# Outside datasets: what each CSV file in this folder is and how to read it. The site reads the # files as they are at build time (src/lib/datasets.js); nothing is copied into the country files. # A dataset whose file is missing is left out of the site with a warning, so a definition can wait # here for its file. # # file the CSV in this folder, published unchanged at /data/datasets/; or, for a # dataset published as a new file each time (a yearly survey), a list of # { file, edition }, one per edition, whose rows take the edition's year # origin how the file was made: downloaded as published, or transcribed, and when # original optional: the publisher's own file, kept and published beside an extract made from it # country which column names the country, and whether it holds our file names (`by: id`, # "de", "us") or country names (`by: name`, matched to the `name:` of each country # file, ignoring accents and punctuation); `aliases` maps names that differ # year optional: a column with the year of each row. Every dataset is kept as a series, # one row per country and year, so that profiles can chart it; the site's own # figures and the map use the latest year # fields our name for each figure → the column it is read from, its decimals, `type: boolean` # for a column that is "true" or empty or `text`, and `about`, what the site uses it # for, and how it is written on a profile: `format` (number, percent, decimal, rank or # text; `values` names the codes of a text field) # credit optional: a short name for the publisher, for the profile's Datasets tab # profile how the dataset reads in the profile's Datasets tab: a `headline` and a line of # `details`, with {field} for a figure ({per} for the rate per `map.per` people). # A part of the details whose figure is missing is left out. For a series, `years` # picks the years listed in the details # rail true for the few datasets also shown in the profile's side column ("Beyond the # law"); every dataset is listed in the profile's Datasets tab # map optional: how one field colours the world map, on a view of its own in `group` # (Society by default): `steps` are where each of the five colours starts; `format` # is percent, decimal or rate; `per` divides the field by the country's population # and multiplies by it (100000: per 100,000 people) # pages optional: the pages that show the dataset, for one with views of its own, and # `also`, words after them # Everything shown on the site is never part of the score. - id: cannabis_use file: unodc-cannabis-use.csv original: unodc-wdr2026-1.2-prevalence-national.xlsx name: Cannabis use publisher: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) credit: UNODC title: UNODC — World Drug Report 2026, statistical annex, table 1.2 Prevalence of drug use in the general population, national data url: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2026-annex.html data_url: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR_2026/Annex/1.2_prevalence_of_drug_use_in_the_general_population_national_data.xlsx data_label: table 1.2, spreadsheet when: national surveys from 1995 to 2024 about: >- The share of adults who used cannabis in the past year, from each country's most recent national survey as reported to UNODC, and the number of people that share stands for today. The count uses a population of the same age band as the survey. Most surveys ask people aged 15 to 64; where a survey used another age band, the band is given with the figure. Every country and territory on the site has a row. origin: >- Rebuilt on 23 October 2026 by scripts/extract-unodc.py from UNODC's spreadsheet, which is published here unchanged: sheet "Cannabis", the best estimate of the latest survey for each country (a survey period such as 2022/23 counts as its last year). The United Kingdom is represented by England and Wales. Where the table has no figure, `source` says what was used instead: "earlier" keeps the figure this site had before, taken from Wikipedia's list of older UNODC figures; "estimate" is the median of the measured countries in the same region, computed here, not a regional total published by UNODC. A disputed territory with no survey takes instead the figure of the country it is internationally regarded as part of (`estimate_from`), whose survey covered nearly the same people, applied to its own population aged 15 to 64: its total from datasets/population.csv times that country's share of those ages. Corrected on 25 October 2026: the World Bank's regional and income aggregates had been taken for Northern Cyprus (XN) and Transnistria (XT), which gave them some two billion people. `users` applies the share to a population of the survey's own age band, from the World Bank's five-year age groups (male and female summed, latest year). A band that cuts through a group is split evenly across those ages and marked `users_approximate`. A survey with no recorded age, and a regional median, use the population aged 15 to 64 (SP.POP.1564.TO). Where that population is missing, the row has no user count. The sum of these country counts is not UNODC's separate estimate of 256 million cannabis users worldwide in 2024. profile: headline: "{prevalence} of adults" details: "{users} people · survey {period} · ages {ages} · {source}" country: { column: country, by: id } fields: prevalence: { column: prevalence, format: percent, about: "Share of adults: map, rankings, profile" } users: { column: users, about: "Number of users: map, rankings, profile" } year: { column: year, about: "Survey year (the last year of a period), empty for estimates" } period: { column: period, type: text, about: "Survey year or period as UNODC gives it" } ages: { column: ages, type: text, about: "The survey's age band, shown with the figure" } source: { column: source, type: text, about: "wdr2026, earlier or estimate", values: { wdr2026: "UNODC 2026", earlier: "earlier figure, not in UNODC 2026", estimate: "computed here: the median of surveyed countries in the region, or the figure of the country a territory is part of" } } estimate: { column: estimate, type: boolean, about: "Marks a figure computed here for a place with no survey (shown with ~)" } estimate_from: { column: estimate_from, type: text, about: "For a disputed territory with no survey: the country whose figure it takes" } population_15_64: { column: population_15_64, about: "Population aged 15 to 64, kept for reference" } population_band: { column: population_band, about: "Population the user count is applied to" } population_ages: { column: population_ages, type: text, about: "Age band of population_band" } users_approximate: { column: users_approximate, type: boolean, about: "The user count splits an age group, or assumes ages 15 to 64 because the survey age was not recorded" } pages: - { label: the map of users, path: map/users/ } - { label: the map of the share of adults, path: map/share-of-adults/ } - { label: the map of use against freedom, path: map/use-against-freedom/ } - { label: the rankings, path: "#rankings" } also: and every country profile - id: youth_use file: unodc-cannabis-use-youth.csv original: unodc-wdr2026-1.4-prevalence-youth.xlsx name: Cannabis use at 15 and 16 publisher: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) credit: UNODC title: UNODC — World Drug Report 2026, statistical annex, table 1.4 Prevalence of drug use in the youth population, national data url: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2026-annex.html data_url: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR_2026/Annex/1.4_prevalence_of_drug_use_in_the_youth_population_national_data_national_data.xlsx data_label: table 1.4, spreadsheet when: school surveys from 2003 to 2024 about: >- The share of 15- and 16-year-olds who used cannabis in the past year, mostly from school surveys such as ESPAD, as each government reports them to UNODC. Only surveys of this age group are used, so that countries can be compared: some large countries, Germany, France and Spain among them, report only other age bands and are left out. origin: >- The publisher's spreadsheet was downloaded on 21 October 2026 and is published here unchanged. The CSV is extracted from it by scripts/extract-unodc.py (youth): sheet "Cannabis", rows covering ages 15 to 16 with a past-year figure, the latest survey for each country. Rows about herb or resin only, or about one part of a country, are left out, and UNODC's age group is written out ("(SS) 15 - 16" as "ages 15–16, school survey"). profile: headline: "{past_year} in the past year" details: "{lifetime} ever · {past_month} in the past month · {year} · {coverage}" country: { column: country, by: id } fields: past_year: { column: past_year, format: percent, about: "Map colour and profile" } lifetime: { column: lifetime, format: percent } past_month: { column: past_month, format: percent } year: { column: year, format: text } coverage: { column: coverage, type: text, about: "Age group, and whether it was a school survey" } map: field: past_year format: percent group: Use slug: youth-cannabis-use label: Use at 15 and 16 missing: No survey of 15- and 16-year-olds reported to UNODC steps: [[0, "Under 3%"], [3, "3–7%"], [7, "7–12%"], [12, "12–18%"], [18, "18% or more"]] title: Cannabis use among 15- and 16-year-olds, by country lede: >- The share of 15- and 16-year-olds who used cannabis in the past year, from the latest school survey each country reported to UNODC. The stronger the blue, the higher the share. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more 15- and 16-year-olds used cannabis in the past year. Countries without a survey of this age group are hatched. note: >- UNODC World Drug Report 2026, table 1.4: past-year use among 15- and 16-year-olds, latest survey reported. Survey years differ between countries. - id: pew_marijuana file: - { file: pew-marijuana-morality-2026.csv, edition: 2025 } rail: true origin: >- Transcribed by hand on 20 October 2026 from the "Total" row of each country in the topline PDF (question 17g, "Using marijuana"). The columns are the per cent of adults answering morally acceptable, morally unacceptable, not a moral issue, depends on the situation (volunteered) and don't know or refused, and the number of people asked. name: Is using marijuana morally wrong? publisher: Pew Research Center title: Pew Research Center — In 25-country survey, Americans especially likely to view fellow citizens as morally bad (5 March 2026) url: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2026/03/05/in-25-country-survey-americans-especially-likely-to-view-fellow-citizens-as-morally-bad/ data_url: https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/03/pr_2026.03.05_international-morality_topline.pdf data_label: topline, question 17g when: surveyed January to May 2025 about: >- Adults were asked whether using marijuana is morally acceptable, morally unacceptable, or not a moral issue. Nationally representative samples of about 1,000 people or more in each of 25 countries. notes: us: In the United States the question said “morally wrong” instead of “morally unacceptable”. profile: headline: "{unacceptable} call it immoral" details: "{acceptable} acceptable · {not_moral} not a moral issue · {sample} people asked" country: { column: country, by: id } fields: unacceptable: { column: unacceptable, format: percent } acceptable: { column: acceptable, format: percent } not_moral: { column: not_moral, format: percent } depends: { column: depends, format: percent } unsure: { column: unsure, format: percent } sample: { column: n } map: field: unacceptable format: percent slug: marijuana-morality label: Says marijuana is immoral missing: Not among the 25 countries Pew surveyed steps: [[0, "Under 20%"], [20, "20–35%"], [35, "35–50%"], [50, "50–70%"], [70, "70% or more"]] title: Is using marijuana morally wrong? Views in 25 countries lede: >- The share of adults who say using marijuana is morally unacceptable, from Pew Research Center's 2025 survey of 25 countries. The stronger the blue, the more people disapprove. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more adults say using marijuana is morally unacceptable. Only 25 countries were surveyed; the rest are hatched. note: >- Pew Research Center, 2025 survey of 25 countries, published March 2026. Moral views are shown for context and are not part of the score. - id: cannabis_offences file: euda-cannabis-use-offences.csv original: euda-sb2026-dlo-03-2-0-cannabis-use-offences.xml name: Offences for cannabis use or possession publisher: European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA) credit: EUDA title: EUDA — Statistical Bulletin 2026, drug law offences, cannabis, use (table DLO-03-2-0) url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/data/stats2026/dlo_en#displayTable:DLO-03-2-0 data_url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/modules/sbdata/SBDataService2026.cfc?method=fetchxlsx&tableid=DLO-03-2-0 data_label: table DLO-03-2-0, spreadsheet when: 2007 to 2024 about: >- Offences of using cannabis or possessing it for one's own use that the police record each year, as European countries report them to the EUDA ("drug law offences, cannabis, use"): cannabis alone, unlike UNODC's figures for all drugs, and not offences of supply such as dealing, trafficking or growing for sale. An offence is not a conviction: depending on the country it may end in a fine, a caution, a referral to treatment or a criminal case. Countries record offences or offenders, and define them, in different ways, so compare a country with itself over time rather than with its neighbours. The EUDA notes that Slovenia counted only use-related offences in 2023, that Portugal's figures for 2017 to 2021 lack one police force, and that Greece's include all cannabis products since 2018. Shown per 100,000 people using today's population. origin: >- The EUDA's site refuses scripted downloads, so the table was read in a browser on 21 October 2026 from its data service (the XML behind the table) and saved unchanged; its SHA-256 was checked against the browser's copy. scripts/extract-euda.py (cannabis_offences) turns it into one row per country and year with a figure. profile: headline: "{per} per 100,000 people" details: "{offences} offences in {year} · cannabis only · use or possession, not dealing" each: "{offences} in {year}" years: [2010, 2020] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: offences: { column: offences, about: "Offences recorded: map colour (per 100,000) and profile" } map: field: offences per: 100000 format: rate group: Law since: 2020 slug: cannabis-offences-europe label: Cannabis offences (Europe) missing: No cannabis-use offences reported to the EUDA since 2020 steps: [[0, "Under 10"], [10, "10–50"], [50, "50–100"], [100, "100–250"], [250, "250 or more"]] title: Offences for cannabis use or possession in Europe lede: >- Offences of using or possessing cannabis per 100,000 people, in the latest year each European country reported to the EUDA since 2020. The stronger the blue, the more offences. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more cannabis use or possession offences per 100,000 people. Countries count differently; those without a report since 2020 are hatched. note: >- EUDA Statistical Bulletin 2026, table DLO-03-2-0: cannabis use offences, latest year since 2020, per 100,000 people. Not part of the score. - id: police_possession file: unodc-drug-possession-police.csv original: unodc-wdr2026-10.1-drug-related-crimes.xlsx name: Police contact for drug use or possession publisher: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) credit: UNODC title: UNODC — World Drug Report 2026, statistical annex, table 10.1 Drug-related crimes url: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2026-annex.html data_url: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR_2026/Annex/10.1_drug_related_crimes.xlsx data_label: table 10.1, spreadsheet when: latest year reported, mostly 2024 about: >- People brought into formal contact with the police, such as being suspected, arrested or cautioned, for offences of drug use or possession, as each government reports them to UNODC. All illicit drugs are counted together: cannabis is not reported separately. Countries define and record these offences differently, and some include administrative fines, so compare with care. Shown per 100,000 people using today's population. origin: >- The publisher's spreadsheet was downloaded on 21 October 2026 and is published here unchanged. The CSV is extracted from it by scripts/extract-unodc.py (offences): sheet "Formal contact", offences related to drug use and/or possession, any illicit drug, the latest year with a figure for each country. The United Kingdom reports the year ending March 2025. profile: headline: "{per} per 100,000 people" details: "{persons} people in {year} · all drugs together" country: { column: country, by: id } fields: persons: { column: persons, about: "Number of people: map colour (per 100,000) and profile" } year: { column: year, format: text, about: "Year of the figure" } map: field: persons per: 100000 format: rate group: Law slug: drug-possession-police label: Police contact for possession missing: Not reported to UNODC steps: [[0, "Under 10"], [10, "10–50"], [50, "50–100"], [100, "100–250"], [250, "250 or more"]] title: Police contact for drug use or possession, by country lede: >- How many people per 100,000 were brought into contact with the police for using or possessing drugs, in the latest year each country reported to UNODC. All drugs together, cannabis included. The stronger the blue, the more people. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more people per 100,000 the police dealt with for drug use or possession. All drugs together; countries count differently. Countries that do not report are hatched. note: >- UNODC World Drug Report 2026, table 10.1: persons in formal contact with the police for drug use or possession, all drugs, latest year reported. Not part of the score. - id: seizures file: unodc-cannabis-seizures.csv original: unodc-wdr2026-7.1-drug-seizures.xlsx name: Cannabis seized publisher: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) credit: UNODC title: UNODC — World Drug Report 2026, statistical annex, table 7.1 Drug seizures 2015–2024 url: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2026-annex.html data_url: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR_2026/Annex/7.1_Drug_seizures_2015-2024.xlsx data_label: table 7.1, spreadsheet when: 2015 to 2024 about: >- Kilograms of cannabis herb and cannabis resin seized by the authorities each year, as reported to UNODC. Seizures show where enforcement and trafficking routes are, not how much cannabis is used: a transit country can seize far more than it consumes. Figures are as reported, and some countries appear to count plants destroyed in the field as herb, which makes their totals very large. Plants, oil and seeds are left out. origin: >- The publisher's spreadsheet was downloaded on 21 October 2026 and is published here unchanged. The CSV is extracted from it by scripts/extract-unodc.py (seizures): herb and resin in kilograms for every country and year, adding up rows of the same kind, with UNODC's source for each figure (ARQ: the government's annual questionnaire; GOV: another government source; AU: the African Union; INCSR: the US State Department). profile: headline: "{total_kg} kg in {year}" details: "{herb_kg} kg of herb · {resin_kg} kg of resin" each: "{total_kg} kg in {year}" years: [2015, 2020] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: total_kg: { column: total_kg, about: "Herb and resin together: map colour and profile" } herb_kg: { column: herb_kg, about: "Kilograms of herb" } resin_kg: { column: resin_kg, about: "Kilograms of resin" } reported_by: { column: reported_by, type: text, about: "UNODC's source for the figures" } map: field: total_kg format: number group: Law since: 2020 slug: cannabis-seizures label: Cannabis seized missing: No seizures reported to UNODC since 2020 steps: [[0, "Under 100 kg"], [100, "100 kg–1 t"], [1000, "1–10 t"], [10000, "10–100 t"], [100000, "100 t or more"]] title: Cannabis seized by the authorities, by country lede: >- Kilograms of cannabis herb and resin seized in the latest year each country reported to UNODC. Seizures follow enforcement and trafficking routes, not use. The stronger the blue, the more was seized. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more cannabis herb and resin was seized. Figures as reported; countries that have not reported since 2020 are hatched. note: >- UNODC World Drug Report 2026, table 7.1: cannabis herb and resin seized, latest year since 2020. Not part of the score. - id: prices_europe file: euda-cannabis-prices.csv original: [euda-sb2026-ppp-02-1-1-2-3-herb-price.xml, euda-sb2026-ppp-02-1-1-1-3-resin-price.xml] name: Street price of cannabis (Europe) publisher: European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA) credit: EUDA title: EUDA — Statistical Bulletin 2026, price, purity and potency, retail price of cannabis herb and resin, mean (tables PPP-02-1-1-2-3 and PPP-02-1-1-1-3) url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/data/stats2026/ppp_en data_url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/modules/sbdata/SBDataService2026.cfc?method=fetchxlsx&tableid=PPP-02-1-1-2-3 data_label: herb price table, spreadsheet when: 2002 to 2024 about: >- The mean retail price of a gram of cannabis herb and of cannabis resin, in euros, as each country reports it to the EUDA from police purchases, seizures or surveys. Where a country reports several studies in a year, their means are averaged. The EUDA notes that Dutch prices are for cannabis bought anonymously in coffeeshops, not on the street, and that Türkiye reports one price for herb and resin together. Prices are not adjusted for inflation. origin: >- The EUDA's site refuses scripted downloads, so both tables were read in a browser on 21 October 2026 from its data service, sent compressed and saved unchanged; each file's SHA-256 matches the browser's copy. scripts/extract-euda.py (prices) turns them into one row per country and year. profile: headline: "€{herb_eur} a gram of herb" details: "€{resin_eur} a gram of resin · {year}" each: "€{herb_eur} in {year}" years: [2010, 2015] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: herb_eur: { column: herb_eur, format: decimal, about: "Euros per gram of herb: map colour and profile" } resin_eur: { column: resin_eur, format: decimal, about: "Euros per gram of resin" } herb_eur_studies: { column: herb_eur_studies, about: "How many studies the herb price averages" } resin_eur_studies: { column: resin_eur_studies, about: "How many studies the resin price averages" } map: field: herb_eur format: decimal group: Context since: 2020 slug: cannabis-price-europe label: Street price (Europe) missing: No herb price reported to the EUDA since 2020 steps: [[0, "Under €6/g"], [6, "€6–9/g"], [9, "€9–12/g"], [12, "€12–20/g"], [20, "€20/g or more"]] title: The street price of cannabis in Europe lede: >- The mean retail price of a gram of cannabis herb, in euros, in the latest year each European country reported to the EUDA since 2020. The stronger the blue, the dearer. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more a gram of cannabis herb costs. Countries without a reported price since 2020 are hatched. note: >- EUDA Statistical Bulletin 2026: mean retail price of cannabis herb, euros per gram, latest year since 2020. Not part of the score. - id: potency_europe file: euda-cannabis-potency.csv original: [euda-sb2026-ppp-01-1-1-1-2-3-herb-thc.xml, euda-sb2026-ppp-01-1-1-1-1-3-resin-thc.xml] name: THC in cannabis sold (Europe) publisher: European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA) credit: EUDA title: EUDA — Statistical Bulletin 2026, price, purity and potency, THC content of cannabis herb and resin at retail level, mean (tables PPP-01-1-1-1-2-3 and PPP-01-1-1-1-1-3) url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/data/stats2026/ppp_en data_url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/modules/sbdata/SBDataService2026.cfc?method=fetchxlsx&tableid=PPP-01-1-1-1-2-3 data_label: herb potency table, spreadsheet when: 2002 to 2024 about: >- The mean THC content, in per cent, of cannabis herb and resin tested at retail level, mostly from seized samples, as each country reports it to the EUDA. Where a country reports several studies in a year, their means are averaged. Samples, methods and what counts as herb differ between countries, so compare a country with itself over time. origin: >- The EUDA's site refuses scripted downloads, so both tables were read in a browser on 21 October 2026 from its data service, sent compressed and saved unchanged; each file's SHA-256 matches the browser's copy. scripts/extract-euda.py (potency) turns them into one row per country and year. profile: headline: "{herb_thc} THC in herb" details: "{resin_thc} in resin · {year}" each: "{herb_thc} in {year}" years: [2010, 2015] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: herb_thc: { column: herb_thc, format: percent, about: "Per cent THC in herb: map colour and profile" } resin_thc: { column: resin_thc, format: percent, about: "Per cent THC in resin" } herb_thc_studies: { column: herb_thc_studies, about: "How many studies the herb figure averages" } resin_thc_studies: { column: resin_thc_studies, about: "How many studies the resin figure averages" } map: field: herb_thc format: percent group: Context since: 2020 slug: thc-potency-europe label: THC potency (Europe) missing: No herb potency reported to the EUDA since 2020 steps: [[0, "Under 6%"], [6, "6–9%"], [9, "9–12%"], [12, "12–15%"], [15, "15% or more"]] title: How strong cannabis sold in Europe is lede: >- The mean THC content of cannabis herb at retail level, in the latest year each European country reported to the EUDA since 2020. The stronger the blue, the stronger the cannabis. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more THC in the cannabis herb sold. Countries without a reported figure since 2020 are hatched. note: >- EUDA Statistical Bulletin 2026: mean THC content of cannabis herb at retail level, latest year since 2020. Not part of the score. - id: osm_shops file: - { file: osm-cannabis-shops-2026-10-21.csv, edition: 2026 } name: Cannabis shops on the map publisher: OpenStreetMap contributors credit: OpenStreetMap title: "OpenStreetMap contributors — places tagged shop=cannabis, via the Overpass API (data © OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL)" url: https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Tag:shop%3Dcannabis data_url: https://overpass-api.de/ data_label: Overpass API when: counted October 2026 about: >- How many places volunteers have tagged as cannabis shops in OpenStreetMap, the open map of the world, inside each country's borders: dispensaries, licensed shops, coffeeshops and CBD shops alike, wherever mappers used the tag. It shows where cannabis is sold openly, but also how thoroughly an area is mapped: Thailand, with thousands of shops, has only a few hundred tagged. Each count is a dated edition; counting again later adds a new one, so the trend builds up over time. Shown per million people. origin: >- Counted on 21 October 2026 through the Overpass API by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (osm): for each country, the elements tagged shop=cannabis inside its boundary (ISO 3166-1 code, admin level 2). Countries without such a boundary in OpenStreetMap, such as the disputed territories, are left out. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors, under the Open Database Licence. profile: headline: "{shops} shops mapped" details: "{per} per million people · {year}" each: "{shops} in {year}" country: { column: country, by: id } fields: shops: { column: shops, about: "Places tagged shop=cannabis: map colour (per million people) and profile" } points: { column: points, about: "Of them, mapped as a point" } buildings: { column: buildings, about: "Of them, mapped as a building or area" } map: field: shops per: 1000000 format: rate group: Context slug: cannabis-shops-mapped label: Shops on the map missing: No cannabis shops tagged in OpenStreetMap steps: [[0, "Under 1"], [1, "1–5"], [5, "5–20"], [20, "20–50"], [50, "50 or more"]] title: Cannabis shops mapped in OpenStreetMap lede: >- Places tagged as cannabis shops in OpenStreetMap, per million people. It shows where cannabis is sold openly, and how well each country is mapped. The stronger the blue, the more shops. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more cannabis shops per million people are tagged in OpenStreetMap. Mapping is uneven, so a pale country may simply be less mapped. note: >- © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL): elements tagged shop=cannabis, counted October 2026, per million people. Not part of the score. - id: gbif_plant file: gbif-cannabis-records.csv name: Records of the cannabis plant publisher: Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) credit: GBIF title: "GBIF.org (21 October 2026), GBIF Occurrence Search, genus Cannabis" url: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=2984538 data_url: https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/search?taxonKey=2984538&facet=country&limit=0 data_label: GBIF occurrence API when: records from 1500 to 2026 about: >- Every record of the cannabis plant that herbaria, museums, botanical surveys and citizen scientists have shared through GBIF, by the country where the plant was found: wild, feral or grown. Old herbarium sheets show where the plant was collected centuries ago; recent records are mostly photographs from apps such as iNaturalist. The numbers say as much about who records plants as about where cannabis grows. The map and charts count records with a date; many have none, and those are given separately. origin: >- Counted on 21 October 2026 through GBIF's public API by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (gbif): the genus Cannabis with all its species and synonyms, faceted by country and then by year. The individual records keep the licences their publishers chose (CC0, CC BY or CC BY-NC); only counts are kept here. profile: headline: "{records_total} dated records" details: "{undated} more without a date · {records} in {year}" each: "{records_total} by {year}" years: [1900, 1960, 2000] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: records_total: { column: records_total, about: "Dated records up to that year: map colour and profile" } records: { column: records, about: "Records from that year" } undated: { column: undated, about: "Records without a year, on a country's last row" } map: field: records_total format: number group: Context slug: cannabis-plant-records label: Plant records missing: No dated records of cannabis in GBIF steps: [[0, "Under 10"], [10, "10–50"], [50, "50–200"], [200, "200–1,000"], [1000, "1,000 or more"]] title: Where the cannabis plant has been recorded lede: >- Dated records of the cannabis plant shared through GBIF: herbarium sheets, botanical surveys and citizen-science photographs, by the country where the plant was found. The stronger the blue, the more records. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more dated records of the cannabis plant. Countries with none are hatched. Use the slider to see how the records built up over the centuries. note: >- GBIF.org, genus Cannabis, dated records up to the year shown. Not part of the score. - id: hemp file: faostat-hemp.csv name: Hemp grown publisher: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) credit: FAO title: "FAOSTAT — Production: Crops and livestock products (QCL), hemp fibre and hempseed" url: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL data_url: https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip data_label: bulk download, all crops and livestock when: 1961 to 2024 about: >- How much hemp each country grows for fibre and for seed, in hectares harvested and tonnes produced, every year since 1961, as governments report them to FAO. It shows the crop itself, not cannabis use: industrial hemp has little THC. Fibre and seed areas overlap where one crop gives both, so the area shown is the larger of the two, not their sum. Records are patchy: some countries report only fibre or only seed, some only area, and many stop for years. origin: >- FAO's bulk file (last updated 23 December 2025, about 34 MB) was downloaded on 21 October 2026 and read by scripts/extract-faostat-hemp.py, which keeps the hemp rows: "True hemp, raw or retted" (fibre) and "Hempseed", production and area harvested, every year, with FAO's flag for each figure (A official, E estimated, I imputed, X another international body). The bulk file is too large to keep here. Countries are matched by their M49 code; FAO's "China" aggregate is left out in favour of mainland China, and former states (the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) are kept in the file without a country, so the site does not show them. profile: headline: "{hemp_ha} ha in {year}" details: "{fibre_t} t of fibre · {seed_t} t of seed" each: "{hemp_ha} ha in {year}" years: [1961, 1980, 2000] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: hemp_ha: { column: hemp_ha, about: "Hectares of hemp: map colour and profile" } fibre_t: { column: fibre_t, about: "Tonnes of hemp fibre" } seed_t: { column: seed_t, about: "Tonnes of hempseed" } fibre_ha: { column: fibre_ha, about: "Hectares harvested for fibre" } seed_ha: { column: seed_ha, about: "Hectares harvested for seed" } map: field: hemp_ha format: number group: Context since: 2015 slug: hemp-grown label: Hemp grown missing: No hemp reported to FAO since 2015 steps: [[0, "Under 100 ha"], [100, "100–1,000 ha"], [1000, "1,000–5,000 ha"], [5000, "5,000–20,000 ha"], [20000, "20,000 ha or more"]] title: Where hemp is grown, by country lede: >- Hectares of hemp harvested for fibre or seed in the latest year each country reported to FAO, since 2015. Hemp is the same plant as cannabis, grown for its stalks and seeds rather than for THC. The stronger the blue, the more hemp. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more hectares of hemp, for fibre or seed. Countries that have not reported hemp to FAO since 2015 are hatched. note: >- FAOSTAT, hemp fibre and hempseed, area harvested, latest year reported since 2015. Not part of the score. - id: research_papers file: openalex-cannabis-papers.csv name: Research on cannabis publisher: OpenAlex (OurResearch) credit: OpenAlex title: OpenAlex — works mentioning cannabis, marijuana, marihuana or cannabinoids in their title or abstract, by author country url: https://openalex.org/ data_url: https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=title_and_abstract.search:cannabis%7Cmarijuana%7Cmarihuana%7Ccannabinoid&group_by=authorships.countries data_label: OpenAlex API when: 1950 to 2025 about: >- How many research papers about cannabis have authors working in each country, every year since 1950: papers whose title or abstract mentions cannabis, marijuana, marihuana or a cannabinoid, in OpenAlex's open catalogue of scholarly works. A paper with authors in several countries counts for each. It shows where cannabis is studied, which laws can make easier or harder. Shown per million people using today's population. origin: >- Counted on 21 October 2026 through OpenAlex's public API by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (openalex): one query per year, grouped by the countries of the authors' institutions. The current year, still incomplete, is left out. OpenAlex data is CC0. profile: headline: "{per} papers per million people" details: "{papers} papers in {year}" each: "{papers} in {year}" years: [1970, 1990, 2010] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: papers: { column: papers, about: "Papers that year: map colour (per million people) and profile" } map: field: papers per: 1000000 format: rate since: 2024 slug: cannabis-research label: Cannabis research missing: No cannabis papers in OpenAlex in the latest year steps: [[0, "Under 1"], [1, "1–3"], [3, "3–10"], [10, "10–30"], [30, "30 or more"]] title: Where cannabis is studied lede: >- Research papers about cannabis per million people, by the countries their authors work in, in the latest full year, from OpenAlex's open catalogue. The stronger the blue, the more research. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more papers about cannabis per million people. Use the slider to go back to 1950. note: >- OpenAlex, papers mentioning cannabis by author country, per million people (today's population). Not part of the score. - id: hfi file: hfi-2025.csv rail: true origin: >- The official data file as published by the Cato Institute, saved on 20 October 2026 and not edited. It has a row for every jurisdiction and year from 2000 to 2023; the site uses the overall, personal and economic freedom scores and the overall rank for 2023. name: Human Freedom Index publisher: Cato Institute and Fraser Institute credit: Cato and Fraser Institutes title: Cato Institute and Fraser Institute — The Human Freedom Index 2025 url: https://www.cato.org/human-freedom-index/2025 when: data for 2023 about: >- A score from 0 to 10 for personal, civil and economic freedom, built from 87 indicators such as the rule of law, freedom of movement, religion, expression and association, and the size of government, trade and regulation. It covers 165 jurisdictions. profile: headline: "{human} of 10" details: "rank {human_rank} · personal freedom {personal} · economic freedom {economic}" country: column: countries by: name aliases: "Bahamas, The": bs Brunei Darussalam: bn "Congo, Dem. Rep.": cd "Congo, Rep.": cg Czech Republic: cz "Egypt, Arab Rep.": eg "Gambia, The": gm "Hong Kong SAR, China": hk "Iran, Islamic Rep.": ir "Korea, Rep.": kr Kyrgyz Republic: kg Lao PDR: la Russian Federation: ru Slovak Republic: sk Syrian Arab Republic: sy "Venezuela, RB": ve "Yemen, Rep.": ye Turkey: tr Turkiye: tr Macedonia: mk Swaziland: sz Cape Verde: cv Burma: mm Viet Nam: vn East Timor: tl "Micronesia, Fed. Sts.": fm St. Lucia: lc St. Kitts and Nevis: kn St. Vincent and the Grenadines: vc Sao Tome and Principe: st West Bank and Gaza: ps year: { column: year } fields: human: { column: hf_score, decimals: 2, format: decimal } human_rank: { column: hf_rank, format: rank } personal: { column: pf_score, decimals: 2, format: decimal } economic: { column: ef_score, decimals: 2, format: decimal } map: field: human format: decimal slug: human-freedom label: Human Freedom Index missing: Not covered by the Human Freedom Index steps: [[0, "Under 5"], [5, "5–6"], [6, "6–7"], [7, "7–8"], [8, "8 or more"]] title: Human Freedom Index by country, beside cannabis freedom lede: >- Personal, civil and economic freedom in 165 countries, scored from 0 to 10 by the Cato Institute and the Fraser Institute. The stronger the blue, the freer the country by that measure. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the freer the country by the Human Freedom Index. Countries it does not cover are hatched. note: >- Human Freedom Index 2025 (Cato Institute and Fraser Institute), data for 2023. Shown for context and not part of the score. - id: civil_liberties file: vdem-civil-liberties.csv original: owid-civil-liberties-vdem.csv name: Civil liberties publisher: V-Dem Institute, via Our World in Data credit: V-Dem, Our World in Data title: "V-Dem (2026), Democracy report v16, processed by Our World in Data — Human rights index (V-Dem's civil liberties index)" url: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/civil-liberties-index-vdem data_url: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/civil-liberties-index-vdem.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=true data_label: OWID chart data, CSV when: 1900 to 2025 about: >- How free people are from government torture, political killings and forced labour, and how far they have property rights and freedom of movement, religion, expression and association, from 0 (none) to 1, every year, as estimated by V-Dem's country experts. Our World in Data publishes it as its "human rights index". V-Dem scores West and East Germany separately from 1949 to 1990, so Germany has no figures for those years. origin: >- OWID's chart file (V-Dem version 16, OWID update of 17 March 2026) was downloaded on 21 October 2026 and is published here unchanged. scripts/extract-owid.py (civil_liberties) keeps every year from 1900 for the countries this site covers, matching OWID's three-letter codes to ours through the World Bank's country list; historical states and regions are left out. profile: headline: "{civil_liberties} of 1 in {year}" each: "{civil_liberties} in {year}" years: [1925, 1961, 1990] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: civil_liberties: { column: civil_liberties, format: decimal, about: "0 to 1: map colour and profile" } map: field: civil_liberties format: decimal since: 2020 slug: civil-liberties label: Civil liberties missing: Not scored by V-Dem steps: [[0, "Under 0.2"], [0.2, "0.2–0.4"], [0.4, "0.4–0.6"], [0.6, "0.6–0.8"], [0.8, "0.8 or more"]] title: Civil liberties by country, beside cannabis freedom lede: >- V-Dem's civil liberties index, from 0 to 1: freedom from torture and political killings, property rights, and freedom of movement, religion, expression and association. The stronger the blue, the freer. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more civil liberties people have by V-Dem's estimate. Places V-Dem does not score are hatched. note: >- V-Dem (2026), processed by Our World in Data, latest year. Not part of the score. - id: population file: population.csv name: Population publisher: Our World in Data and the World Bank credit: Our World in Data, World Bank title: Our World in Data — Population (long-run estimates) url: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources data_url: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL data_label: World Bank — Population, total when: 1900 to 2025 about: >- How many people live in each country and territory: a figure every ten years from 1900 to 2020 and the latest one. It weights the population-weighted world average, shown beside the plain one, and sorts the rankings by population. origin: >- Compiled for this site on 4 October 2026 and moved into this file on 20 October 2026. For 196 countries the figures from 1900 to 2020 are Our World in Data's long-run series and the latest (mostly 2025) is the World Bank's. 23 dependencies and disputed territories have a single recent figure only. Borders are today's. Not a copy of a published file. profile: headline: "{population} people in {year}" years: [1900, 1950, 2000] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: population: { column: population, about: "People living there in that year" } pages: - { label: the world average by population, path: "" } - { label: the population column of the rankings, path: "#rankings" } - { label: research progress weighted by population, path: research/ } - id: espad_availability file: espad-2024-cannabis-availability.csv name: Is cannabis easy to get? (students, Europe) publisher: ESPAD Group and the European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA) credit: ESPAD title: ESPAD Report 2024 — Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, table 3b url: https://www.espad.org/espad-report-2024 data_url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/system/files/documents/2025-10/espad-2024-report-source-tables.xlsx.zip data_label: source tables, spreadsheet (table 3b) when: surveyed in 2024 about: >- The per cent of students aged 15 to 16 who say cannabis would be "fairly easy" or "very easy" to get if they wanted it, overall and for boys and girls, in 37 European countries. A school survey with the same questionnaire everywhere. origin: >- The EUDA's site refuses scripted downloads, so the spreadsheet of source tables was opened in a browser on 21 October 2026 and the cannabis columns of table 3b were read from it and written here, rounded to two decimals. profile: headline: "{easy} of students say it is easy to get" details: "{easy_boys} of boys · {easy_girls} of girls · aged 15–16 · 2024" country: { column: country, by: id } fields: easy: { column: easy, format: percent, decimals: 1, about: "Students who say cannabis is easy to get: Charts page and profile" } easy_boys: { column: easy_boys, format: percent, decimals: 1 } easy_girls: { column: easy_girls, format: percent, decimals: 1 } map: field: easy format: percent group: Use slug: easy-to-get label: Students who say cannabis is easy to get missing: Not in the 2024 ESPAD school survey steps: [[0, "Under 15%"], [15, "15–22%"], [22, "22–29%"], [29, "29–36%"], [36, "36% or more"]] title: How easy is cannabis to get? Students in Europe lede: >- The share of students aged 15 to 16 who say cannabis would be fairly or very easy to get, from the 2024 ESPAD school survey in 37 European countries. The stronger the blue, the easier it is to get. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more students aged 15 to 16 say cannabis would be easy to get. Countries outside the ESPAD survey are hatched. note: >- ESPAD Report 2024, table 3b: students answering "fairly easy" or "very easy". Not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/easy-to-get/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#easy-to-get } - id: wastewater file: euda-wastewater-cannabis.csv original: euda-wastewater-cannabis-cities.csv name: Cannabis in wastewater publisher: European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA) and the SCORE group credit: EUDA title: EUDA — Drugs in municipal wastewater in Europe, source data (2025), tables 1 and 2 url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/data/repository/drugs-municipal-wastewater-europe-source-data-2025_en data_url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/sites/default/files/data/data-nodes/32462/versions/20/ww2025-all-data_en.csv data_label: table 2, all data (CSV) when: 2011 to 2024 about: >- THC-COOH, the main substance the body makes from cannabis, measured in the sewage of cities over one week a year: milligrams a day per 1,000 people served. Not a count of users, as the load depends on how much and how often people use; but it measures what is used rather than what people admit. A country's figure is the mean of its measured cities, weighted by the people each plant serves; one city may stand for a whole country. origin: >- The EUDA's site refuses scripted downloads, so its tables 1 and 2 were read in a browser on 21 October 2026; the cannabis rows, with each site's population, are kept in euda-wastewater-cannabis-cities.csv. scripts/extract-wastewater.py averages them by country and year. profile: headline: "{thc_cooh} mg of THC-COOH a day per 1,000 people" details: "cities measured: {cities} · {served} people served" each: "{thc_cooh} in {year}" country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: thc_cooh: { column: thc_cooh, format: decimal, about: "Milligrams of THC-COOH a day per 1,000 people: Charts page and profile" } cities: { column: cities, about: "How many cities were measured" } served: { column: population, about: "How many people the measured plants serve" } map: field: thc_cooh format: rate group: Use since: 2020 slug: wastewater label: Cannabis in wastewater missing: No city measured for cannabis since 2020 steps: [[0, "Under 30"], [30, "30–60"], [60, "60–100"], [100, "100–200"], [200, "200 or more"]] title: Cannabis in city sewage lede: >- THC-COOH, the substance the body makes from cannabis, in the sewage of measured cities: milligrams a day per 1,000 people, latest year since 2020. The stronger the blue, the more cannabis was used there. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more THC-COOH a day per 1,000 people. One or a few cities stand for each country; countries with none measured since 2020 are hatched. note: >- EUDA and SCORE group, wastewater monitoring, one week a year; cities averaged by the people each plant serves. Not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/wastewater/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#wastewater } - id: colonial_links file: cepii-colonial-links.csv original: geo_cepii.xls name: Former colonial rulers publisher: CEPII title: CEPII — GeoDist, country file (geo_cepii), Mayer and Zignago (2011) url: https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=6 data_url: https://www.cepii.fr/distance/geo_cepii.xls data_label: geo_cepii.xls when: compiled 2011 about: >- The countries that ruled each country as a colony for a long time, as CEPII records them for its trade studies, up to four per country; those whose rule was short or light are listed apart. Licensed under Etalab 2.0. origin: >- Downloaded unchanged on 21 October 2026. scripts/extract-cepii.py keeps one row per country and writes the colonisers as country file names. profile: headline: "Once ruled by {colonizer_names}" country: { column: country, by: id, aliases: { tp: tl, yu: rs, zr: cd } } fields: colonizers: { column: colonizers, type: text, about: "Former colonial rulers, as country file names: Charts page" } colonizer_names: { column: colonizer_names, type: text, format: text, about: "Their names, for the profile" } pages: - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#empire } - id: canada_sourcing file: health-canada-cannabis-sourcing.csv original: health-canada-cannabis-usual-source.csv name: Where people in Canada get their cannabis publisher: Health Canada title: Health Canada — Cannabis use (non-medical) in Canada, Canadian Cannabis Survey, figure 3 (usual source) url: https://health-infobase.canada.ca/cannabis/ data_url: https://health-infobase.canada.ca/src/data/cannabis-use/cannabisUsualSource.csv data_label: figure 3 data (CSV) when: 2018 to 2024 about: >- The usual source of cannabis of people who used it in the past year, in per cent: a legal store or website, friends and family (social), an illegal seller, growing it themselves, or another source. The 2018 survey came before the first legal stores opened, so it has no legal figure. origin: >- The CSV behind the figure was downloaded unchanged on 21 October 2026 and is kept as health-canada-cannabis-usual-source.csv; scripts/extract-canada.py (sourcing) writes one row per year. profile: headline: "{legal} bought from a legal source" details: "{social} from friends and family · {illegal} illegally · {grown} grew it · {year}" each: "{legal} in {year}" country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: legal: { column: legal, format: percent, about: "Bought from a legal store or website: Charts page and profile" } social: { column: social, format: percent } illegal: { column: illegal, format: percent } grown: { column: grown, format: percent } other: { column: other, format: percent } pages: - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#sourcing } - id: canada_revenue file: statcan-cannabis-revenue.csv original: statcan-10100165.csv name: Government revenue from cannabis in Canada publisher: Statistics Canada title: Statistics Canada — Table 10-10-0165-01, Net income of cannabis authorities and government revenue from the sale of cannabis url: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1010016501 data_url: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/tbl/csv/10100165-eng.zip data_label: full table (CSV) when: fiscal years 2021/2022 to 2024/2025 about: >- What Canada's governments took from the legal cannabis trade in each fiscal year from April, in thousands of Canadian dollars: the profit of the provincial cannabis authorities, the federal and provincial excise taxes, sales taxes and other revenue. `year` is the year the fiscal year starts. origin: >- Statistics Canada's site was unavailable on 21 October 2026, so the table is the Internet Archive's copy of its CSV download of 11 October 2026, kept unchanged as statcan-10100165.csv; scripts/extract-canada.py (revenue) keeps Canada's lines. profile: headline: "C${revenue_bn} billion to governments in {fiscal_year}" details: "C${sales} thousand in sales by the cannabis authorities · {federal_excise} thousand federal excise · {provincial_excise} thousand provincial excise" country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: revenue: { column: revenue, about: "Net income of the authorities plus taxes and other revenue, in thousands: Charts page" } revenue_bn: { column: revenue_bn, format: decimal, about: "The same in billions: profile" } sales: { column: sales } net_income: { column: net_income } federal_excise: { column: federal_excise } provincial_excise: { column: provincial_excise } taxes: { column: taxes } fiscal_year: { column: fiscal_year, type: text, format: text } pages: - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#state-merchant } - id: espad_lifetime file: espad-cannabis-lifetime-trend.csv name: Students who have tried cannabis (Europe) publisher: ESPAD Group and the European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA) credit: ESPAD title: ESPAD Report 2024 — source tables, figure 32, lifetime use of cannabis by country, 1995–2024 url: https://www.espad.org/espad-report-2024 data_url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/system/files/documents/2025-10/espad-2024-report-source-tables.xlsx.zip data_label: source tables, spreadsheet (figure 32) when: 1995 to 2024, every four or five years about: >- The per cent of students aged 15 to 16 who have ever used cannabis, in each wave of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs from 1995 to 2024, from its trend database. Germany's figures are for Bavaria only. Moldova, Montenegro and North Macedonia held their 2007 wave in 2008. origin: >- The EUDA's site refuses scripted downloads, so the spreadsheet of source tables was opened in a browser on 22 October 2026 and figure 32 was read from it and written here, one row per country and wave, rounded to one decimal. notes: de: Bavaria only, the one German state in the ESPAD trend database. profile: headline: "{lifetime} of students have tried it" details: "aged 15–16 · {year}" each: "{lifetime} in {year}" years: [1999, 2011] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: lifetime: { column: lifetime, format: percent, about: "Students aged 15–16 who have ever used cannabis: map, Charts page and profile" } map: field: lifetime format: percent group: Use since: 2024 slug: students-tried-cannabis label: Students who have tried cannabis missing: Not in the 2024 ESPAD school survey steps: [[0, "Under 6%"], [6, "6–10%"], [10, "10–14%"], [14, "14–18%"], [18, "18% or more"]] title: Students who have tried cannabis, Europe lede: >- The share of students aged 15 to 16 who have ever used cannabis, from the 2024 ESPAD school survey. The stronger the blue, the more of them have tried it. The time control goes back to 1995. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more students aged 15 to 16 have tried cannabis. Countries outside the ESPAD survey are hatched. note: >- ESPAD trend database 1995–2024, figure 32 of the 2024 report's source tables. Germany is Bavaria only. Not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/students-tried-cannabis/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#teen-trends } - id: gallup_us file: gallup-us-legalization.csv name: Should marijuana be legal? (United States) publisher: Gallup title: Gallup — "Grassroots Support for Legalizing Marijuana Hits Record 70%" (8 November 2023), trend 1969–2023 url: https://news.gallup.com/poll/514007/grassroots-support-legalizing-marijuana-hits-record.aspx data_label: the chart's data table when: 1969 to 2023 about: >- The per cent of American adults who answer yes to "Do you think the use of marijuana should be made legal, or not?", in every Gallup poll that asked it from 1969 to 2023. Two polls were taken in 2019. origin: >- Read on 22 October 2026 from the data table behind the trend chart of Gallup's article and written here unchanged, with the date of each poll. profile: headline: "{legal} say it should be legal" details: "Gallup poll of {date}" each: "{legal} in {year}" years: [1969, 2000] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: legal: { column: legal, format: percent, about: "Adults who say marijuana should be legal: Charts page and profile" } date: { column: date, type: text, format: text } pages: - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#opinion-gap } - id: alcohol file: owid-alcohol-consumption.csv name: Alcohol drunk per person publisher: World Health Organization, via Our World in Data credit: WHO, Our World in Data title: Our World in Data — Total alcohol consumption per capita (litres of pure alcohol), from the WHO Global Health Observatory url: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-alcohol-consumption-per-capita-litres-of-pure-alcohol data_url: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-alcohol-consumption-per-capita-litres-of-pure-alcohol.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=true data_label: full data (CSV) when: 2000 to 2022 about: >- The WHO's estimate of the litres of pure alcohol drunk in a year per person aged 15 or over, recorded sales and unrecorded alcohol together. A legal drug, for comparison with an illegal one. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (alcohol), which keeps the countries with a country file. profile: headline: "{litres} litres of pure alcohol a year" details: "per person aged 15 or over · {year}" each: "{litres} in {year}" years: [2000, 2010] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: litres: { column: litres, format: decimal, about: "Litres of pure alcohol per person aged 15+: map, Charts page and profile" } map: field: litres format: decimal group: Use since: 2015 slug: alcohol label: Alcohol drunk per person missing: No WHO estimate since 2015 steps: [[0, "Under 2 litres"], [2, "2–5"], [5, "5–8"], [8, "8–11"], [11, "11 litres or more"]] title: How much alcohol people drink lede: >- Litres of pure alcohol drunk in a year per person aged 15 or over, the WHO's estimate. The stronger the blue, the more people drink: a legal drug, beside an illegal one. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more litres of pure alcohol per person aged 15 or over. note: >- WHO Global Health Observatory, via Our World in Data; recorded and unrecorded alcohol. Not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/alcohol/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#alcohol } - id: government_effectiveness file: wb-government-effectiveness.csv name: Government effectiveness publisher: World Bank title: World Bank — Worldwide Governance Indicators, government effectiveness (GOV_WGI_GE.EST and GOV_WGI_GE.SC) url: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators data_url: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GOV_WGI_GE.EST?format=json&per_page=20000&source=3 data_label: World Bank API when: 1996 to 2025 about: >- How well a state works, by the World Bank's estimate: the quality of its public services and civil service, and how far it can carry out the policies it makes. An estimate from about −2.5 to 2.5, and the same on a scale of 0 to 100. A measure of capacity, not of freedom. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (governance) from the World Bank's API, which keeps the countries with a country file. profile: headline: "{score} of 100" details: "estimate {effectiveness} on a scale of −2.5 to 2.5 · {year}" each: "{score} in {year}" years: [2000, 2015] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: score: { column: score, decimals: 0, about: "Government effectiveness on a scale of 0 to 100: map, Charts page and profile" } effectiveness: { column: effectiveness, format: decimal } map: field: score format: number group: Society since: 2023 slug: government-effectiveness label: Government effectiveness missing: No World Bank estimate steps: [[0, "Under 30"], [30, "30–45"], [45, "45–60"], [60, "60–75"], [75, "75 or more"]] title: How effective each state is lede: >- The World Bank's measure of government effectiveness, from 0 to 100: the quality of public services and the state's ability to carry out its policies. The stronger the blue, the more capable the state. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more effective the government, on the World Bank's scale of 0 to 100. note: >- World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators. A measure of state capacity, not of freedom; not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/government-effectiveness/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#state-capacity } - id: minimum_wage file: eurostat-minimum-wages.csv name: Minimum wage publisher: Eurostat title: Eurostat — Monthly minimum wages, bi-annual data (earn_mw_cur), in euros url: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_mw_cur/default/table data_url: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/earn_mw_cur?format=JSON&lang=EN¤cy=EUR data_label: Eurostat API (JSON) when: 1999 to 2026 about: >- The national gross minimum wage for a month of full-time work, in euros, as it stood in January of each year. Countries without a national minimum wage, such as Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy and Sweden, have no figure. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (minwage), which keeps the January figure of each year. profile: headline: "€{monthly_eur} a month" details: "gross, full time · January {year}" each: "€{monthly_eur} in {year}" years: [2005, 2015] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: monthly_eur: { column: monthly_eur, about: "Monthly minimum wage in euros: map, Charts page and profile" } map: field: monthly_eur format: number group: Society since: 2024 slug: minimum-wage label: Minimum wage (Europe) missing: No national minimum wage reported to Eurostat steps: [[0, "Under €500"], [500, "€500–900"], [900, "€900–1,300"], [1300, "€1,300–1,800"], [1800, "€1,800 or more"]] title: Monthly minimum wages in Europe lede: >- The national gross minimum wage for a month of full-time work, in euros, January of the latest year. The stronger the blue, the higher the wage. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the higher the monthly minimum wage. Countries without one, or outside Eurostat's table, are hatched. note: >- Eurostat, earn_mw_cur, January figures. Used on the Charts page to price a gram of cannabis in minutes of work. Not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/minimum-wage/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#work-for-a-gram } - id: corruption file: owid-corruption-perceptions.csv name: Corruption Perceptions Index publisher: Transparency International, via Our World in Data credit: Transparency International title: Transparency International — Corruption Perceptions Index, via Our World in Data url: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi data_url: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/ti-corruption-perception-index.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=true data_label: full data (CSV) when: 2012 to 2024 about: >- How corrupt experts and business people judge a country's public sector, from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). A perception, built from up to 13 surveys and assessments; it says nothing about cannabis itself, but much about how a law is likely to be enforced. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (corruption), which keeps the countries with a country file. profile: headline: "{cpi} of 100" details: "0 highly corrupt, 100 very clean · {year}" each: "{cpi} in {year}" years: [2015, 2020] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: cpi: { column: cpi, about: "Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–100: map, Charts page and profile" } map: field: cpi format: number group: Society since: 2022 slug: corruption label: Corruption Perceptions Index missing: Not in Transparency International's index steps: [[0, "Under 25"], [25, "25–40"], [40, "40–55"], [55, "55–70"], [70, "70 or more, cleanest"]] title: How corrupt the public sector is thought to be lede: >- Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). The stronger the blue, the cleaner the public sector is thought to be. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the cleaner the public sector is judged to be, from 0 to 100. note: >- Transparency International, via Our World in Data. A perception of corruption, not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/corruption/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#corruption } - id: religion file: owid-most-common-religion.csv name: Most common religion publisher: Pew Research Center, via Our World in Data credit: Pew Research Center title: Pew Research Center — Global religious composition estimates 2010 and 2020, most common religion, via Our World in Data url: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2020/ data_url: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/most-common-religion.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=true data_label: full data (CSV) when: 2010 and 2020 about: >- The religious group with the largest share of a country's people, from Pew's estimates built on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys: Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, other religions, or the religiously unaffiliated. People are counted by how they describe themselves, whatever they practise. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (religion), which keeps the countries with a country file. profile: headline: "{religion}" details: "the largest group · {year}" country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: religion: { column: religion, type: text, format: text, about: "The largest religious group: Charts page and profile" } pages: - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#religion } - id: gdp file: wb-gdp-per-person.csv name: Income per person publisher: World Bank title: World Bank — GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international $), NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD url: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD data_url: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD?format=json&per_page=20000 data_label: World Bank API when: 1990 to 2025 about: >- The value of everything a country produces in a year, per person, at the prices of one country so that a dollar buys the same everywhere (purchasing power parity), in 2021 dollars. A measure of how rich a country is. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (gdp), which keeps the countries with a country file. profile: headline: "${gdp_ppp} per person" details: "at purchasing power parity, 2021 dollars · {year}" each: "${gdp_ppp} in {year}" years: [1990, 2010] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: gdp_ppp: { column: gdp_ppp, about: "GDP per person at purchasing power parity: map, Charts page and profile" } map: field: gdp_ppp format: number group: Society since: 2020 slug: income label: Income per person missing: No World Bank estimate steps: [[0, "Under $5,000"], [5000, "$5,000–15,000"], [15000, "$15,000–30,000"], [30000, "$30,000–60,000"], [60000, "$60,000 or more"]] title: How rich each country is lede: >- GDP per person at purchasing power parity, in 2021 dollars, the World Bank's latest. The stronger the blue, the richer the country. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the higher the income per person. note: >- World Bank, NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD. Not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/income/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#what-goes-with-it } - id: wikipedia_views file: wikipedia-cannabis-views.csv name: Readers of the cannabis article on Wikipedia publisher: Wikimedia Foundation credit: Wikimedia title: Wikimedia pageviews API — monthly views by users of the article on cannabis as a drug, by language edition url: https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/ data_url: https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/metrics/pageviews/ data_label: pageviews API when: July 2015 to September 2026 about: >- How many times a month people (not bots) opened the Wikipedia article on cannabis as a drug, in 26 languages spoken mainly in one country: German for Germany, Thai for Thailand and so on. A measure of curiosity: it jumps when cannabis is in the news. German is also read in Austria and Switzerland, Dutch in Belgium. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (wikipedia); the article in each language is the one the English "Cannabis (drug)" links to. notes: de: German Wikipedia, also read in Austria and Switzerland. nl: Dutch Wikipedia, also read in Belgium. profile: headline: "{views} readers in {month}" details: "{article} · {language} Wikipedia" country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: time } fields: views: { column: views, about: "Monthly views of the article: Charts page and profile" } month: { column: month, type: text, format: text } language: { column: language, type: text, format: text } article: { column: article, type: text, format: text } pages: - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#looked-it-up } - id: development file: wb-development.csv name: Development indicators publisher: World Bank title: World Bank — World Development Indicators (IT.NET.USER.ZS, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS, SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SE.TER.ENRR) url: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators data_url: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000 data_label: World Bank API when: 1990 to 2025 about: >- Five measures of how a country lives: the share of people using the internet, living in towns and cities and aged 65 or over; life expectancy at birth; and the gross enrolment ratio in higher education, which can pass 100% where many older students enrol. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (development), which keeps the countries with a country file. profile: headline: "{internet} use the internet" details: "{urban} live in towns · {aged_65} aged 65+ · life expectancy {life_expectancy} · higher education {higher_education} · {year}" each: "{internet} in {year}" years: [2000, 2010] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: internet: { column: internet, format: percent, about: "Share of people using the internet: map, Charts page and profile" } urban: { column: urban, format: percent, about: "Share living in towns and cities: Charts page and profile" } aged_65: { column: aged_65, format: percent, about: "Share aged 65 or over: Charts page and profile" } life_expectancy: { column: life_expectancy, about: "Life expectancy at birth, years: Charts page and profile" } higher_education: { column: higher_education, format: percent, about: "Gross enrolment in higher education: Charts page and profile" } map: field: internet format: percent group: Society since: 2020 slug: internet label: People using the internet missing: No World Bank figure steps: [[0, "Under 30%"], [30, "30–50%"], [50, "50–70%"], [70, "70–85%"], [85, "85% or more"]] title: Who is online lede: >- The share of people using the internet, the World Bank's latest. The stronger the blue, the more people are online. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the larger the share of people using the internet. note: >- World Bank, IT.NET.USER.ZS. Not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/internet/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#what-goes-with-it } - id: book_words file: ngram-cannabis-words.csv name: The words for cannabis in books publisher: Google Books Ngram Viewer credit: Google Books title: Google Books Ngram Viewer — yearly frequency of the names of cannabis in printed books, 1800–2022, six language corpora url: https://books.google.com/ngrams/ data_url: https://books.google.com/ngrams/json?content=cannabis,marijuana,hashish,hemp&year_start=1800&year_end=2022&corpus=en&smoothing=0&case_insensitive=true data_label: the viewer's JSON, English example when: 1800 to 2022 about: >- How often each name of the plant and the drug appears in the books Google has scanned, as a share of all words printed that year, per billion words: in English, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Russian. Worldwide: books are counted by language, not by country. The scanned books are not a random sample of what was printed, and "hemp" also means rope and cloth. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (books), case-insensitive and unsmoothed, all spellings of a word summed. year: { column: year } fields: corpus: { column: corpus, type: text, about: "The language of the books: Charts page" } word: { column: word, type: text, about: "The word counted: Charts page" } per_billion: { column: per_billion, about: "Occurrences per billion words printed that year: Charts page" } pages: - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#words-in-books } - id: clinical_trials file: clinicaltrials-cannabis.csv name: Clinical trials of cannabis medicines publisher: U.S. National Library of Medicine credit: ClinicalTrials.gov title: ClinicalTrials.gov — registered studies with a cannabis or cannabinoid intervention, API v2 url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ data_url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/api/v2/studies?query.intr=cannabis%20OR%20cannabidiol%20OR%20THC%20OR%20dronabinol%20OR%20nabilone%20OR%20nabiximols%20OR%20cannabinoid%20OR%20marijuana data_label: API v2 query when: by the year each study started about: >- Registered clinical studies whose intervention is cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD), THC or a cannabinoid medicine, counted once for each country where the study has a site, by the year it started, with the running total; studies not yet started are left out. ClinicalTrials.gov is American and holds most, not all, of the world's registered trials; a study run in several countries counts in each. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (trials), which matches the registry's country names to the country files. profile: headline: "{to_date} studies so far" details: "{trials} started in {year}" each: "{to_date} by {year}" years: [2010, 2020] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: to_date: { column: to_date, about: "Studies so far: map, Charts page and profile" } trials: { column: trials, about: "Studies that started that year: Charts page and profile" } map: field: to_date per: 1000000 format: rate group: Context slug: clinical-trials label: Clinical trials per million people missing: No registered cannabis trial steps: [[0, "Under 0.2"], [0.2, "0.2–1"], [1, "1–3"], [3, "3–10"], [10, "10 or more"]] title: Where cannabis medicines are tested lede: >- Registered clinical studies of cannabis, CBD, THC or cannabinoid medicines with a site in each country, per million people, from ClinicalTrials.gov. The stronger the blue, the more studies. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the more cannabis studies per million people. Countries with none are hatched. note: >- ClinicalTrials.gov, all years; a study with sites in several countries counts in each. Not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/clinical-trials/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#trials } - id: cannabis_parties file: wikidata-cannabis-parties.csv name: Parties for legal cannabis publisher: Wikidata title: Wikidata — political parties whose name or ideology mentions cannabis, marijuana or hemp url: https://www.wikidata.org/ data_url: https://query.wikidata.org/ data_label: SPARQL query in scripts/fetch-open-data.py when: founded 1993 to 2022 about: >- Political parties that campaign on cannabis, as Wikidata records them: their country, the year they were founded and, if they were, dissolved. Wikidata is written by volunteers and is far from complete; parties whose name does not mention the plant, such as Israel's Ale Yarok ("Green Leaf"), are only found if their ideology is recorded. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (parties). profile: headline: "{party}" details: "founded {year} · dissolved {dissolved}" country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: party: { column: party, type: text, format: text, about: "The party's name: Charts page and profile" } wikidata: { column: wikidata, type: text, format: text, about: "Its Wikidata item" } dissolved: { column: dissolved, about: "The year it was dissolved, if it was" } pages: - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#parties } - id: treatment file: euda-cannabis-treatment.csv name: People entering treatment for cannabis publisher: European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA) credit: EUDA title: EUDA — Statistical Bulletin 2026, treatment demand, all entrants by main drug (table TDI-0005) url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/data/stats2026/tdi_en data_url: https://www.euda.europa.eu/modules/sbdata/SBDataService2026.cfc?method=fetchxml&tableid=TDI-0005 data_label: table TDI-0005 (XML) when: 2024 (France, Spain and Türkiye 2023) about: >- The people who entered drug treatment in a year, and how many of them came mainly for cannabis, as each European country reports them to the EUDA. Some come of their own accord, others are sent by a court or the police; countries count treatment differently. Croatia reports everyone in treatment rather than those entering it, and Sweden combines several sources. origin: >- The EUDA's site refuses scripted downloads, so the table was read in a browser on 22 October 2026 from the EUDA's data service and the total and cannabis columns were written here, with the share of cannabis worked out. notes: hr: All clients in treatment, not only those entering it. se: Several separate sources combined. profile: headline: "{cannabis_share} of people entering drug treatment came for cannabis" details: "{cannabis} of {entrants} people · {year}" country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: cannabis_share: { column: cannabis_share, format: percent, about: "Share who came mainly for cannabis: map, Charts page and profile" } cannabis: { column: cannabis, about: "People entering treatment mainly for cannabis: Charts page and profile" } entrants: { column: entrants, about: "All people entering drug treatment" } map: field: cannabis_share format: percent group: Use slug: cannabis-treatment label: Treatment entrants who came for cannabis missing: Not in the EUDA's treatment tables steps: [[0, "Under 15%"], [15, "15–25%"], [25, "25–35%"], [35, "35–45%"], [45, "45% or more"]] title: Who comes to drug treatment for cannabis (Europe) lede: >- Of everyone who entered drug treatment in the latest year, the share who came mainly for cannabis, as European countries report to the EUDA. The stronger the blue, the larger the share. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the larger the share of treatment entrants who came for cannabis. Countries outside the EUDA's tables are hatched. note: >- EUDA Statistical Bulletin 2026, table TDI-0005. Countries count treatment differently. Not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/cannabis-treatment/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#punish-or-treat } - id: news file: gdelt-cannabis-news.csv name: Cannabis in the news publisher: The GDELT Project credit: GDELT title: The GDELT Project — DOC 2.0 API, share of online news articles mentioning cannabis or marijuana, by the country of the source url: https://www.gdeltproject.org/ data_url: https://api.gdeltproject.org/api/v2/doc/doc?query=(cannabis%20OR%20marijuana)%20sourcecountry:germany&mode=timelinevol&format=json&startdatetime=20170101000000 data_label: DOC 2.0 API, Germany as an example when: 2017 to 2026 about: >- Of all the online news articles GDELT monitors from a country's own news sites, the share that mention cannabis or marijuana, averaged over each year; GDELT translates 65 languages to find the words. A measure of attention: how much a country's press talks about cannabis, whatever it says. Countries with few monitored sites give noisier figures. origin: >- Downloaded on 22 October 2026 by scripts/fetch-open-data.py (news), one request per country by name; `days` is how many days of a year GDELT returned. profile: headline: "{share} of news articles mention cannabis" details: "{year} average, {days} days" each: "{share} in {year}" years: [2018, 2021] country: { column: country, by: id } year: { column: year } fields: share: { column: share, format: percent, about: "Share of the country's news articles that mention cannabis: map, Charts page and profile" } days: { column: days, about: "Days of the year with data" } map: field: share format: percent group: Society since: 2025 slug: in-the-news label: Cannabis in the news missing: Too little news monitored by GDELT steps: [[0, "Under 0.001%"], [0.001, "0.001–0.003%"], [0.003, "0.003–0.01%"], [0.01, "0.01–0.03%"], [0.03, "0.03% or more"]] title: How much each country's news talks about cannabis lede: >- The share of a country's online news articles that mention cannabis or marijuana, the average of the latest full year, from the GDELT Project. The stronger the blue, the more the press talks about it. sub: >- The stronger the blue, the larger the share of news articles that mention cannabis. note: >- The GDELT Project, DOC 2.0 API. Attention, not opinion; not part of the score. pages: - { label: its map, path: map/in-the-news/ } - { label: the Charts page, path: charts/#in-the-news }