and Labrador 2 unchanged

Nova Scotia countries/ca/ns.yaml

summary

Age 19. Sold only through the government-run provincial liquor corporation; smokingNova Scotia Liquor Corporation. Combustible cannabis in public follows tobacco rulesthe Smoke-free Places Act, and a municipality may restrict it further.

segments › possession

The federal limit applies: adultsAdults 19+ or older may carryhave up to 30 g of dried cannabis, or its equivalent, in public. ThereThe province states there is no provincial caprestriction on how much may be kept at home for personal use.

segments › cultivation

FourAdults of legal age may grow up to four plants per residence,household. Each apartment in a house or building counts as federal law allowsits own household. A municipality may restrict cultivation further.

segments › enforcement

Nothing withinBuying cannabis from anywhere other than the limits. Provincial offences, such as consuming in the wrong place, are ticketed; unlicensed selling isNSLC brings a federal crime with up to 14 yearsfine of at least $600. Provincial fine increases took effect on 25 June 2026: buying outside the NSLC brings C$ … es also target promotion of illegal sales and landlords allowing sales on their property. Selling without authorisation under the federal Act carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. Distribute includes giving.

segments › consumption

Follows tobacco rules: allowed where smoking isThe Smoke-free Places Act applies to combustible cannabis in public places, with municipal restrictionsand a violation can bring a fine of up to $2,000. A municipality may restrict use further. Cannabis may be used at home. It cannot be used in a vehicle by a driver or a passenger.

segments › access

Government-operated shops run byThe NSLC is the provincial liquor corporation, andonly authorised retailer of recreational cannabis. Adults 19 or over may buy at designated NSLC stores or online.

sources

Government of Nova Scotia — Nova Scotia's cannabis laws Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Nova Scotia 1 unchanged

Northwest Territories countries/ca/nt.yaml

segments › possession

The minimum age to purchase, possess and consume cannabis is 19. The Liquor and Cannabis Commission states that the federal and territorial possession limit applies:for adults over 19+ may carry is 30 g of dried cannabis, or its equivalent, in public. There is no provincial cap at home.

segments › cultivation

FourAdults 19 and over may grow up to four plants per residencehousehold. The plants must be grown indoors, as federal law allowsand the seed must be bought from an approved vendor or the approved online store. A rental agreement or condominium bylaw can add rules.

segments › enforcement

Nothing withinSelling without authorisation under the limits. Provincial offences, such as consuming in the wrong place, are ticketed; unlicensed selling is a federal crime withAct carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. Distribute includes giving.

segments › consumption

Allowed onUse is limited to private property where tobacco smoking is allowed, and to trails, roadways when the person is not operating a motor vehicle, and parks when they are not in someuse for a public event. It is prohibited in places; communities may restrict it frequented by children, including playgrounds, school grounds and sports fields, and at outdoor events.

sources

Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in the Northwest Territories 4 unchanged

Nunavut countries/ca/nu.yaml

segments › cultivation

FourAn adult may grow up to four cannabis plants per residenceat one time in their dwelling-house. Where two or more adults live there, as federal law allowsthe household may not grow more than four.

segments › enforcement

Staying within the gram limits does not make smoking lawful in publicly funded housing or … each of that rule is a fine of up to $2,000. A later conviction can add up to six months. Unlicensed selling is aSelling without authorisation under the federal crime withAct carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. Distribute includes giving.

sources

Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 12 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Nunavut 5 unchanged

Ontario countries/ca/on.yaml

summary

Age 19. The largest private retail market in the country; smokingPrivate licensed shops and a government online store. Smoking and vaping are allowed almost anywhere tobacco isin many outdoor public places, and not in enclosed public places.

segments › possession

The federal limit applies: adultsA person must be 19+ may carry or older to possess recreational cannabis. The maximum in public is 30 g of dried cannabis, or its equivalent, in public. There is no provincial cap at home.

segments › cultivation

FourA person 19 or older may grow up to four plants per residence, as federal law allowsnot per person, for personal use. The starting material has to come from the Ontario Cannabis Store or an authorised retail store. A lease or condominium rule can forbid it.

segments › enforcement

Nothing within the limitsNo person may sell cannabis except an authorised cannabis retailer. Provincial offences, such as consuming inSelling without authorisation under the wrong place, are ticketed; unlicensed selling is a federal crimeAct is an offence with up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. Distribute includes giving. No person under 19 may distribute cannabis.

segments › consumption

AllowedSmoking and vaping are allowed in mostprivate residences and in many outdoor public places where tobacco smoking is, butincluding sidewalks and parks. They are not near childrenallowed in enclosed public places or enclosed workplaces, at a school or playground or within 20 metres of those grounds, or in vehiclesa vehicle or where local by-laws forbid itboat that is being driven or will be driven. A municipal bylaw, lease or property rule may add restrictions.

segments › access

The provincialPrivate licensed shops, and a government online store and the largest private retail network in the country. The minimum age is 19.

sources

Government of Ontario — Cannabis laws (updated 3 September 2024) Cannabis Control Act, 2017, S.O. 2017, c. 26, Sched. 1 Health Canada — Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Ontario

Prince Edward Island countries/ca/pe.yaml

summary

Age 19. Government-run shops only. Up to four plants, with a locked outdoor enclosure and written landlord permission for a tenant. Consumption is limited to a private residenceshome and its yard, or vacant land with the owner's consent.

segments › possession

The federal limit applies: adultslegal age is 19+ may carry. The public possession limit is 30 g of dried cannabis, or its equivalent, in public. ThereThe province states there is no provincial cap at homelimit on how much purchased cannabis may be kept in a private dwelling, apart from the four-plant household limit.

segments › enforcement

Nothing within the limits. Provincial offencesA provincial violation can bring a fine of $200 to $400, such as consuming in the wrong place, are ticketed; unlicensed selling isor $400 to $700 for a second or later offence. An officer may give a warning instead. Selling without authorisation under the federal crime withAct carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsLegally purchased cannabis may share up tobe shared with a person who is 19 or older. Under the federal Act an adult may not distribute more than 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent.

segments › consumption

Private residences only; consumptionCannabis may be consumed in a private home and the yard attached to it, and on vacant land with the owner's consent. The province says it may not be smoked at work or on public places is prohibitedproperty.

sources

Government of Prince Edward Island — Using cannabis on PEI (published 11 January 2019) Health Canada — Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Prince Edward Island 2 unchanged

Quebec countries/ca/qc.yaml

summary

The strictest province: ageAge 21, no home growing, a. Home cultivation is prohibited. A private residence is limited to 150 g cap at home, no public consumption,of dried cannabis. Smoking and vaping are prohibited in places open to the public. Retail sales are only through the state-run SQDC with a narrower product range.

segments › possession

A person under 21 may not possess cannabis. In a public place, a person 21 or older may possess 30 g inof dried cannabis or its equivalent. Quebec has not made a regulation reducing that federal amount. Outside a public place the limit is 150 g of dried cannabis or its equivalent, and in a provincial cap ofprivate residence that 150 g at home. The minimum age iscap applies no matter how many people aged 21, the highest in Canada or older live there.

segments › cultivation

Prohibited by provincial law, with finesCultivation for growing even one plantpersonal use is prohibited, including planting seeds and harvesting. Growing four plants or fewer in a dwelling-house is a fine of $250 to $750. The Supreme Court of Canada uphelddismissed the ban inappeal against sections 5 and 10 of the Cannabis Regulation Act on 14 April 2023.

segments › enforcement

Nothing within the limitsThe fine for growing four plants or fewer at home is $250 to $750. Provincial offencesSelling cannabis, suchother than as consumingthe SQDC or a producer in the wrong placecases the Act allows, are ticketed; unlicensed selling is a provincial offence. Selling without authorisation under the federal crime withAct carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent, under the federal Act. Distribute includes giving. A person under 21 may not give cannabis.

segments › consumption

ProhibitedSmoking or vaping cannabis is prohibited in allindoor and outdoor spaces open to the public places, indoors and outincluding public roads. A local municipality may, by regulation, permit smoking in a municipal park, except where tobacco smoking or vaping is already prohibited.

segments › access

Only through the state-run SQDC, with a narrower product range: many edibles and high- may sell cannabis at retail. The SQDC states that the maximum THC products are not soldcontent of the cannabis it sells is 30 percent.

sources

Gouvernement du Québec — The Cannabis Regulation Act Cannabis Regulation Act, CQLR c C-5.3 (LégisQuébec) Supreme Court of Canada — Murray-Hall v. Quebec (Attorney General), 2023 SCC 10 SQDC — Frequently asked questions Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Quebec

Saskatchewan countries/ca/sk.yaml

summary

Age 19. Private licensed shops; consumption, in person and online. Consuming cannabis in a public placesplace is prohibited.

segments › possession

The federal limit applies: adultslegal age to consume or purchase non-medicinal cannabis is 19+ may carry. The maximum in a public place is 30 g of dried cannabis, or its equivalent, in public per person of legal age. There is no provincial cap at home.

segments › cultivation

FourThe province uses the federal home-production limit of four cannabis plants per residencehousehold. A landlord may prohibit growing in a rental unit, as federal law allowsand a condominium board may pass a bylaw on cultivation.

segments › enforcement

Nothing within the limits. Provincial offencesThe government publishes set fines, such asincluding $200 for possessing more than 30 g of dried cannabis in a public place and $200 for consuming cannabis in the wronga public place, are ticketed; unlicensed selling is or anywhere other than a private place. Selling without authorisation under the federal crime withAct carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsUnder the federal Act an adult may share up tonot distribute more than 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. The province publishes a $200 fine for distributing more than 30 g in a public place.

segments › consumption

Private residences only; consumptionConsuming cannabis in a public placesplace, or in any place other than a private place, is prohibited. The published fine is $200.

segments › access

Private licensed shops, in person and online sales. The Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority is the regulator. The legal age is 19.

sources

Government of Saskatchewan — Cannabis use in Saskatchewan Health Canada — Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Saskatchewan

Yukon countries/ca/yt.yaml

segments › possession

The federal limit applies: adultsAdults 19+ and older may carry 30 g of dried cannabis, or its equivalent, in public. There is no provincial cap at home.

segments › cultivation

FourAn adult may grow up to four cannabis plants per residenceat one time in their dwelling-house. Where two or more adults live there, as federal law allowsthe household may not grow more than four.

segments › enforcement

Nothing withinSelling without authorisation under the limits. Provincial offences, such as consuming in the wrong place, are ticketed; unlicensed selling is a federal crime withAct carries up to 14 years.

segments › sharing

AdultsAn adult may sharedistribute up to 30 g with other adultsof dried cannabis, or its equivalent. Distribute includes giving.

sources

Health Canada — Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories Cannabis Act, section 8 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 9 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 10 (current to 30 September 2026) Cannabis Act, section 12 (current to 30 September 2026) Wikipedia — Cannabis in Yukon 2 unchanged

Code, design and documents 4 files

docs/CULTURE.md +4 −3
@@ -250,7 +250,8 @@ The site turns that into a figure with the caption and credit underneath. Rules:
 - Every statement of fact rests on a listed source that was opened and read, or on a checked
   history entry of this site. General knowledge is not a source.
-- Wikipedia is acceptable for etymology and for descriptions of customs. Prefer the scholarly
-  or primary source it cites when that can be opened. Reuse the print sources already cited in
-  `changes.yaml` (with page numbers) where they cover the subject.
+- Prefer any source that can be opened to Wikipedia, including for etymology and for a custom.
+  A dictionary, the scholarly or primary source named on the Wikipedia page, or a print source
+  already cited in `changes.yaml` (with page numbers) should be the citation. Keep Wikipedia
+  only when no other source for that statement can be found.
 - Say what is uncertain. "Is said to", "according to", "the only account is" are honest words
   here, not weak ones.
docs/DATA-MAINTENANCE.md +15 −6
@@ -585,12 +585,14 @@ node scripts/data-status.cjs chain de     # one country's full timeline
    region in batches of ten or so.
 2. **Read sources.** In rough order of usefulness:
-   - Wikipedia "Cannabis in <country>", "Drug policy of <country>", "Legal history of cannabis in
-     <country>" (also the local-language edition). Ask for *every dated legal event the page
-     states*, and for exact quotes when checking one claim.
    - The statute itself on a national law site (legislation.gov.*, *lii.org, PacLII, kenyalaw,
-     lawphil, BOE, sejm, slov-lex, legifrance …) or UNODC SHERLOC.
+     lawphil, BOE, sejm, slov-lex, legifrance …) or UNODC SHERLOC. A ministry, parliament,
+     court or regulator page is next.
    - Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor, Transnational Institute country guides, IDPC,
      Human Rights Watch, Amnesty, Harm Reduction International, EMCDDA/EUDA country reports.
    - National or regional news for recent events.
+   - Wikipedia "Cannabis in <country>", "Drug policy of <country>", "Legal history of cannabis in
+     <country>" (also the local-language edition), as a list of leads. Ask for *every dated legal
+     event the page states*, then cite the statute or other source those leads point to. Keep
+     the Wikipedia page itself only when no other source for that claim can be found.
 3. **Write a batch file** and apply it:
 
@@ -657,6 +659,13 @@ node scripts/data-status.cjs chain de     # one country's full timeline
   the law and the history of prohibition: the six scored sections checked against the statute
   itself, then dated legal changes. Culture, science and industry milestones are secondary.
-- **Wikipedia is fine for dates and events, weak for first bans.** Colonial first restrictions
-  usually need a statute database, a UN document or an academic paper.
+- **Prefer any other source to Wikipedia.** A statute, an official gazette, a court, a ministry
+  or regulator, a news report or a book that was opened should be the citation. Wikipedia is a
+  place to find those sources. When a profile, a history entry or a culture page is edited and
+  another source for the same claim can be found, replace the Wikipedia citation and delete the
+  `wiki` source once nothing cites it. Leave Wikipedia only when nothing else can be reached,
+  and say so by keeping it as the source. It is especially weak for a first ban: colonial
+  restrictions usually need a statute database, a UN document or an academic paper. The same
+  rule covers Commons file pages used as the source of a fact; a Commons file that is itself
+  the picture stays, with its credit.
 - **A statute's date is not always the first ban.** A country's "first narcotics law" may come
   long after cannabis was already restricted (Oman 1999, Zimbabwe 1956, Iran 1959). Then add it
docs/research/profile-legal-au-wiki-2026-10-24.md +28 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Australia, Wikipedia narrowed, 24 October 2026
+
+The national profile, the Australian Capital Territory page, and the Northern Territory page were rewritten from statutes and official pages opened for this pass. Scores are unchanged. The recreational status flags are unchanged.
+
+Sentences the opened pages do not state were not carried forward. That includes "federal law still prohibits possession everywhere", a Northern Territory fine of $200, "possession in a public place carries up to two years" as if no infringement notice existed for that quantity, "use is legal at home" in the ACT, "seeds cannot be legally bought" as a national access claim, and "roadside saliva tests in most states" with licence loss regardless of impairment.
+
+## Read this pass
+
+- Drugs of Dependence Act 1989 (ACT), republication 42, effective 16 November 2025. Section 162: cultivating one or two plants is an offence of 1 penalty unit, and does not apply to a person 18 or older who cultivates them in the ACT. For that section, cultivates does not include artificial cultivation, defined as hydroponics or an artificial source of light or heat. Section 171AA: possessing not more than a small quantity is an offence of 1 penalty unit, and does not apply to a person 18 or older who possesses the cannabis in the ACT. More than a small quantity is 50 penalty units, six months, or both. The Act leaves "small quantity" to the regulations and does not itself state 50 g or 150 g. Section 171AAA: more than four plants at premises is 50 penalty units, two years, or both. Section 171AAB: cultivation other than where the person lives, or in an area lawfully accessible to the public, is the same maximum. Section 171AAC: harvested cannabis not stored out of reach of children is the same maximum, with a defence of all reasonable steps. Section 171AB: smoking cannabis in a public place, or exposing a child to the smoke or vapour, is 30 penalty units. Smoke includes vapour and an activated personal vaporiser. https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/alt_a1989-11co/current/pdf/alt_a1989-11co.pdf
+- ACT Policing, Drugs and the law. Cannabis is not legal. The January 2020 amendments exempt adults over 18 from ACT criminal liability in stated circumstances, and the October 2023 reforms do not change those rules. Adults may possess up to 50 g dried or 150 g fresh, and grow up to two plants at home per person, four per household. Offences include public use, exposing a child, storage where children can reach it, hydroponics or artificial cultivation, growing where the public can access the plants, and selling, sharing or giving cannabis as a gift. Commonwealth law is applicable across Australia, including in the ACT, and officers may use ACT or Commonwealth law. https://police.act.gov.au/community-safety/alcohol-and-drugs/drugs-and-the-law
+- Drugs of Dependence (Personal Cannabis Use) Amendment Act 2019, register page. Notified 10 October 2019. Sections 1 and 2 commenced that day. The remainder commenced 31 January 2020. https://legislation.act.gov.au/a/2019-34
+- Misuse of Drugs Act 1990 (NT), as in force 1 July 2026. Section 6B: cultivating less than a traffickable quantity of a prohibited plant is 200 penalty units or two years. A cannabis plant is a prohibited plant because it is listed in Schedule 2. That schedule states the traffickable quantity of a cannabis plant as not less than five and not more than 19 plants. Section 7B: possession of a Schedule 2 drug of less than a traffickable quantity is 50 penalty units. Section 7D: the same possession in a public place is 200 penalty units or two years. Cannabis plant material is a Schedule 2 drug, and its traffickable quantity is 50 g, meaning a quantity equal to or exceeding 50 g. Section 20: an infringement notice offence includes section 6B(1) for not more than two cannabis plants, and sections 7B(1) and 7D(1) where the drug is in Schedule 3 and the quantity does not exceed the listed amount. Schedule 3 lists 50 g of cannabis plant material. The prescribed amount is 2 penalty units. The notice may be given only to an adult. Paying within 28 days expiates the offence. A notice is not required, and a prosecution remains available if none is given. Sections 5 to 5D are supply offences. https://legislation.nt.gov.au/api/sitecore/Act/PDF?id=12012
+- Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 (NSW), current compilation. Section 23(1): cultivating, supplying, or possessing a prohibited plant is an offence. A cannabis plant cultivated by any means is a prohibited plant. The penalty for section 23(1) was not read, so no dollar amount is stated. https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-1985-226
+
+## Reused from the state pass the same day
+
+These pages were opened while the state profiles were written, and the national sentences repeat only what those notes already record.
+
+- South Australia regulations, version 27 June 2024. A simple cannabis offence includes 100 g of cannabis and one plant. Expiation fees include $250 under 25 g, $400 from 25 g to 100 g, $250 for private smoking or consumption, and $400 for one plant. The Legal Services Commission page says public smoking is outside the notice. https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/_legislation-documents/lz/c/r/controlled-substances-controlled-drugs-precursors-and-plants-regulations-2014/current/2014.236.auth.pdf
+- Queensland Police drug diversion program, New South Wales cannabis cautioning guidelines, Victoria Legal Aid drug possession, Tasmania Misuse of Drugs Act section 25, and the Western Australian Cannabis Intervention Requirement page, as already used on those state profiles. Tasmania's "three cautions in ten years" was not re-read and is not repeated on the national page.
+
+## Access lines
+
+The Alcohol and Drug Foundation cannabis page says cannabis for medical or scientific use is legal under federal law, and that patients need a prescription from an authorised doctor. It does not say supply is mostly through telehealth, and it does not say there are no shops. The state and territory access lines now use that wording. The "no shops" and "mostly through telehealth" sentences were dropped because the Wikipedia page that had sat on every state source list was removed. https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/cannabis/
+
+## Left on Wikipedia
+
+The Therapeutic Goods Administration medicinal cannabis hub returned an error when fetched, so the production and medical sections still cite Wikipedia beside that hub. They still say federal licences, hemp licensed by the states, any doctor prescribing with no fixed list of conditions, and tightening of telehealth prescribing. Those sentences were not rewritten. The driving sources already on the profile now carry the consequences section, which no longer describes saliva tests or automatic licence loss.
docs/research/profile-legal-ca-wiki-2026-10-24.md +30 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Canadian provinces and territories, Wikipedia removed, 24 October 2026
+
+Every province and territory page listed a Wikipedia "Cannabis in …" source. Alberta, Ontario, Quebec and Saskatchewan had no other legal source. The texts below were opened before the pages were rewritten. Scores are unchanged.
+
+Sentences that the opened pages do not state were not carried forward. That includes a home-possession cap of "none" where the provincial page only states the public limit, a claim that provincial offences are ticketed where no ticket schedule was opened, Ontario as the largest private retail market, and a Quebec claim that the SQDC does not sell many edibles.
+
+## Read
+
+- AGLC CannabisSense, possession limits. An adult 18 or older may possess up to 30 g of legally produced dried cannabis in public and may grow up to four plants per residence from licensed seed. https://cannabissense.ca/use-legally/possession-limits
+- AGLC CannabisSense, where cannabis may be used. Use is allowed in a single-family home and where the municipality allows it. A motor vehicle is banned except a temporary residence such as a parked RV. Public smoking or vaping is prohibited where tobacco is restricted, where children might be present, and on hospital or school property. https://cannabissense.ca/use-legally/where-can-i-use
+- Government of Ontario, cannabis laws, updated 3 September 2024. Age 19 to buy, use, possess and grow. Up to four plants per residence from Ontario Cannabis Store or authorised-store material. Maximum 30 g of dried cannabis in public. Smoking and vaping allowed in private residences and many outdoor public places, including sidewalks and parks, and not in enclosed public places, at schools and playgrounds within 20 metres, or in a vehicle or boat being driven. https://www.ontario.ca/page/cannabis-laws
+- Cannabis Control Act, 2017 (Ontario), section 6: only an authorised retailer may sell. Section 10: no person under 19 may possess, consume, purchase or distribute cannabis. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/17c26
+- Gouvernement du Québec, Cannabis Regulation Act page. Under 21 may not possess or give cannabis. Public possession stays at the federal 30 g because no reducing regulation was made. The non-public limit is 150 g, including in a private residence regardless of how many adults live there. Personal cultivation is prohibited. Smoking or vaping is prohibited in spaces open to the public, including roads. A municipality may permit smoking in a park. Only the SQDC may sell at retail. https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/advice-and-prevention/alcohol-drugs-gambling/recognizing-drugs-and-their-effects/cannabis/regulating-cannabis-in-quebec/cannabis-regulation-act
+- Cannabis Regulation Act, CQLR c C-5.3, sections 7 and 10. More than 150 g outside a public place is a fine of $250 to $750. Cultivating four plants or fewer in a dwelling-house is the same fine. https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/C-5.3
+- Murray-Hall v. Quebec (Attorney General), 2023 SCC 10, decided 14 April 2023. The appeal was dismissed. Sections 5 and 10 of the provincial Act remain valid and operative. https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/19829/index.do
+- SQDC frequently asked questions. The maximum THC content of cannabis sold there is 30 percent. https://www.sqdc.ca/en-CA/about-the-sqdc/frequently-asked-questions
+- Government of Saskatchewan, cannabis use. Age 19. Public possession 30 g. Public consumption prohibited. Four plants per household. Private retail, with SLGA as regulator. The fine table includes $200 for more than 30 g in public, $200 for consumption other than in a private place, and $200 for distributing more than 30 g in a public place. https://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/cannabis-in-saskatchewan/cannabis-use-in-saskatchewan
+- Government of Nova Scotia, cannabis laws. NSLC is the only authorised retailer. Age 19. Up to 30 g in public and no stated home limit for personal use. Four plants per household, with each apartment a separate household. Smoke-free Places Act applies to combustible cannabis in public, with a fine up to $2,000. Cannabis cannot be used in a vehicle. Buying other than from the NSLC is a fine of at least $600. https://novascotia.ca/cannabis/laws/
+- Government of British Columbia, where you can consume, updated 20 May 2026. Age 19. Adults may generally smoke or vape where tobacco smoking is allowed, with listed bans for parks, playgrounds, schools, public buildings and transit stops. No stated restriction in a privately owned home. A landlord or strata can restrict smoking or growing. Consumption in a vehicle or boat is illegal, with stated residence exceptions. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/public-safety/cannabis/where-you-can-consume
+- Province of Manitoba, public use. Smoking and vaping non-medical cannabis is prohibited in the listed public places and in enclosed public places, with a palliative-care and hospice-room exception. https://www.gov.mb.ca/cannabis/knowthelaw/cantuseinpublic.html
+- Government of Prince Edward Island, using cannabis, published 11 January 2019. Age 19. Public possession 30 g. No stated limit on purchased cannabis kept in a private dwelling. Sharing with a person 19 or older is allowed. Consumption in a private home and its yard, or on vacant land with the owner's consent. Not at work or on public property. A provincial fine of $200 to $400, or $400 to $700 for a later offence; an officer may warn instead. One answer on the same page still speaks of legalisation as forthcoming. The possession, storage, sharing and place-of-use answers were the ones used. https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/finance-and-affordability/using-cannabis-on-pei
+- Northwest Territories Liquor and Cannabis Commission, cannabis. Age 19. Possession limit stated as 30 g. Four plants per household, indoors, from approved seed. Use on private property where tobacco smoking is allowed, and on trails, roadways when not driving, and parks not in use for a public event. Prohibited at playgrounds, schools, sports fields and outdoor events. https://www.ntlcc.ca/en/cannabis
+- Health Canada, authorised retailers. Ages and retail models for every province and territory. Alberta is the only age of 18. Ontario is private shops plus a government online store. Quebec is government shops, age 21. Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, Yukon and Nunavut are private licensed shops. British Columbia is government shops, including online, or private licensed shops. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and the Northwest Territories are government retail. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/provinces-territories.html
+- Cannabis Act sections 8, 9, 10 and 12, current to 30 September 2026. Public possession over 30 g of dried cannabis is prohibited. An adult may not distribute more than 30 g; distribute includes giving. Unauthorised selling carries up to 14 years. An adult may cultivate no more than four plants in the dwelling-house, and the household may not exceed four. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-24.5/section-8.html
+
+## Left in place
+
+New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon and Nunavut already cited their own Act, regulations or government page for the local rule. Wikipedia was removed. The federal sections above now carry the 30 g, sharing and selling sentences. A "no provincial cap at home" sentence was removed where those pages do not state it. Newfoundland and Labrador's plant-place rules and Nunavut's 150 g limit were not rewritten.
+
+The Australian national profile, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory were the next pass. Country profiles outside Australia, and the history file, still cite Wikipedia.
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