Cannabis Freedom Index

Changelog b1cf72f

history: add Lebanon 1934 article; cite 1907/1929/1934 entries from Ram ch.1

3 history entries edited1 article written1 file of code, design or docs +87 −13 lines

History changes.yaml

Edited 3

France tightens narcotics rules in Lebanon and Syria under League pressure

description

After Russell Pasha complained to the League of Nations that Lebanon was producing fifty to sixty tonnes of Egypt-bound hashish a year, the French authorities issued a new decree on narcoticsintroduced stricter prohibitive regulations for Syria and Lebanon,: uniform narcotics legislation closer to the 1925 Geneva convention, created an anti-drug squad in the Sûreté Générale with a regional mandate, and stepped up theharder destruction of cannabis fields.[@1] Egypt reported fewera temporary diminution in Syrian arrivals, but by 1939 Russell was again complaining that Lebanon's governing classes were planting vast areas of hemp.[@1]

Lebanese landowners block the destruction of hemp fields

description

Explaining to the League of Nations why it had not destroyed cannabis fields as Egypt dema … source of income for some districts that could not easily be replaced in a single season.[@1] A Lebanese ministerial report of August 1929 described large proprietors in the Baalbek district refusing to destroy their crops and keeping peasants from entering their land to cut the banned hemp.[@1] Russell Pasha reported that the peasants grew it on the orders of notables who sat in the local governments.[@1]

Hashish growing begins in Mount Lebanon, by Russell Pasha's account

description

Thomas Russell, head of Egypt's narcotics bureau, told the League of Nations in the late 1 … around 1907 some people began growing it experimentally in the Lebanon district of Syria.[@1] As Greece curbed its own crop in the 1920s, he wrote, Lebanese growing increased enormously, and almost all of it went to Egypt.[@1]

Articles and atlas entries 1

Code, design and documents 1 file

docs/research/history-lebanon-1934-2026-10-26.md +47 −0
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+# Research pass: Lebanon 1934 article; 1907/1929/1934 entries cited from Ram ch.1
+
+Research checked on 26 October 2026. Ram's Chapter 1 ("The Drug Trade in
+the Levant", local EPUB chapter0007, extracted and read) verifies three
+Lebanon entries at once: the 1907 growing start, the 1929 Baalbek
+resistance, and the 1934 French tightening. One new article, three entries
+garnished with per-sentence citations and precise locators. No scores,
+profiles or timelines changed.
+
+## What was verified (all sources actually read)
+
+- Haggai Ram, Intoxicating Zion (SUP 2020), ch. 1: Russell's 1902-entry
+  Greece account and ~1907 Lebanon-district experiments; Greek decline and
+  Lebanese boom; notables/ministers ordering peasant cultivation; French
+  1929 frankness on peasant livelihoods and August 1929 Baalbek report
+  (proprietors refusing destruction, blocking peasant cutters); 50–60 ton
+  annual Egypt-bound output; Russell's personal League complaint to shame
+  Paris plus possession-criminalisation demand; French response (uniform
+  narcotics legislation near the 1925 Convention, regional Sûreté Générale
+  antidrug squad, harder field destruction); temporary "diminution in
+  Syrian arrivals" (CNIB satisfaction); Turkish-hashish replacement
+  (Pyrrhic victory); 1939 relapse complaint (broken tear-up/confiscation
+  assurances; governing classes planting vast areas).
+- New `articles/lebanon-narcotics-decree-1934.md` (~350w body, 4 sections,
+  single book source). Entries `lebanon-narcotics-decree-1934`,
+  `lebanon-landowners-resist-destruction-1929` and
+  `lebanon-hashish-growing-begins-1907` all gain [@1] markers; the shared
+  vague locator replaced with three chapter-split locators (line-targeted
+  edit, YAML re-validated).
+- The 1934 entry's "issued a new decree" softened to "introduced stricter
+  prohibitive regulations ... uniform narcotics legislation", matching
+  Ram's wording; the 1939 relapse and temporary-diminution claims kept as
+  written (both verified).
+
+Claim boundaries: no French decree text read — the article stays inside
+Ram's account and its archival citations, not behind them. The 1926
+Lebanon hashish ban (related entry) untouched.
+
+## Verification and files
+
+- `node -e` YAML load of changes.yaml clean before build.
+- `npm run build`, `npm run history:test`, `npm run answers:test` green;
+  rendered `/history/lebanon-narcotics-decree-1934/` citation marks
+  checked.
+- Commit limited to own work: the three Lebanon hunks in changes.yaml,
+  the new article, this note, via pathspec. Foreign staged/worktree files
+  excluded and preserved.
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